Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 8 - Software Development MCQ

Children are divided into different categories based on their interests, behavior, nature, I.Q level, understanding, grasping abilities, etc. Children live through critical phases of development, which influence their behavior.

• Most children learn to adapt well to this changing nature of skill demand, but some of these children find it difficult to do so.
• Further, much problematic behaviour which goes unnoticed or even tolerated in a home setting becomes more conspicuous in the school environment due to competition and frequent evaluation.
• Common problematic behaviours are attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, learning disability, bullying, and delinquent behaviour.

Problematic children are particularly those who are difficult to teach, due to a lack of self-control and disruptive and antisocial behavior. 

Making an effort to bring change in a child's environment and attitude will be the best way for bringing change in the behavior of a problematic child as: 

• A good learning environment helps in building a culture of mutual trust and respect that engages the learners meaningfully in the task of learning.
• Besides that, it also supports a relationship between teaching and learning that helps in improving childhood mental health and academic performance. 
• By bringing a change in attitude child's thinking, feeling and behavior could be influenced towards a place, people, or situation.

So, it could be concluded that making effort to bring change in a child's environment and attitude will be the best way for bringing change in the behavior of a problematic child.

Motivation has been mainly termed as a factor that drives or pushes one in a certain direction or to behave in a certain way. Motivation can be termed as a driving force or it can also be stated as a process that starts and drives various activities, whether physical or psychological.

 The cognitive perspective of motivation:- This perspective states that “motivation is a result of people’s thoughts, beliefs, expectations, and goals’'. Thus, a student will be motivated to study for examination based on his/ her expectation whether studying will lead to obtaining good marks in the examination. 

• Cognitive behaviour represents another approach to understanding the effects of learning on the instigation of behaviour. In the process of learning that particular behaviours can lead to particular goals, expectations about the goals are established and the goals acquire values.
• Individuals are more likely to work on a certain task or towards achieving a certain goal when they are intrinsically motivated as opposed to extrinsically motivated. And it may so happen that attempts to increase extrinsic motivation may lead to a decrease in intrinsic motivation.
• Encouraging students to "try, try again" when they run into difficulty on challenging tasks is a consistent teaching practice.
• In this practice, the teacher is motivating or encouraging students to try again and again when they encounter challenging tasks.

Thus, it is concluded that encouraging students to "try, try again" when they run into difficulty on challenging tasks teaching practices is consistent with the cognitive perspective of motivation.

If a student in your school is studying well and presenting positive behavior praise him for good progress and encourage him to do better in future.

Positive behavior techniques are proactive ways to change problematic student behavior that are evidence-based. Pre-correcting, urging, and nonverbal messages are examples of positive behavior methods.

For promoting Positive Student Conduct Create and stick to simple procedures. Have a good time together. Set clear goals and stick to them. Encourage good habits to develop. Educate and practice coping mechanisms. Recognize your emotions, Concentrate on the behavior rather than the child, and reward excellent conduct. At any age, you may praise and encourage your child. Rewards promote the desired behavior, but they should not be used excessively. One of the simplest methods to reinforce your child's positive conduct is to praise them. However, effective praise entails more than just saying "excellent work."

The language acquired from birth by a child with the help of family members is known as First Language.

Language is a tool to communicate with the world. Considering the size of the world, there have been many civilizations in different parts of the world which have developed different languages.

• A first language is a language that a person has been exposed to from birth. The first language of a child is part of the personal, social, and cultural identity.
• The language that we learn from our childhood is usually spoken by our parents, family members, and the other people around us. This is known as our first language or L1.
• Since this is the language we know best and use commonly, the government decided that the medium of instruction at the primary stage should be one’s own regional language.
• The first language is acquired naturally, through interacting with family members and friends without much formal instruction.
• But even though, we may communicate effectively in our first language, many of us do not have complete knowledge of all the sounds and letters of the language or its grammar. This is because we acquire it informally. Therefore formal instruction in the first languages is provided in the School.

Both Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is the correct explanation of Assertion.

Storytelling, as a strategy for language learning, aims at engaging learners with language.

"Telling the correct answers without discussion with students." is not a correct approach of a teacher to deal with errors made by students.

To gain control over emotions, children should be trained in self-control.

Self-control is the ability to control feelings, desires, and behaviors displayed in order to achieve an objective or avoid punishment. In psychology it is also called self control.

The process by which children develop habits, skills, values and motives that make them responsible, productive members of society is called socialization.

Socialization is a process by which an individual becomes a member of society through a mechanism of interaction. Its purpose is to prepare individuals for future roles. It is the process of learning how to become part of a culture. Through socialization, one learns the culture’s language, their role in life, and what is expected from them.

'Wrong' answers of students should be corrected by the teachers during class discussions as children should be encouraged to express themselves without fear of being incorrect.

Rama was referring to attention, memory, problem solving and planning, she was on focused cognition.

Presentation step is prominent in the syntax of the teaching model of memory level and understanding level. It is the most important step as it gives the major status to the subject matter.

In the presentation step:

• The teacher introduces new knowledge in an interactive manner before the learners.
• The teacher tries to connect the previous knowledge of the learners with a new set of knowledge.
• The teacher believes that when any topic is presented properly to the students they learn them in a coherent way.

So, it could be concluded that the presentation step is prominent in the syntax of the teaching model of memory level and understanding level.

Multiple means of discrimination is not a part of universal design for learning guidelines.

The rate of development of an individual child is different from that of another child. This principle is known as the ‘principle of individual differences’. For instance, some children may learn to walk in 8 months, while some may take more than a year to start walking. 

It is important for teachers to know variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by considering these individual differences of students.

A teacher of class- 2 wishes to assess her students during her teaching learning process. Observation of children on their multiple activities would be one of the appropriate strategies for 'assessment for learning' of children.

The mental health of the child depends on the family. A healthy mind resides in a healthy body and every person recognizes moral, immoral and right and wrong. First of all, it is the responsibility of the family to take care of the health of the child and control his mental development and provide the right direction.

After birth, a baby's brain develops rapidly, and affects his physical, mental and emotional health, ability to learn, and his ability to earn and succeed as an adult.

Assessment is a process of collecting, receiving, and using data for the purpose of improvement in the learning process.

• Assessment is a systematic way of collecting information to make a judgment about student learning.
• It is integral to the teaching-learning process which helps in facilitating student learning and improving instruction.
• To know children's progress, assessment for learning can be utilized and to know the achievement level, assessment of learning can be utilized.

So, it could be concluded that teacher can utilize both assessment for learning and assessment of learning to know children's progress and achievement level.

Psychoanalytic method would be best for understanding the thinking of a child.

Psychoanalysis is a way of treating mental problems that is based on psychoanalytic theory and stresses unconscious mental processes. It is also known as "depth psychology." Sigmund Freud, an Austrian psychiatrist who created the word psychoanalysis, started the psychoanalytic movement with his clinical findings and formulations. Psychoanalysis is divided into three parts:

• A technique of studying the mind and how people think
• A formalized collection of hypotheses about human nature
• A method of treating psychological or emotional disorders

Good problem solvers often have creativity, lack of response set, divergent thinking.

Students are likely to feel boredom when activity is not valued, so the teacher should always introduce the same concept with innovative methods to overcome boredom.

An example of a pedagogical strategy that would promote meaningful learning is focusing on 'assessment for learning' rather than only 'assessment of learning'.

Assessment for learning (AFL) is an approach to teaching and learning that creates feedback which is then used to improve students’ performance. Students become more involved in the learning process and from this gain confidence in what they are expected to learn and to what standard.

One way of thinking about AFL is that it aims to ‘close the gap’ between a learner’s current situation and where they want to be in their learning and achievement. Skilled teachers plan tasks that help learners to do this.

AFL involves students becoming more active in their learning and starting to ‘think like a teacher'. They think more actively about where they are now, where they are going and how to get there.

Learning disability includes distinguished from the things related to a logical arrangement like unable to write, read or sturring, etc. Children with learning disabilities experience difficulty in learning and using certain skills namely reading, writing, listening, and reasoning.

Errors in writing like reverse images, mirror imaging, etc represent learning disabilities. Dyslexia is the most common learning disability which results in reverse or mirror images of the alphabet.

Dyslexia is a learning disability that makes learners:

• unable to read and interpret letters and words.
• confuse with the same shapes and sounds of the alphabet.
• bewilder in identifying and relating speech sounds with letters and words.

Types of Learning Disability: It is categorized either by the type of information processing that is affected or by the specific difficulties caused by a processing deficit.

Learning disability constitutes a condition that affects learning and intelligence across all areas of life.

A learning difficulty constitutes a condition that creates an obstacle to a specific form of learning but does not affect the overall IQ of an individual. 

So, we can conclude that child is showing signs of a learning disability.

To create a conducive learning environment, a teacher should foster collaboration among students.

When teachers provide instruction on concepts in various subjects, they are teaching students who already have some pre-instructional knowledge about the topic. Student knowledge, however, can be erroneous, illogical, or misinformed. These erroneous understandings are termed alternative conceptions or wrong concepts.

Alternative conceptions:

• Through this process, the teacher recognizes that children are capable of thinking and their thinking is different from that of adults.
• They naturally form ideas from our everyday experience, but not all the ideas we develop are correct concerning the most current evidence and scholarship in a given discipline.
• Students have an inherent need for meaning-making, they can develop meaning and concepts through their own experiences whether it is correct or not.
• This helps the students to interpret new experiences through these erroneous understandings for being able to correctly grasp new information.

Thus we can say that Children are illogical, unintelligent, and do not possess the capacity for meaning-making is not correct in the context of alternative conceptions of children.

A teacher gave an activity "one minute free writing" to class-5 learners. The purpose of this writing task is that the learners have the freedom to be creative.

Children learn most meaningfully when they are actively engaged in tasks and activities.

When we think of children's engagement in learning activities, it is often convenient to understand engagement with an activity as being represented by good behaviour (i.e., behavioural engagement), positive feelings (i.e., emotional engagement), and, above all, student thinking (i.e., cognitive engagement). This is because students may be behaviorally and/or emotionally invested in a given activity without actually exerting the necessary mental effort to understand and master the knowledge, craft, or skill that the activity promotes.

Problematic children are those children who are difficult to raise or educate. They have a tendency to disrupt class as they are not self-controlled. Also, they are infamous for their anti-social behaviour.

Teacher have to tackle many problems associated with students as children with numerous problems of behaviour are found in every educational programme.

In the above-mentioned situation, the teacher should provide counselling to the child as it will help the teacher to:

• become more vigilant towards the child. 
• recognize the root of the child's problem.
• better relate to child's unacceptable behaviour.
• assist the child with proper guidance in the right way.

So, it could be concluded that if a teacher finds a problematic child in the class, he should provide counselling to the child. 

Variability in learning styles of students should be valued and seen as a reflection of human diversity.

Fear is one of the seven universal emotions experienced by everyone around the world. Fear arises with the threat of harm, either physical, emotional, or psychological, real or imagined. While traditionally considered a “negative” emotion, fear actually serves an important role in keeping us safe as it mobilizes us to cope with potential danger.

A language teacher promotes learners to read a short story of other narratives from the prescribed supplementary reader. Develop extensive reading  is the major purpose of promoting the learners to read from the supplementary reader.