Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 1 - Software Development MCQ

Children learning to draw from their art teacher is an instance of formal learning.

Formal learning is also called structured learning or synchronous learning. Examples of formal learning include classroom instruction, web-based training, remote labs, e-learning courses, workshops, seminars, webinars, etc.

Fear is an emotion that creates high levels of anxiety in a person and causes the loss of courage in a person.

• Fear of failure makes a person scared of failing. It commonly happens to the students. The reason for such fear is due to peer pressure, focusing on the outcome rather than concentrating on the learning.
• It even damages the mental and emotional state. Sometimes the fear overpowers the students in such a manner that they even commit drastic measures.
• Children should be counseled and should be made to understand that failure and errors are natural in the process of learning and they should not focus on failure or success, rather they should put effort into developing their concepts.
• Understanding of errors is necessary in the learning process to give insight into children's thinking. It helps the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater to them according to their needs.

​Thus, it is concluded that the 'fear of failure' needs to be discouraged in children within a classroom because failure and errors are a natural part of children's learning.

Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing ideas or concepts. An alternative conception of creativeness is that it is simply the act of making something new.

• From a scientific point of view, the products of creative thought (sometimes referred to as divergent thought) are usually considered to have both originality and appropriateness.
• Creativity is defined as the tendency to generate or recognize ideas, alternatives, or possibilities that may be useful in solving problems, communicating with others, and entertaining ourselves and others. Ability to generate, create, or discover new ideas, solutions, and possibilities. divergent thinking: the opposite of convergent thinking, the capacity for exploring multiple potential answers or solutions to a given question or problem (e.g., coming up with many different uses for a common object)

So, it is concluded that writing a script for role play in class is the best example of creativity.

There were many studies conducted to figure out the exact reasons why students fail despite the larger influence of modern educational technology. In this context, fear and anxiety, boredom and confusion, irrelevant curriculum and decontextualized pedagogy factors are responsible for children's failure in schools.

Thus, we can consider that all the four factors given in the questions are affecting the learning of the students.

A child belonging to a high-class family generally has a pool of information about new technologies but a mediocre child probably has a gist of the information. Personal factor affecting learning showed by the statement.

Any one of several internal, external, or unknown factors can influence learning. In this section, a classification of the factors influencing learning has been made under the broad headings physiological, personal, socio-emotional, and educational factors.

Narratives is the most effective strategy to engage students in teaching-learning process of EVS.

Education of all in schools for all is the best suitable tagline for Inclusive Education system.

Inclusive education has the following qualities: -

1. It promotes the concept of a single roof.
2. Education for all regardless of any disability or discriminative behaviour.
3. It is important to accept, understand and attend the students from different diversity and differences.
4. It promotes the inclusion of physical, cognitive, academic, social and emotionally disturbed or different students.

Cohesive education: Education provided to a group of students with unity among them while working toward a goal.

Cooperative education: Education that includes a combination of classroom learning and practical experience.

Exclusive education: Education that excludes all those students who are not able to fit in the designed curriculum for any reason. It is the opposite of inclusive education.

Spatial intelligence: In this type of intelligence the child learns to change the spatial figures mentally and is capable enough to do spatial visualisation. Example: When a driver parks a car he knows perfectly at what angle he should rotate the tyres to perfectly park the car.

Reena always thinks of varied solutions for any problem given in the class. This is a characteristic of Divergent thinking.

Divergent Thinking: It is the ability of a student which create something new and present novel ideas. Divergent thinking students have the ability to use imagination and critical reasoning to create new and meaningful ideas.

Primary sources: These are the evidence of history, original records created by participants or observers at the time historical events occurred or even well after events, as in memoirs and oral histories. Primary resources are considered to be one of the best data sources for any event or series of events.

In this question, the focus is on the use of Primary Sources. The resources mentioned in  B and C are examples of primary sources

• Records of speech are evidence of the first-hand experiences of the real event that took place in the colonial era, hence it is a primary source. So we would choose it to find out about the East India Company.
• An article in a history journal was written by the spectators that were present on the site during the event, in this case during the transformation period of the British colonial era. Hence it is one of the best resources to be used to find out about a historical event.

While introducing revision in his system of learning, Tolman referred to Drive discrimination learning.

Meher has few students in class who have been displaced from their native place due to a natural disaster and have problems adjusting in school environment. As EVS teacher you would help them interact more with other students and share their stories.

Urge for competence is likely to motivate students towards mastery learning. "Mastery" is a key characteristic of "competency-based learning" that allows learners to keep learning until they feel that they can demonstrate skills mastery.

Learning is an active process that takes into account the information children learn outside and inside of school.

• The process of meaningful learning needs to be mediated by the personal philosophy and perspective of the learner.
• Meaningful learning occurs when the learners actively interact in meaningful ways with the world around them.
• Encouraging multiple ways of working on a problem outside and inside of school will also result in the facilitation of meaningful learning.

So, "learning is an active process that takes into account the information children learn outside of school" is the statement that best defines meaningful learning.

In the process of teaching-learning of EVS, tendency for learning by doing is developed among learners.

After seeing a cat a child says it is a dog, because the child learn that dog has 4 legs. This view is a representation of assimilation.

Assimilation: The process of taking in new information into our previously existing schemas is known as assimilation.

The child who now ‘knows’ the animal-type called dog, sees a cat for the first time. He sees that the animal has a tail, is furry, and has four legs – just like his scheme to understand a dog. He now calls the cat a dog. He has used an existing scheme/knowledge of dogs to make sense of a new animal he sees. Despite the fact that the cat does not look exactly the same like the dog he understands the cat as a dog. This fitting of new experience into an already existing scheme is called assimilation.

According to the principles of motivation, a teacher promotes learning through as a teacher, care should be taken that children behave ethically.

Principle of the motivation in learning:

• Motivation is controlled both intrinsically and extrinsically.
• Motivation should encourage curiosity in the students.
• The motivation should be blended with both praise and encouragement to develop self-reliance among the students.
• The teacher promotes learning through motivation by taking care of the students so that the students behave ethically. The role of the teacher is to guide in the learning process so they take part in the process actively instead of feeling that learning is a burden, the students should feel learning is fun and interesting.
• When students start behaving ethically it will help to develop their character, they will be able to judge which is good or bad, which help them to understand the world.
• The teacher should motivate the students by guiding them, not by forcing and punishment because the child may learn in fear of punishment, but he will never understand the knowledge because he studies in fear of punishment.

The best way to motivate a child to learn is to appeal to his/her sense of pride and self respect.

Learning is the acquisition of new behavior or the strengthening or weakening of old behavior as a result of experience. It represents progressive changes in behavior. It also involves the acquisition of knowledge, habits, and attitude.

Motivation refers to the process that guides an individual to achieve a goal. Motivation plays important role in the learning process. The teacher is an important person inside the classroom to motivate the child and provide rewards to induce interest in the learner. ​

A visually challenged child is the one who has a problem seeing with the naked eyes or is not able to see completely.

Instruction adaptations that a teacher can follow while working with students who are ‘visually challenged’ are:

• Should speak clearly and audibly to help them learn through listening or auditory learning
• Use a lot of touches and feel materials.
• Make use of material adaptations according to the individual needs, the actual degree of functional vision, presence of any other disabilities
• Using a variety of tactile materials like rough or smooth, cold or hot, wet or dry, vibrate or stationary helps the students to touch, feel, and understand the differences between the materials

So, we can conclude that a teacher should speak clearly and use a lot of touches and feel materials while working with students who are ‘Visually Challenged’.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some.

Cognitive domains\process: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, and remember. 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition of power. 

Stages& Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information.
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials.

Both Peterson and Godard said “intelligent parent will have intelligent children while dull parents will have dull children” in context of heredity.

As per Godard specific genetic traits are responsible for intelligence of a child and associate IQ levels of parents and siblings. The ability of effective learning, analysis and decision making capacity develops from the level of intelligence that a child inherits.

As per Peterson, heredity may be defined as “what one gets from his ancestral stock through his parents”.

Autocratic is not an approach in teaching-learning of EVS.

In the context of problem-solving, getting stuck on one way of representing a problem is called a response set.

• Response set comes when the solver relies heavily on the rule of thumb or common sense rather than making efforts to look for the best solution.
• A response set is a human tendency to answer questions in ways that are the most complimentary, or flattering, to the respondent rather than telling the absolute truth.
• Good problem solvers tend to have a lack of response set as they will think divergently and try to analyze every possible outcome of the given problem before responding or solving a problem.

So, in the context of problem-solving, getting stuck on one way of representing a problem is called a response set.

Educational institution is the only place where learning takes place statement should not be considered a characteristic of the learning process.

Learning is the process of being modified, more or less permanently, by what happens in the world around us, by what we do, or by what we observe.

The characteristics of the learning process are:

• Learning is a continuous process
• Learning is comprehensive
• Learning is goal-directed
• Learning is intentional
• Learning is an active process
• Learning is the outcome of the interaction of the individual with the environment
• Learning is individualistic
• Un-learning is also a process of learning
• Learning is transferable

Jean Piaget proposed that children's thinking is qualitatively different from that of adults.

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (that's Jean as in French for 'John') carried out some remarkable studies on children that had a powerful influence on our theories of child thought. He argued that children's thinking is qualitatively different from the thinking of adults. Piaget realized that older children were able to answer more questions on the same test. Also, there were qualitative differences between the answers and the logic that the older children applied, but they are not qualitatively different.

Response by analogy is a subordinate law in Thorndike’s system of learning.

Response by Analogy: Thorndike argued against formal discipline. He suggested that responses made in familiar situations are analogously used in unfamiliar situations. Responses are based on identical stimulus elements in the two situations.

The data of child psychology are gathered from relatives, teachers, family members, parents and other adults. Child psychology is also called child development, the study of the psychological processes of children and, specifically, how these processes differ from those of adults, how they develop from birth to the end of adolescence, and how and why they differ from one child to the next.

Initially Gardner propounded 7 types of intelligence. Later in 1998 and 2000 he added 8th and 9th type of intelligence i.e . Naturalistic intelligence, Existentialistic intelligence respectively.

Teaching-learning process in EVS should depend upon prior learning experiences of children, availability of resources and needs of children.

Bloom’s Taxonomy: It is a hierarchical ordering of cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains and each domain has some objectives that can help teachers teach and students learn.

Cognitive domains\process: In this domain, a child deals with knowledge and hence, learns to create, evaluate, analyze, apply, understand, and remember. 

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition of power. 

Stages& Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials.