Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 2 - Software Development MCQ

In education process aim, content and methods are evaluated.

Evaluation is concerned with assessing the effectiveness of teaching, teaching strategies, methods and techniques. It provides feedback to the teachers about their teaching and the learners about their learning.

Stories can be used to explain and illustrate abstract ideas or concepts in a way that makes them accessible and attainable.

Creativity is a cognitive ability to produce something original by offering a fresh perspective. It is the ability possessed by people who are creative, persistent, and imaginative.

Creativity is related to divergent thinking which refers to a way of solving problems by more than one approach. It is goal-directed thinking which is unusual, novel, and useful and includes brainstorming and out-of-the-box thinking in it

• Creative children are those who show high-performance capability in several areas such as artistic and creative work, leadership quality, keen power of observation, etc.
• These children have divergent thinking and are very curious in nature that's why sometimes the classroom seems monotonous to them because they grab things fastly than of their age-peers.

Trait (ability) of a creative child:

• Elaboration
• Abstracting ability
• Fluency & Flexibility
• Originality & Novelty
• Sensitivity of problems

Characteristics of Creative Children:

• Perceive relation between impossible things.
• Curious, extrovert, and ambitious in nature.
• Think quickly and solve problems in a novel way.
• Convert imaginative and original ideas into reality.
• Use divergent and out-of-the-box thinking in different situations.
• Try new things and risk failure in executing innovative ideas.

Accuracy refers to the ability to do anything without making any mistakes. it is the state of being precise and accurate. It is not necessary that every time the creative child will be accurate as it is natural for them also to make mistakes.

So, it could be concluded that 'Accuracy' is not a trait (ability) of a creative child.

Affective motives deal with the need to reach satisfying feeling states and to obtain personal goals as affective motives is characterized by emotion.

In 1984, while criticising Guilford's theory Phares said that instead of being called as a theory, Guilford's theory should be called as a system of classification of taxonomy.

Teacher expectancy influences children's learning significantly statement is correct regarding the above-mentioned context.

An identifying characteristic feature of creative children is that they are independent in their thinking.

Give opportunities for experimentation and observation to counter misconceptions is a constructive approach for dealing with the 'misconceptions' carried by students.

The role of the teacher in the social constructivist classroom is to help students to build their knowledge and to control the existence of students during the learning process in the classroom. The idea of the limited role of the teacher is that encourages students to engage in collaborative learning.

Constructivism is the theory that says learners construct knowledge rather than just passively take in information. As people experience the world and reflect upon those experiences, they build their own representations and incorporate new information into their pre-existing knowledge (schemas).

Related to this are the processes of assimilation and accommodation:

• Assimilation refers to the process of taking new information and fitting it into an existing schema.
• Accommodation refers to using newly acquired information to revise and redevelop an existing schema.

Error: When a learner can’t master a topic, he/she is vulnerable to make errors. Errors are nothing but incorrectness made by a child during learning. 

Misconceptions: It takes place due to the mismatch in previously assimilated and the newly accommodated knowledge. 

Children’s errors and misconceptions:

• Are a significant step in the teaching-learning process.
• Are necessary in the learning process to give insight into children's thinking.
• Help the teacher to be aware of learners' learning styles, to cater them according to their needs.
• Are considered as a part of the teaching-learning process as it helps to understand the child.

So, it could be concluded that children’s errors and misconceptions are a significant step in the teaching-learning process.

According to the theory of Mental Discipline of transfer of learning, education is a matter of training in the mind or disciplining the mind. The Mind is the central position which is composed of several faculties. These faculties are to be trained through muscular and physical training. Bright students learn better than slow learners because memorization is faster in bright students where as slow in the slow learner.

To measure the scholastic abilities of the students, we usually use the tests such as achievement, intelligence, aptitude, etc., but for measuring most of the co-scholastic abilities, we use the tools such as rating scale, inventories, checklists, schedules, questionnaires, etc.

 Following assessment tools are considered to evaluate the projects submitted by learners:-

• A checklist is a simple device consisting of a prepared list of items that are prepared by the teacher to be relevant to the problem being studied.
• Rating scale is one of the important tools widely used in psychology and education. It is used for assessing the attitudes of students on any situation, idea, object, character, person, or attribute.
• A rubric is an assessment tool for the teachers to assess the performances of the students in different areas with fixing certain criteria of assessment. To measure students’ performance based on a pre-determined set of criteria, a rubric or scoring scale is typically created which contains the essential criteria for the task and appropriate levels of performance for each criterion.

Thus, it is concluded that Classroom Quiz is generally not considered to evaluate the projects submitted by learners.

"The failure of children is often the failure of schools" as children fail because schools do not take into consideration different paces of learning of students.

The basic source of educational objectives is human experience. It involves the development of communication in which the teacher or student attempts to convey ideas, or experiences to others.

Experience helps to indulge in between the situation in day to day life including all the circumstances that is educational duration, personal beliefs etc.

According to Sternberg there are three types of intelligence found in humans, which are : Analytical intelligence, Creative intelligence and Practical intelligence. Therefore, logical intelligence is not a type of intelligence found in humans. Being practical means you find solutions that work in your everyday life by applying knowledge based on your experiences. Analytical intelligence is closely aligned with academic problem solving and computations. Creative intelligence is marked by inventing or imagining a solution to a problem or situation.

According to contemporary theories of cognition, memory is capable of construction as well as interpretation.

Naive Conceptions (also referred to as commonsense theory or folk theory) is a coherent set of knowledge and beliefs about a specific content domain (such as physics or psychology), which entails ontological commitments, attention to domain‐specific causal principles, and appeal to unobservable entities.

• Teaching and learning are complements of each other.
• Changes in teaching methods and techniques are required to make learning more effective.
• As a teacher, it is very important to understand children's needs, curiosities, and problems.

By knowing the naive conceptions, the teacher can plan to make his teaching work more meaningful.
For example, if the child is comfortable reading and learning in the mother tongue if his concept is taught, then teaching can be made more meaningful for the teacher.

So, knowing the naive conceptions that students bring to the classroom, helps the teacher to plan to teach more meaningfully.

Emotion is a mental state associated with fear, anger, love, etc. Cognition is the process of acquiring knowledge through experiences and senses. 

Cognition describes how mental processes i.e. learning, remembering, problem-solving, and thinking develop from birth until adulthood. Understanding cognitive development is useful in determining the kind of thinking children are capable of at different age levels.

• The relationship between cognition and emotion has fascinated important thinkers within the intellectual tradition. Physical, cognitive, emotional, and social development in a child is the development of an integrated and holistic fashion.
• Cognition is closely intertwined with emotions and language. Mind states are powerful determinants of one’s current judgments and decision-making, which often effect once performance outcome in a task both in social and non-social contexts.
• Emotions or emotional approach is a psychological construct that involves the use of emotional processing and emotional expression in response to a different situation.
• The relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional - a dynamic interplay.
• Emotions are experienced as positive feelings, negative feelings, and undesired reactions to any stressful situation, these often impact decision making i.e. cognition.
• The Emotional Approach involves the conscious use of emotional expression and processing to better deal with stressful situations.

So, the relationship between cognition and emotions is bi-directional i.e. a dynamic interplay between both cognition and emotions.

Girls are socialised to be caring while boys are discouraged to show emotions such as crying, is a gender-biased thought of the society. Girls are considered to be more caring as they are quick in showing emotions than boys who are not expected to act emotionally in front of others.

Learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience. It is difficult to give a precise definition of learning so every psychologist has different beliefs about the derivation of the word 'learning' and they have defined it in different ways.

So, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned definition of learning is given by J.P. Guilford.

Exceptional children are those who deviate from the normal population and need special education services to meet their needs. It includes children who are gifted, backward, creative, learning disabled, educationally retarded, etc.

The above-mentioned characteristic is related to 'Educationally retarded children' as a class consists of students with varying learning abilities as some learn fast and some learn slowly.

'Educationally retarded children': 

• An educationally retarded child is not mentally retarded or physically disabled.
• He may have a neurological handicap or emotional disorder which hinders their abilities.
• Appropriate training is required to make educationally retarded children learn some self-care and communication skills.
• Educationally retarded children show the inability to do the work of the class below that which is normal for their age.

So, it could be concluded that if a child 'who is in the middle of his school (that is about ten and half years) is unable to do the work of the class below that which is normal for his age" is known as 'Educationally retarded children'.

Mental retardation: It refers to an intellectual disability characterized by low Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and impairments in adaptive daily life skills. 

Moron: A child with mild intellectual disability and an IQ of (51-70).

Idiot: A child with the least intelligence on the IQ scale (0-25).

A teacher should not be considered as authority figure within the classroom as students are afraid to ask questions from such teachers which results in lack of conceptual clarity.

The child of class-III who is able to read the sound of each letter in words is attempting to decode the words.

Longitudinal is not the curve of learning.

A learning curve visualizes changes in pupil overall performance over time. The line graph displays opportunities across the x-axis, and a measure of student performance along the y-axis. A good learning curve which is also known as the 'experience curve', reveals improvement in pupils' performance as opportunity count (i.e., exercise practice with a given knowledge component) increases.

Learning is a modification in the behavior which is relatively permanent. It is the best method to change the behavior of a child.

The teacher should respond to the learner acknowledge her observation and discussing it with the whole class.

Learning is a process by which the individual acquires various habits, knowledge, and attitude that are necessary to meet the demands of life in general. There are different factors that affect learning.

These include learner-centered factors like motivation, needs, self-concept, interests, goals, level of aspiration, etc., teacher and task-related factors such as teaching style, classroom ethos, transactional skills, and methodology, etc., and environmental factors such as the physical and psychological structures in which learning occurs.

​ Ashok is very fond of playing cricket and he is very good at it too. He is the captain of his college team. He spends long hours playing or watching cricket and never gets tired or bored. Motivation and personal factors is affecting learning in this example.

•  Ashok is intrinsically motivated i.e. he derives internal satisfaction from the game. Intrinsic motivation is closely related to one's need for self-fulfillment, and achievement.
• These needs impel us to become better by learning more, interacting with our environment, and developing ourselves.
• Learning is most effective when there is intrinsic motivation - a desire to learn from within, which finds satisfaction in the achievement itself and does not bother about other factors.

Thus, it is concluded motivation is the personal factor that affects learning in the given an example.

Maturation: A one-year-old cannot be made to write and a three months old child cannot walk. Unless the learner has 'matured' optimally, he cannot learn. In order for learning to take place, physical, intellectual, and socio-emotional maturation is essential. Also, individual variations in the process of maturation should be acknowledged and appropriately dealt with.

Self-concept: Self-concept is very important in matters of learning because it influences individual differences in learners, in their, learning orientations, cognitive styles, and the self-learning strategies which they use.

Level of aspiration: This refers to the extent to which an individual wish to strive to achieve. It emanates from the targets, goals, and ambitions that individuals construct for themselves.

The active participation and involvement of children play a very vital role in learning and shaping the personality of a child. 

A child-centered method is one that gives primacy to children's experiences and needs and provides ample opportunities for the children.

• While investigating the problems, it is often found that children break the problem into parts and analyze it, then they try solving the parts logically, this critical thinking shapes the child to be Scientific Investigators.
• When a child is encouraged to be self-dependent, it helps in developing thoughts and rationality in them and they try multiple ways to find a solution, and doing this multiple times helps them evolve as a Problem Solver.
• Children are Active Explorers of the environment as they are excited to learn about what is this, why it is here, how it is working, etc. They ask many questions about objects and situations in their surroundings.

So, the statements about children emphasizing to be Scientific Investigators, Problem Solver, and Active Explorers of the environment are correct.

The activities of children to scribble and draw on the walls of the classroom are known as "Emergent literacy" as it is an early stage of literacy development where children learn to associate letters and sounds.

Games and riddles are important part of EVS teaching and learning as they provide break from classroom monotony.

The multilingual approach of education refers to the approach in which learners can interact in their own language and can be a mix of words from more than one language.

• A multilingual class is a class where different languages of culturally different learners are respected. It connects various communities together. 
• It helps learners to know about the different cultures. It creates a democratic environment for the learners to learn freely without hesitation.
• Learners are allowed to communicate in a language which they are comfortable to speak.
• It is mainly helpful in countering the ill-effect of losing one's own language as the multilingual approach aims at making use of the languages of learners for teaching-learning.
• Communicating in own language increases the better innate understanding of how language works. It enhances creativity, divergent thinking, and appreciation of local languages.

So, it is clear that 'teachers should respect all languages and encourage students to communicate in a language which they are comfortable to speak' will be the most appropriate statement for a multicultural/multilingual classroom.