Test: HP TGT Social Studies Mock - 8 - Software Development MCQ

The Troposphere is the lower-most layer of the earth's atmosphere. Most of our weather is there - clouds, rain, snow. The temperature gets cooler in this part of the atmosphere as the distance above the ground increases by around 6.5° C per kilometer.

Depending on the weather, the real change in height and temperature varies daily. There is about 75 percent of all the air of the atmosphere in the troposphere, and almost all the water vapour (which forms clouds and rain). The decrease in height and temperature is due to the decrease in pressure.

Sambad Kaumudi was a weekly Journal in Bengali by Raja Ram Mohan Roy, started in 1821. Tribune was founded by Dayal Singh Majeetia in 1881, Lahore. Indian Mirror was founded by Devendranath Tagore in 1862, Calcutta. Amrit Bazar Patrika was founded by Sisir Kumar Ghosh in 1868, Calcutta.

Zaire (congo) river cross the Equator twice.

Zaire (congo) river is the second-longest river in Africa, shorter only than the Nile, as well as the second-largest river in the world by discharge volume, following only the Amazon. It's also the world's deepest channel, with estimated depths of over 220 metres.

Floriculture, or flower farming, is a discipline of horticulture concerned with the cultivation of flowering and ornamental plants for gardens and floristry, comprising the floral industry.

Area of study:

The ideas of caste discrimination and untouchability find no reference in Sangam Tamil literature. There is no evidence of casteism and untouchability in Sangam literature. However, a few refrences may be seen in Silapathikaram and Thiruvaimozhi.

It is often argued that presence of term Cheri in Sangam literature is an evidence of existence of caste system as Cheri was regarded as the habitat of low caste. But it has been concluded by research  that it means just a settlement and all the communities had their own cheri.  There is no evidence to prove that the residents of cheri lived in poverty. Everyone pursued his own profession and led a happy life.

So, the early Tamil Literature does not support the caste system.

The most basic outcome of democracy is that it produces a government that is accountable to the citizens, and responsive to the needs and expectations of the citizens. Transparency and accountability is one of the most essential feature of democracy.

Mohammed Ghazni was the first Turkish who invaded India. He attacked India only for wealth. In guise of Jihad he attacked India seventeen times between 1000 and 1027 AD. In 1001 A.D. he made his first invasion in India.

To pay tax to the government is not a fundamental duty. To pay tax is a legal duty.

Important information about Fundamental Duties:

• Article-51A
• Part-IVA
• Total Fundamental duties-11
• Added by Amendment-42nd,1976
• Borrowed from Russia
• Recommended by-Swaran Singh Committee

Some of the important antecedent rivers originating from beyond the Greater Himalayas are the Indus, Satluj, Sarju (Kali), Arun (a tributary of Kosi), Tista and Brahmaputra. The rivers that existed before the upheaval of the Himalayas are known as the antecedent rivers and cut their courses southward by building gorges in the mountains.

The Satluj River is the longest of the five rivers that flow through the historic crossroads region of Punjab in northern India and Pakistan. The Sutlej River is also known as Satadru. It is the easternmost tributary of the Indus River.

Right to property:

• Originally, the right to property was one of the seven fundamental rights under Part III of the Constitution.
• It was dealt with by Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31.
• Article 19(1)(f) guaranteed to every citizen the right to acquire, hold and dispose of the property.
• Article 31, on the other hand, guaranteed to every person, whether citizen or non-citizen, the right against deprivation of his property.
• It provided that no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law.
• It empowered the State to acquire or requisition the property of a person on two conditions: (a) it should be for a public purpose, and (b) it should provide for payment of compensation (amount) to the owner.
• Therefore, the 44th Amendment Act of 1978 abolished the right to property as a Fundamental Right by repealing Article 19(1)(f) and Article 31 from Part III.
• Instead, the Act inserted a new Article 300A in Part XII under the heading ‘Right to Property.
• It provides that no person shall be deprived of his property except by authority of law. Thus, the right to property still remains a legal right or a constitutional right, though no longer a fundamental right.
• It is not a part of the basic structure of the Constitution.

The Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act of 1981:

• To execute the decisions taken at the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment held at Stockholm in June 1972, Parliament enacted the nationwide Air Act.
• The main objectives of this Act are to improve the quality of air and to prevent, control and abate air pollution in the country.
• The Air Act’s framework is similar to that of the Water Act of 1974.
• States not having water pollution boards were required to set up air pollution boards.
• Under the Air Act, all industries operating within designated air pollution control areas must obtain a “consent” (permit) from the State Boards.
• Prior to its amendment in 1988, enforcement under the Act was achieved through criminal prosecutions initiated by the Boards.
• Prominently, the 1987 amendment introduced a citizen’s suit provision into the Air Act and prolonged the Act to include noise pollution.

Dronacharya award:

• This award is given to those coaches who have successfully trained sportspersons or team and enable them to achieve outstanding results in international competitions.
• This eminent award was started in the year 1985.
• It is given to coaches for their hard work to produce top-level sportspersons.
• This award is named after the legendary guru or teacher ‘Dronacharaya’.
• In this award, the coach is given 15 lakh rupees cash, a bronze statue of guru Dronacharaya and a certificate.

Musical instruments have been divided into four main categories on the basis of how sound is produced. The 4 major categories of musical instruments which have been classified on the basis of sound they produce with the instruments have been listed below. 

Avanaddha Vadya or Membranophones/Percussion instruments:

• In the Avanaddha Vadya category of instruments, the sound is produced by striking the animal skin which has been stretched across an earthen or metal pot or a wooden barrel or frame.
• E.g - Tabla, Mridangam, Nagara, Damaru etc. 

Ghana Vadya or Idiophones/Solid instruments which do not require tuning:

• The earliest instruments invented by man are said to be the Ghana Vadya.
• Once constructed, this variety of instrument do not need special tuning prior to playing.
• They are principally rhythmic in function and are best suited as an accompaniment to folk and tribal music and dance.
• E.g - Jal Tarang, Ghatam etc.

 Sushira Vadya or Aerophones/Wind instruments:

•  In the Sushira Vadya group, the sound is produced by blowing air into a hollow column.
• The pitch of the note is determined by controlling the air passage and the melody is played by using the fingers to open and close the instrument.
• E.g - Flutes, Shehnai, Nadaswaram, etc.   

Tata Vadya or Chordophones/Stringed instruments:

• ​The tata vadya is a category of instruments in which sound is produced by the vibration of a string or chord.
• These vibrations are caused by plucking or by bowing on the string which has been pulled taut.
• E.g - Veena, Sitar, Sarangi etc. 

​Thus, a flute is a type of Sushira instrument.

The scientific name of dry ginger is Zingiber officinale.

Spices:

• We get useful spices in our daily life mainly from plants.
• These are used in small amounts in food.
• They increase the taste and nutritional value of the food.
• Some examples are dry ginger, turmeric, clove, fennel, black pepper, bay leaf, big cardamom, cumin, etc. are examples of spices used in abundance.

Meghalaya Plateau is an extension of Indian Peninsular Plateau. Traditionally, the Meghalaya plateau is divided into Garo, Khasi and Jaintia Hills. The region east of the Dhansiri River and west of the Singimari River is approximately 400 km long with an average width of 40 km, covering an area of 35,291 km². From the South-West monsoon, this region receives maximum rainfall.

The tax collected was known as Bhaga. Crop tax was the most important at that time as most people were farmers. Taxes on craftsperson was also there in the form of labour.

Example: A Cobbler will work for one day in a month for the King.

There were also taxes on goods sold or purchased. There were total 16 Mahajanapadas i.e. there were 16 major kingdoms in ancient India. Mahajanapadas were in existence from 600 B.C to 345 BC.

Black Soil:

• Black Soil or Regur Soil, found extensively over the Deccan Plateau which includes parts of Maharashtra, Madhya Pradesh, Gujrat, Andhra Pradesh and some parts of Tamilnadu is ideal for cotton cultivation.
• It requires little irrigation as it has a high water-retaining capacity.
• It swells and becomes sticky when wet and shrinks when dry.
• Self-plowing is a characteristic of the black soil as it develops wide cracks when dried.

Red Soil:

• It develops on crystalline igneous rocks.
• It founds in the area of low rainfall such as in the eastern and southern parts of the Deccan Plateau
• This has a reddish color due to a wide diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks.
• It is suitable for crops like wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, and pulses.

 Laterite Soil:

• It developed in areas with high temperatures and high rainfall.
• Due to high rainfall, lime and silica leached away, and iron oxide and aluminum are left behind.
• As it lacks organic matters, nitrogen, phosphate, and calcium it is not suitable for cultivation but applications of fertilizers are required to make it fertile.
• It is found in the parts of Karnataka, Kerala, Tamilnadu, Madhya Pradesh, Assam, and Odisha.

Alluvial soil:

• Alluvial soil is mainly found in Northern Plains.
• These soils are widespread in the Northern Plains and valleys.
• They are depositional soils, formed mainly due to silt deposited by Indo-Gangetic-Brahmaputra Rivers.
• When the river overflows, this soil is deposited on the riverbanks.
• In the Upper and Middle Ganga Plain, two types of alluvial soils have developed, namely, Khadar (New alluvium) and Bhangar (Old alluvium).

So, Laterite Soil → Widespread in Maharastra known as regur soil is the incorrect pair.

The appointment of acting Chief Justice is to be made by the President under Article 126 of the Constitution.  Vacancy in the office of the Chief Justice must be filled whatever the period of vacancy. Article 126 – Appointment of acting Chief justice.  As of August 2022, Justice Uday Umesh Lalit is the 49th Chief Justice of India.

Social Studies is the study of relations and interrelations, historical, geographical, and social. It establishes the relationship between present and past, local and distant, and personal and national lives, and also with the lives and cultures of other men and women in different parts of the world.

During the early Vedic period, words like ‘Panchala’ or ‘Kurus’ or ‘Bharat’ referred to a kingdom.

​Early Vedic Period (1500-1000 B.C.):

• It is also known as Rig Vedic period.
• During the Rig Vedic period, people were mostly confined to the Indus region.
• The Rig Veda refers to Saptasindhu or the land of seven rivers. This includes the five rivers of Punjab, namely Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, Beas and Sutlej along with the Indus and Saraswathi.
• The political, social and cultural life of the Rig Vedic people can be traced from the hymns of the Rig Veda.

Political Organization during Early Vedic Period:

• The basic unit of political organization was kula or family.
• Several families joined together on the basis of their kinship to form a village or grama. The leader of grama was known as Gramani.
• A group of villages constituted a larger unit called Visu. It was headed by Vishayapati.
• The highest political unit was called Jana or tribe. 
• There were several tribal kingdoms during the Rig Vedic period such as Bharatas, Matsyas, Yadus, and the Purus.

The great Mauryan Emperor Ashoka patronized the Hinayana sect of Buddhism.

There are three main sects of Buddhism are namely:

• Hinayana: Religion without God, with Karma taking the place of God. Sthaviravada is the oldest school of Hinayana. Hinayana Buddhists used the Pali language.
• Mahayana: also known as the Greater Wheel. Nagarjuna was the founder. Its followers believed that salvation could be attained through the help of Buddha and Bodhisattvas.
• Vajrayana: Vehicle of Thunderbolt. Its followers had the faith that salvation could be attained through Vajra.

SAARC consists of 8 member countries.

South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC):

• ​It is an economic and political organization of eight countries in South Asia.
• It was established in 1985.

Its member countries are Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka, Afghanistan.

• Afghanistan joined as the 8th member of SAARC in 2007.
• The 18th Summit was the recent SAARC summit and was hosted by Nepal in 2014.

The aim of the SAARC is to promote economic growth, social progress and cultural development within the South Asia region.

Kalighat Pat Art is a folk painting of West Bengal. It is named so because it originated in the vicinity of kali ghat Kali Temple, Kolkata. Characterised by bright colours and bold outlines, Kalighat painting evolved as a unique genre of Indian painting in 19th-century Kolkata (formerly Calcutta), in West Bengal. From the depiction of gods and other mythological characters, these paintings developed over time to reflect a variety of themes.

The Ideal conditions for temperature inversion are:

• Long hours, so that it is greater than the incoming radiation than the outgoing radiation.
• Clear skies that allow radiation to escape unhindered.
• Calm and stable air, such that, at lower speeds, there is no vertical mixing.

A temperature inversion is the reversal of the natural temperature activity in the troposphere, where a layer of cool air on the surface is replaced by a layer of warmer air. The temperature normally decreases with height under normal conditions.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) were born at the United Nations Conference on Sustainable Development in Rio de Janeiro in 2012.

• They were adopted by all United Nations Member States in 2015 as a universal call to action to end poverty, protect the planet, and ensure that all people enjoy peace and prosperity by 2030.
• The 17 SDGs are integrated that is, they recognize that action in one area will affect outcomes in others and that development must balance social, economic, and environmental sustainability.
• The SDGs replaced the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which started a global effort in 2000 to tackle the indignity of poverty.

So, the protection of the Ozone layer is not a Sustainable Development Goal.

Greenhouse Effect: 

Solar energy is trapped by the earth atmosphere and radiate slowly so as to cover our earth with a warm blanket. This is the natural process of the greenhouse effect on earth to maintain its temperature and makes the earth perfect for life.

The greenhouse effect is the way in which heat is trapped close to Earth's surface by “greenhouse gases.” These heat-trapping gases can be thought of as a blanket wrapped around Earth, keeping the planet toastier than it would be without them.

India celebrates its National Sports Day on 29th August. Birth anniversary of hockey legend Major Dhyan Chand is celebrated as National Sports Day. He was one of the greatest players of the Indian Hockey team. He is popularly known as the 'The Wizard'.  In his career of 22 years, he had scored over 400 goals. Under his leadership, India won three Olympic gold medals in the years – 1928, 1932, and 1936.

Papaya, botanically known as Carica papaya belongs to the family Caricaceae. Papaya contains 2020 IU/100g vitamin A. It grows well in pH 6-7. Like coconut, papaya tree is also called as "Karpaga Viruksha" since the various parts of the tree are used. The original home of the papaya is tropical America. Papaya was introduced in India from Malaysia in the 16th century.

The unripe fruit contains a milky juice in which is present a protein-digesting enzyme known as papain, which greatly resembles the animal enzyme pepsin in its digestive action. The juice is used in the preparation of various remedies for indigestion and in the manufacture of meat tenderizers.

Excursion is nothing but recreational trip or a journey out of the usual way to teach students. The condition of the students enriched with bookish knowledge given in the four walls of the classroom is like that of a frog who considers the well as an ocean. Really excursion is a wonderful method of teaching.

There are many advantages of excursion method in teaching-learning of work education:

• The system of sessions in the classrooms brings monotony and boringness. Excursion method can bring a positive change in this direction.
• It is very important for the students to have practical knowledge of the subject which is discussed in the class. Excursion method plays an important role in this direction
• While travelling the students’ ability to observe is developed. They observe the task being accomplished in reality, They observe the objects in real situation.
• Knowledge attained through excursion is permanent because it involves active participation of the learners.
• The students get the opportunity to work in groups while travelling.
• Through excursion, the students develop the understanding as how to behave at the other places and how to communicate with the people.

So, we conclude that the above statement is about excursion method.

Kuroshio current is a warm current. A north-flowing ocean current on the west side of the North Pacific Ocean is the Kuroshio current, also known as the Japan current. It transports the warm water north to the area of Polar. The warm waters of the Kuroshio Current sustain the coral reefs of Japan, the northernmost coral reefs in the world.  It is the western boundary current of the subtropical North Pacific gyre.

It originates from the Pacific North Equatorial Current, which divides into two on the east coast of Luzon, Philippines, to form the southward-flowing Mindanao Current and the more important northward-flowing Kuroshio Current.