Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 5 - Software Development MCQ

Social Learning Theory was proposed by Bandura, not by Bruner.

Social learning theories highlight the importance of the social context and assert that individuals can learn by observing others’ actions and whether these individuals are positively or negatively reinforced when exhibiting aggressive behaviors.

Children's development of personality characteristics, such as dependency and aggression, as well as their skill in academics, sports, arts, or professions, are assumed to emerge from learning experiences embedded within the social milieu of their family, peers, gender, and culture.

Social learning theory defines children's socialization in terms of specific social learning experiences, such as modeling, tuition, and reinforcement, and the cognitions, emotions, and behavior that emerge from these formative experiences.

At the age of 6-9 years, children start taking interest in school.

Developmental psychology studies the development of human emotional, intellectual, cognitive and social abilities. It studies the actions of man from infancy to old age.

The following are the stages of human development:

Infancy and Toddlerhood

• Early childhood
• Middle Childhood
• Adolescence
• Early Adulthood

In Trace Conditioning procedures Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS) is presented after the termination of the Conditioned Stimulus (CS).

According to Aristotle Emotional catharsis is bringing out emotional repression.

Aristotle describes the catharsis as the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy. The concept is linked to the positive social function of tragedy by Aristotle. Catharsis is the process of venting aggression as a way to release or get rid of emotions in general terms.

Grammar-Translation method does not enhance a student's communicative skill.

Understanding the learning process is one of the most important areas of study in educational psychology. The process of learning continues throughout life. There are various learning processes through which we acquire beliefs, attitudes, and skills.

• In the context of the process of learning, the above-mentioned strategy helps in the development of cognitive skills.
• If the student describes the process of every mathematical problem, his mind gets trained and it helps to achieve a new developmental skill by practicing it.
• The students came to know the process of doing something. It leads to both conceptual and procedural knowledge in the mind of students rather than rote memorization.

So, it is clear that in the context of the process of learning, the above-mentioned strategy helps in the development of cognitive skills.

It is also known as Central Auditory Processing Disorder, which affects how sound travels unimpeded through the ear is processed and interpreted by children’s brain. Children with this disorder cannot recognize subtle differences between sounds in words, even when the sounds are loud and clear enough to be heard. Children suffering from this disorder are unable to block out background noise or to tell where the sound is coming from.

• A student with APD may also have Language Processing Disorder (LPD), which is a specific type of APD in which students find it difficult to attach meaning to sound groups that form words, sentences and stories. These disorders can, in turn, affect expressive (what someone says) and receptive (understanding what was said) language as well. 

Problem-solving is an important part of thinking processes. In general, a problem is any kind of conflict or difference between one situation and another that one wishes to produce, that which is the goal. Problem-solving can be done either with or without insight and utilizes analytical, synthetic thinking along with metacognition. An individual uses various kinds of methods or strategies to solve problems. Some strategies when used take a long time but definitely give an answer. On the other hand, there are some other strategies that take lesser time but do not always guarantee success.

• The problem-solving strategy in which one begins from the goal and moves back sequentially to figure out the solution is called the working backward strategy.
• With the backward search heuristic, the problem solver starts at the goal state. Sometimes it is useful to start at the goal state of a problem and attempt to work backward to the initial state.
• In solving a paper-pencil maze, it may be easier to see the correct path by starting at the end. Working backward can be a very useful heuristic, particularly for problems that contain a uniquely specified goal state.
• For example, a backward search would be ideal for a maze with many paths out of the beginning point yet only one path leading form the goal.
• The reason working backward helps lies in the subgoals that one begins to see Stages of Problem Solving by starting with the final goal.
• Once the problem solver can envision a string of subgoals projecting backward from the goal state, then going about solving the subgoals in a forward direction can be readily accomplished. 

Analogy: In analogy, a solution to an earlier problem is used in order to help with an original problem. The current problem is solved on the basis of past experience of solving similar problems.

Algorithm: It is a procedure of steps that does guarantee a solution if one follows the steps correctly. The rules of multiplication constitute an algorithm because a correct answer is guaranteed if one follows the rules.

Mnemonics: These are like tools or technique that helps to remember or retain certain amount of fact or data in the human memory.

Metacognition refers to an individual's awareness of his/her cognition and knowledge.

• It refers to the knowledge about one's own cognitive processes and the way they function. 
• It involves self-awareness and control of cognitive abilities, e.g., planning, reviewing and revising, etc.
• It refers to a student's ability to plan, monitor, evaluate and modify their own learning.
• It deals with the individual's awareness of the self as a knower and processor of information.
• It pertains to the student’s capability of setting goals for learning, estimating the success with which the goals are being met, and selecting alternative strategies to meet the goals.

So, it becomes clear that a student's ability to plan, monitor, evaluate and modify her own learning is known as metacognition.

To be able to create a positive learning environment within the classroom, it is important that the teachers are able to include children's emotions within learning process.

It should be meaningful is most appropriate regarding the tasks we design for learners to support grammar learning.

A student who considers his lack of ability as the reason for repeated failures is likely to develop a sense of learned helplessness.

Understanding the learning process is one of the most important areas of study in educational psychology. The process of learning continues throughout life. There are various learning processes through which we acquire beliefs, attitudes, and skills.

• In the context of the process of learning, the above-mentioned strategy helps in the development of cognitive skills.
• If the student describes the process of every mathematical problem, his mind gets trained and it helps to achieve a new developmental skill by practicing it.
• The students came to know the process of doing something. It leads to both conceptual and procedural knowledge in the mind of students rather than rote memorization.

So, it is clear that in the context of the process of learning, the above-mentioned strategy helps in the development of cognitive skills.

Teachers can facilitate meaningful learning by valuing understanding of concepts.

To facilitate meaningful learning, a teacher should give importance to the understanding of concepts whereas it will not be the duty of a teacher to discourage collaboration among students, encourage competition among students and encourage memorization of the content.

Valentine called infancy the ideal time to learn.

• Human development is divided into different stages infancy, childhood (early and middle childhood), adolescence and adulthood.
• It refers to the first year or early period of a baby's development in which the baby grows rapidly after birth.
• This is a critical period of development in which the child learns to sit, crawl, stand etc.

Lev Vygotsky referred to the difference between what a child can do on his own and what can be accomplished with some assistance as zone of proximal development.

The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) was a key construct in Lev Vygotsky's theory of learning and development. The Zone of Proximal Development is defined as the space between what a learner can do without assistance and what a learner can do with adult guidance or in collaboration with more capable peers.

Progressive education focuses on learning that is both experiential and collaborative.

Some of the progressive educations qualities are:-

• Emphasis on learning by doing
• Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units
• Strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking
• Group work and development of social skills
• Collaborative and cooperative learning projects
• Education for social responsibility and democracy
• Emphasis of lifelong process and social skills

Autism as we now understand was first described by Leo Kanner.

Autism Spectrum Disorder is characterised by-

• Widespread impairments in social interaction and communication skills, and stereotyped patterns of behaviours, interests, and activities.
• Children with autism spectrum disorder have marked difficulties in social interaction and communication across different contexts, a restricted range of interests, and a strong desire for routine.
• They are unable to share experiences or emotions with others.
• They also show serious abnormalities in communication and language that persist over time.
• Such children often show narrow patterns of interest and repetitive behaviours such as lining up objects or stereotyped body movements such as rocking. 

Thus from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that Autism was first described by Kanner. 

Demonstration method- it is the autocratic strategy of teaching. Teacher shows all the activities given in a lesson to the students as an action and explains the important points before them during demonstration. It is a teaching method used in technical and training colleges and in teacher education. This strategy focuses to achieve psychomotor and cognitive objectives. 

Heuristic method- it is a democratic strategy of teaching. Students learn themselves as teachers raise problem before the students and ask them to discover the answer. 

Discovery method- this method is used in social science to clarify the facts and concepts. This is democratic style of teaching. 

Brain storming- a problem is given to the students and they are asked to put forward their views one by one, conclusion is drawn after evaluating their jumbled ideas.

As the term itself indicates, microteaching is scaled-down teaching in which the teacher teaches a short lesson to a small group of students for a short period. One teaching skill is practiced at a time. Thus microteaching is a miniature form of teaching in which teaching is scaled down in terms of class size, time, complexity, and activities with a focus on developing a specific teaching skill.

"Microteaching is a real teaching" this is an assumption in microteaching because it has nothing to do with students' learning. It totally focuses on teachers' teaching skills.

It is often argued that rewards may not be the best method of motivating learners because they decrease intrinsic motivation.

Concepts are matched with the right concepts as shown below:

Graphical tools for organizing and representing knowledge and relationships within a particular topic are known as concept maps.

Concept mapping tools allow you and your students to visually depict a system of relationships by creating a map in which nodes represent ideas or facts, and lines or connectors between nodes represent relationships (for example, cause-and-effect relationships, category and sub-category relationships, and so on). 

Cultural demand is an environmental factor influencing the learning. 

Learning-centred education focuses on the learning process. Although its primary concern is on the learning of the students, all those involved in the education of students such as teachers are also co-learners with the students in the learning-centred education. It is basically learner-centred but includes teachers in the process of learning in a classroom situation. Learner-related factors affecting learning are:

Following are the factors affecting individual learning:

• Physical health
• Sensation or perception
• Needs
• Emotional conditions
• Mental health
• Willingness to learn
• Learning time
• Readiness to learn
• Student's basic ability
• Intelligence level
• Interest
• Motivation level

Dysgraphia refers to a learning disability which:

affects learners' ability to write coherently. 

hinders in organizing letters, numbers, or words on papers.

leads to problems with poor spelling, impaired handwriting, etc.

Remedies useful for treating students with Dysgraphia:

giving extra time for writing assessment, will reduce the copying activity and will emphasize the importance of writing original answers. 

dividing tasks into small steps will enable the learners to assimilate the idea easily and will help them in putting their thoughts on paper.

providing low-stress opportunities will allow the learners to learn and write at their own pace and to foster their own strategy of learning and writing.

Hence, it could be concluded that 'Dysgraphia' means difficulty in writing.

According to the theories of motivation, a teacher can enhance learning by setting realistic expectation from students. This is because a teacher’s expectation have a strong effect on the performance of his/her students. The expectation of a teacher from his/her students works as a motivational force for them which in turns results of better performance.

In a class having learners with diverse needs, a teacher should not provide options for stereotyping the learners.

In a classroom of learners with diverse needs, the teacher should not provide substitutes for stereotypes about the learners because the stereotypes brought in by any teacher in the classroom hold back the progress of the class and the child may instead consider the reason for the failure. Boys and girls focus on discrimination and try to humiliate each other, which hinders their mental development.

Bhusan wanted to integrate the theme 'Travel' in his language class of class II. What would you suggest as the most suitable resource for his classroom transaction children's own experiences of travel.

In the early childhood phase, a child acquires only basic communication skills, such as speaking, reading, listening and writing. A child at this age does not develop reasoning, problem solving and thinking abilities and does not show the interpretation of logical concepts in early childhood intellectual development.

Early childhood generally refers to the period from birth through age 5. A child’s cognitive development during early childhood, which includes building skills such as a pre-reading, language, vocabulary, and numeracy, begins from this moment a child is born.

An error is an incorrect form and a sure indication that the learner has not mastered the core of the selective topic in a learning process. The qualitative difference in children's thinking as compared to adults is reflected in the type of errors made by the children.

Errors can occur in adults as well as children. The qualitative effect of errors can be observed through the type of error. Adults tend to make silly mistakes that may not be serious as they tend to overlook minor details and focus on bigger things. Whereas children may make a significantly big error as they may not have the experience of the concept.

​Thus, it is concluded that errors made by children are indicative of children's thinking process which is qualitatively different from that of adults.