Test: Funaria - Class 11 MCQ

Peristome (exposed) plays an important role in the dispersal of spores. The peristome teeth by their hygroscopic movements help in the discharge of the spores. The inner peristome simply functions as a sieve. The spores are liberated in the dry weather and are carried out by air.

Neither do they have leaves, stems, or roots. They absorb water from their surfaces by capillarity. The “leaves” of leafy liverworts and mosses are undifferentiated tissues and lack stomata, and the moss “stems” lack vascular tissues.

The gametophyte comprises the main plant (the green moss or liverwort), while the diploid sporophyte is much smaller and is attached to the gametophyte. The haploid stage, in which a multicellular haploid gametophyte develops from a spore and produces haploid gametes, is the dominant stage in the bryophyte life cycle.

Rhizoids arise from the base of the axis. They are slender, branched, and multicellular and have oblique septa.

Parenchyma is the bulk of a substance. In animals, a parenchyma comprises the functional parts of an organ and in plants parenchyma is the ground tissue of nonwoody structures.

The axis has a central conducting strand of slightly thick walled parenchymatous elongated dead cells called hadrome.

The embryo sporophyte develops by cell division of the zygote within the female sex organ (archegonium) and in its early development is therefore nurtured by the gametophyte.

The Funaria plants are monoecious and autoecious, i.e., male (antheridia, club shaped) and female (archegonia, flask shaped) reproductive organs are produced on, the same plant but on different branches.

Columella (in plants) is an axis of sterile tissue which passes through the center of the spore-case of mosses. The term columella is also used to refer to story 1 to story 4 (S1 - S4) cells in the root cap located apically of the quiescent centre. In fungi it refers to central vacuolated part in hyphae.

Mosses grow in moist and humid places as they require water for the following purposes: Absorption: Mosses are non vascular plants and don't have any internal structures for the movement of water. Hence, they grow in moist environment so that water is directly absorbed by cells.

These chloroplast- containing cells form the main photosynthetic tissue of the gametophyte. The midrib, in the central part of the lamina, consists of elongated cells in which the walls show a prominent thickening and provide mechanical support to the leaf. Stomata are lacking in the leaf of Funaria. are Haploid.

In archegonium of moss is funaria plant the number of neck canal is - 5.

The diploid sporophyte or sporogonium reproduces by spores and represents the asexual generation. The mature sporophyte of Funaria is differentiated into foot, seta and capsule.

Each sporophyte plant is composed of a capsule, which is the center of spore formation; a stalk; and a foot that attaches the sporophyte body to the tip of the gametophyte. Eventually, the diploid spores are released and, upon successful germination, grow into another moss plant.

Capsule has three parts - lower assimilatory apophysis, middle spore containing theca (with central sterile columella) and upper part having an operculum, peristome and annulus.

The protonema is an elongate, thread-like structure, that develops from the germinated spore of mosses and some liverworts. In most liverworts it is thalloid. The moss protonema typically branches and can develop into chloronema, caulonema, or rhizoids, depending on the species and the conditions.

The middle sterile portion in the capsule of moss (Funaria) is Collumela
Explanation:
Columella (in crops) is a sterile tissue axis that runs through the moss spore-case core.
The word columella is also used to refer to neurons in the root shield apically situated in the quiescent center.
Nasal tip and lobule of infratip - The tip of the nose and its relationship to the lower nose.
Columella-between the nostrils is the columella. It is typically the reduced lateral cartilages.

Funeria belongs to bryophyta under which it belongs to bryopsida whose major characteristic is it spore dispersion which is due to persitomial teeth whose no is 32.
Bryophyta is mainly divided into 3 categories - 
1.Hepaticopsida whose spore dispersion is due to relates.
2. Antheropsida whose spore dispersion is due to pseudoelaters.
3. Bryopsida whose spore dispersion is due to peristomial teeth.

One of the projections from the cell wall that extends across the cavity of the duct of certain plants, or the plate of cells across the cavity of the sporangium of a moss.

During the early stages of development, the sporophyte is completely surrounded by a tough protective covering called as the calyptra. When the sporophyte is mature, the calyptra is shed and the capsule is revealed. At the tip of the capsule is a lid (operculum) which, prior to spore dissemination, falls away exposing the so-called peristome teeth, a set of structures, often delicate and thread-like in appearance, that form a ring around the mouth (rim) of the capsule. The dehiscence of moss capsule takes place by rupture of the annulus.
Endothecium tissue found in moss capsules functions in a similar way in dehiscence to the endothecium in the walls of anthers. Many leptosporangiate ferns have an annulus around the sporangium, which ejects the spores. Eusporangiate ferns do not generally have specialized dehiscence mechanisms.

Moss is a bryophyte so it is gametophytic. Antheridia (male sex organ) fuses archaegonium (female sex organ) and produces zygote. Zygote will be converted into multicellular structure sporophyte. Sporophyte has foot seta and capsule.in capsule , reduction division (meiosis) takes place to produce haploid spores that germinate to produce a gametophyte again.

In funaria, the operculum of capsule detached and easily the spores are dispersed.

The correct answer is 'A' because PMC (Spore mother cell ) is 2n and other structures of funaria are 2n except protonema stage which is a reproductive stage.

Spore is the first cell of gametophytic generation. On a suitable damp habitat, a meiospore of Funaria germinates into a filamentous green alga-like structure called protonema. Protonema has green epiterranean chloronemal branches (chlornema) and non-green subterranean rhizoidal branches (caulonema). The protonema of moss, represents the juvenile stage of gametophyte. 

The development of sporophyte from moss gametophyte without sexual fusion is called "apogamy".
In Mosses(Bryophytes),the gametophyte can give rise to cluster of haploid sporophytes without the functioning of gametes and it can also be induced chemically.The haploid spore then germinages to a protonema,continuing to the formation of gametophore.
It is the asexual development of sporophyte from a cell or cell of a gametophyte other than egg.

Selaginella and Funaria are the mosses which share common features such as archegonium, motile sperm and embryo but roots are present only in Selaginella whereas rhizoids are present in Funaria.

The number of chromosomes in calyptra will be the same as the rhizoid, i.e, 20 because calytra is haploid in nature.