Test: HP TGT Psychology Mock - 9 - Software Development MCQ

Special needs education is the type of education given to persons with disabilities.

Special education is individualized education for children with special needs. Special education means, Specially designed instruction, to meet the unique needs of a child with special needs including instructions conducted in the classrooms, in the home, in hospital, and institutions and in other settings and instruction in physical education.

Striving for prize is not an example of intrinsic motivation.

Sage on the stage characterization of a teacher is related to a teacher-centered model which is synonymous with standard lecture as the principal mode of delivery.  Whereas the changing role of sage to a guide and participant is related to the student-centered model.

A child sees that a classmate has gotten into trouble by hitting another child. They learn by observing this interaction that they should not kill others. This is a classic example of learning by observation.

Learning style refers to a range of principles that aim to take into account differences in individuals' learning. Many theories share the proposition that humans can be classified according to their 'style' of learning, but differ in how the proposed styles should be defined, classified and assessed. A general concept is that individuals differ in the way they learn.

To support students for learning a new concept, a teacher should establish links between different sub-concepts.

Problem solving is a mental process and is part of the larger problem process that includes problem finding and problem shaping. Considered the most complex of all intellectual functions, problem solving has been defined as higher-order cognitive process that requires the modulation and control of more routine or fundamental skills.

• Problem-solving ability can be facilitated by encouraging the use of analogies. When you are stuck on a problem and need some innovative ideas, you can get imaginative ideas by making analogies to some other field.
• An analogy is an abstract parallel between two quite diverse things.
• For example, you might analogies driving to project management.

Thus from above-mentioned points, it is clear that problem-solving abilities can be facilitated by encouraging use of analogies.

As per given case in the question where the teacher wants to assess a student's comprehension ability of the story that is why she asked the students to draw pictures on the story in groups. Comprehension refers to the ability of processing, interpreting, and synthesizing information.

The child socialize at pre-childhood, pre-adolescence and adolescence.

Socialization is the process in which an individual tries to adopt the norms, rules, and skills so that he is accepted by society. It is the continuous process of negotiating identities and shaping one’s concept of self, identity, various attitudes, and behaviors.

• In pre-childhood, the child becomes socialized through the family. For example, a very young child in a family has little knowledge of his culture. It is through the family that the child gets to know what is accepted and what is not in a particular society.
• In pre-adolescence and adolescence,  the child gets socialized through other agents of socialization like the school and peers’ group begin to play a role in socializing the child. For example, Schools help children in learning the importance of social cohesion and unity and inculcating the informal cues about social roles through interaction.

A Braille device is used by a blind child to read.

Braille System: It refers to a pattern of raised dots called "Braille" to represent letters, numbers, and punctuation marks, that can be felt with a finger.

Establishing foundation for complex social life by developing relations with outside world is the prime aspect of early childhood stage.

Characteristics of early childhood:

• Develops the skills of language acquisition.
• Faces problem with the concept of conservation.
• Struggles with the idea of centration and reversibility.
• Begin to use words and pictures to represent objects.
• Learns to compare objects through external characteristics.

Misconceptions refer to a wrong or inaccurate idea that takes place due to the mismatch in previously assimilated and newly accommodated knowledge. Exploring and discussing misconceptions is meaningful in the teaching-learning process.

In early grades, Learning by doing approach is preferable for the teaching-learning process.

Learning by doing is the simple idea that we are capable of learning more about something when we perform the action. It is more effecting as experiencing the consequences of one's own actions helps students in retaining information and concepts for a longer period. 

Learning by doing means learning from experiences resulting directly from one's own actions, as contrasted with learning from watching others' performance, reading others' instructions or descriptions, or listening to others' instructions or lectures. 

Passive listening: Passive listening is the opposite of active listening because it doesn’t require any effort from the students' end. Students just listen to the speaker, but they do not respond or ask questions.

Rote memorization, or rote learning, is the process of learning through repetition and memorization. The goal of rote memorization is to be able to instantly recall information once it is presented to you. It is the fastest way to learn facts and new information.

High stress inhibits learning. This statement is correct regarding emotions and cognition.

Learning by doing, discovery learning and collaborative learning are characteristics of a Progressive classroom.

The first socialization of a child is facilitated by observation.

• It takes place in the initial years of an individual's first socialization. Early socialization is influenced by family.
• Many good habits are consciously taught to the child, but many others are picked up by the child by observing his parents.

Spiral way of learning is that type of learning in which a student learns each time about the subject when it is reviewed in the class. We can say that in spiral learning the topic is considered again and again, which enhances the learning of the student.

A teacher can improve learning by:

• Making the environment of the classroom according to the needs, abilities, and capacities of the learners.
• Teaching should not be instruction based, it should be done through different activities, experiments, and group discussions, that's why learners can enjoy their learning.
• Learning should be related to the real world and the surroundings of the students, which makes students familiar with the new concepts.
• Learning can be improved when the teacher starts linking the new concepts with the previous knowledge/experiences of the students, which helps the student to get the logic of the new concepts.
• Learning is more interesting by using TLMs for the students.

Thus, both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Emphasizing education for all categories of learners’ is the objective of inclusive education.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all. Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Learning is a process by which behaviour is either modified or changed through experience or training. Learning is thus a relatively permanent change in response potentiality which occurs as a function of reinforced practice.

Teacher-related factors affecting learning:

• Teacher's Knowledge over the subject matter: Teachers who are firmly rooted in their subject knowledge make clearer presentations and recognize students' difficulties readily. He/she should be able to undertake application-oriented teaching as well. 
• The leadership style adopted by the teacher in terms of whether it is authoritarian, democratic, benevolent, or indifferent greatly influences how the students will respond and involve themselves in the learning tasks.
• The relationship which teachers have with their students also sets the tone and climate of the classroom.
• The evaluative comments that teachers make either verbally or in writing also have a great bearing on students learning. They have the power to motivate and encourage or stifle and discourage. 
• Apart from expectations, there are many other characteristics related to teachers that influence their learners and the teaching-learning process. The most significant among these are modeling, enthusiasm, caring, and positive expectations.
• Research indicates that teachers who present information enthusiastically, increase learners' self-efficacy, attributions of effort and ability, self-confidence, and achievement.
• The caring attitude of a teacher and how he/she communicates it is another important factor, Caring refers to a teacher's ability to emphasize and invest in the protection and development of her learners. 

From the above, we can conclude that mastery over the subject matter is a teacher-related factor affecting learning.

If a child expresses affection for a parent of the opposite sex, it will be characterized by the phalic stage.

Freud's Psychological Stages of Development: Freud proposed a five-stage model of personality development. According to him, the main aspects of a person's personality develop by the age of five and remain unchanged throughout time. Furthermore, he said that in order to move from one stage to another, a child needs to successfully resolve the conflicts of each stage.

Medium of instructions impacts mathematical understanding is correct regarding teaching- learning of mathematics.

The role that language plays in the teaching and learning of mathematics is one of some importance in the current literature in mathematics education. As children get older, language supports their ability to learn, to identify and to understand the symbolic nature of numerals.

The easiest connection that a student is able to make while reading any text is the text-to-world connection. The student is able to relate all that is being taught in language lessons to the day to day life.

• Like for example, in social science classes, students read about the formation of the government, and they are able to relate to the National Election of India that happened in 2014.
• Authentic materials and texts are a good resource to build the skill of 'making text-to-world connections' as authentic materials refer to any text, audio, video, or object developed or written in natural language and contexts.
  
• Authentic materials are mostly drawn from periodicals that are constantly being updated. These materials relate more closely to learners' needs and provide them with a source of relevant materials for learning.
  

So, it is clear that authentic materials and texts are a good resource to build the skill of 'making text-to-world connections'.

It is important to “recognize” misconceptions among students because when teachers identify the misconceptions they will provide an opportunity to correct them during the rest of the course sessions prior to the formal examination and to replace their negative understanding through classroom discussions and teachers. Ask them to discuss and compare ideas with their peers and clear the misconceptions received.

Fixation does not determine problem solving.

Problem-solving is thinking that is goal-directed. In problem-solving, there is an initial state (i.e. the problem) and there is an end state (the goal). These two anchors are connected using several steps or mental operations.

Fixation, or hyper-focusing on a specific interest, is a recognized feature of autism. Fixations, along with other features or symptoms of autism like repetitive behaviors and cognitive inflexibility, may appear from the outside to be symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Insight: Developing Insight is synthesizing the available information and facts to derive a new solution. Insight is preceded by a gradual process whereby relevant parts of the problem are identified.

Mental sets: A mental set is a tendency of a person to solve problems by following already tried mental operations or steps. However, this tendency also creates a mental rigidity that obstructs the problem solver to think of any new rules or strategies. Thus, while in some situations mental set can enhance the quality and speed of problem-solving, in other situations it hinders problem-solving.

Entrenchment- In this a person's not moving beyond how he or she has seen problems in the past. Thus it also determines problem-solving.

Socio-constructivist believes that 'learning is an active process which takes place in cultural contexts'.

Steps followed by Rashmi in creating balanced paper is: Preparing the design > Preparing the blueprint > Writing the questions > Editing the question paper.

The goal of developing reading among learners is drawing inferences while reading a text, relating the text with one's previous knowledge and make meaning of words language chunks but mere decoding of the text is not.

The feeling of fear in the students is harmful for learning because when the fear of consequences is already created in the students, they are not able to concentrate on their studies due to which they feel stressed and uncomfortable in understanding things. When students are not able to communicate properly with the teacher due to fear, it will have a negative effect on their learning.

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest in the task itself and exists within the individual. 

• A teacher can encourage her students to remain intrinsically motivated for learning by supporting them in setting individual mastery goals for themselves and as per their interests.
• Setting individual goals give primacy to children's understanding, experiences, and needs and will provide ample opportunities to the children to foster their own strategy of learning.
• Intrinsic motivation is the drive to achieve something in life that satisfies one’s needs and when children work at their own pace to achieve their individual goals they develop their fullest potential.

So, a teacher can encourage her students to remain intrinsically motivated for learning by supporting them in setting individual mastery goals for themselves and as per their interests.

Learning is an active process, transferable, measurable and goal-oriented. It is the desired change or modification of behaviour attained through experience and environment. It is both a formal and informal process, it is universal and continuous. From birth, every child should have access to high-quality learning opportunities for language, literacy and mathematics. These should be available in all early years settings, including the home, and facilitated by parents.

• Psychological Factors: Psychological factors are unique or specific to the individuals engaged in the process of learning. Thorough knowledge and understanding of these factors are very essential for the teachers and parents in providing and guiding learning among the children.
  • Intelligence
  • Motivation
  • Maturation for Readiness to Learn
  • Emotions
  • Interests
  • Attitudes
  • Self-Concept
  • Learning Styles
• Socio-Cultural (Environmental) Factors Influencing Learning: The socio-cultural environment, within which a child grows, has a significant impact on his/her learning. In fact, all learning occurs with special reference to the cultural context of an individual. The social constructivist view of psychology holds that all learning is culturally oriented and guided. For our own understanding, we can subdivide socio-cultural factors into a) family, b) neighbourhood and community; and c) socio-cultural diversities like caste, class, ethnicity, religion, etc. Also, since, socio-culture factors are affecting learning, so does economic factor, because, suppose, a poor boy may not have access to online learning while a rich boy may have.
• School-Related Factors Influencing Learning: Learning is also assumed to be greatly influenced by the school and the school environment in which students are imparted with different types of learning experiences. The term ‘school environment’ encompasses the terms ‘school culture’ and ‘school climate’ that affect the behaviour of teachers and students.
• Teaching-Learning Processes Related Factors Influencing Learning: It includes methods of learning and the influence of media on learning.

So, we conclude that all the facts influence student difficulty in learning.

Questioning techniques is important because it can stimulate learning, develop the potential of students to think, drive to clear ideas, stir the imagination, and incentive to act. Teachers should use questions in the class to create cognitive conflict to facilitate learning. It is also one of the ways teachers help students develop their knowledge more effectively.