Test: Inclusive Education (Concept & Understanding) - Software Development MCQ

Inclusive Education:

• Inclusive education is when all students, regardless of any challenges they may have, are placed in age-appropriate general education classes that are in their own neighbourhood schools to receive high-quality instruction, interventions and supports that enable them to meet success in the core curriculum.
• Inclusive education is a system in which children with and without disabilities learn and play together.

Objectives of Inclusive Education:

• To develop an individualized education program to impart personalized and need-based education systems and experiences to all students, abled, or disabled.
• To give appropriate vocational services to all students with disabilities and guide them towards their careers.
• To provide transition services and implement a post-secondary school plan for each student with a disability so that they can get help and adjust at higher levels of education.
• To give a coordinated and comprehensive instructional program for kindergarten through high school.

Conclusion:
Inclusive education is a process in way of thinking about how to be creative to make our schools a place where all children can participate in learning. Though there the children with disability can play, work and enjoy themselves with regular students, but its main motive is to help children with disability in learning. Hence, option (4) is correct.

The teacher's role is to empower every student irrespective of their diversity is important. Diversity among learners could be with reference to their learning abilities, socio-economic backgrounds, cultural variations or even emotional behavioural characteristics.

Key Points

• The system of education calls for providing equal opportunity to every child for optimal development. “Inclusive Education” has emerged as a guiding principle to envisage this vision.
• Inclusive Education is an approach to educating all children who are at risk for neglect in the education system. It expects that all learners learn together through access to common educational provisions.
• In our democratic country, equality of opportunity is guaranteed to the citizens. In spite of this constitutional right bestowed upon us, informal discrimination is commonly observed in our society. Restrictions are imposed upon individuals based on their deviation in social, economical, cultural, physical, intellectual and behavioural attributes. 
• Inclusive education helps the development of children in different ways. Students with specific challenges make gains in physical, cognitive and social development and motor skills. They do well when the general environment is adjusted to meet their needs.
• The practice can help overcome discrimination which is widespread in every sphere of society.
• Inclusive education can help break the cycle of poverty and exclusion.
• This practice can help to develop a learning and effective environment with the physical facilities and the support of trained teachers.

Hence, it can be concluded that "Educational policies" is not the barriers to Inclusive Education.

Inclusive Education:

• Inclusion in education refers to a model wherein students with special needs spend most or all of their time with non-special needs students. 
• Inclusive education means all children in the same classrooms, in the same schools. It means real learning opportunities for groups who have traditionally been excluded – not only children with disabilities but speakers of minority languages too.

Important Points

Models of inclusive education:

• Non-academic models: In this model, the students with disabilities participate only in non-academic class activities such as art, music, physical education, and other electives. This model is more appropriate for our lower functioning, alternate assessment students.
• Social mainstreaming model: This model provides the opportunity for disabled children to develop their social, emotional, and interpersonal skills. The students are encouraged to work together. They are aware of the strengths and weaknesses of each other in the classroom. Normal students become actively involved with disabled students and teachers in the group. In this model, the students with disabilities are included during regular classroom instruction to provide/her with appropriate interaction with non-disabled peers.
• Self-contained model: A self-contained classroom means that the child will be removed from the general school population for all academic subjects to work in a small controlled setting with a special- education teacher. Such classes offer structure, routine, and appropriate expectations, but some students may require a higher level of specialization.
• Pull-out (Resource) model: In this model, specialists work closely with students outside of the general education classroom. Instructional support or related services are provided in small groups or one-to-one in a separate setting.

Conclusion: 
An inclusive classroom is a term used within American pedagogy to describe a classroom in which all students, irrespective of their abilities or skills, are welcomed holistically. It is built on the notion that being in a non-segregated classroom will better prepare special-needs students for later life. There are various models used to describe the settings of the inclusive classroom.

• The non-academic model emphasizes the participation of special children only in non-academic activities such as music, art, etc. on the other hand, the social mainstreaming model emphasizes teaching special and non-special students together in the same settings.
• Self- contained model talks about training special needs students in controlled condition with a special educator while the resource model talks about teaching and training special needs students outside the general classroom.

So, from this, we can conclude that the social mainstreaming model talks about the model of inclusive education in which a student is included during regular education classroom instruction to provide the student with appropriate interaction with non-disabled peers. The student is given shortened assignment. Hence, option (2) is correct.

Inclusive education is an approach, seeks to address the learning needs of all children, youth, and adults with a specific focus on those who are vulnerable to marginalization and exclusion.

• It implies all learners, young people - with or without disabilities being able to learn together through access to common pre-school provisions, schools, and community educational settings with an appropriate network of support services.

Key Points

• An inclusive classroom promotes learning of all children, with special abilities, with various social backgrounds, and with diverse learning needs.
• In the inclusive classroom, each student gets access to knowledge, skills, and information, which improve available choices to all children and we do not necessarily limit ourselves to the knowledge domain, but rather include the affective domain, and the attitudinal domain as well.
• Every child gets the opportunity for quality and optimal learning and for enjoying learning together and actively participating in learning activities. The activities are more-cooperative and collaborative so that each child can participate effectively.
• In an inclusive classroom, there will be less stress on competition, grades, and covering the course as the child will be given importance so that they can learn effectively.

Thus, it is concluded that more effort by teachers to "cover" courses is least important in an inclusive classroom.

Co-teaching involves two teachers working together to plan a classroom and make assessments on one group of students. A strategy to pair teaching candidates with more experienced teachers as a mentor.

Models of Co-teaching

• One Teach, One Observe: One teacher is directly teaching or giving instruction to students while the other teacher acts as observes to students for evidence of learning.
• One Teach, One Assist. One teacher would kee responsible for teaching the students while the other teacher circulated through the room providing not attracting attention assistance to students as per students' needs.
• Parallel Teaching: The class is divided into two groups and each teacher teaches the same information at the same time with a different method or thinking according to teacher and children respectively.
• Station Teaching. Teachers divide content /chapters and students. Each teacher then teaches the content/chapter to one group and repeats the instruction for the other group.
• Alternative Teaching:  In alternative teaching, one teacher takes responsibility for the large group of students while the other works with a smaller group of students. This teaching arises in which several students need specialized attention.
• Team Teaching: Both the teachers are delivering the same instruction at the same time to the class. Some teachers refer to this type of teaching as having one brain in two bodies. Others call it tag-team teaching.

Since parallel teaching involves teaching the same information at the same time with a different method or thinking, thereby it reinforces the knowledge as well provides a better road map for an inclusive teaching/classroom.

Additional Information

Computer-mediated teaching: Computer-mediated teaching refers to students' communication via computers with the help of their teacher and it includes many different forms of synchronous, asynchronous, or real-time interaction that students have with each other using computers as tools to exchange text, images, audio, and video.

Blended learning: In blended learning teacher combines online educational materials and gives opportunities for online interaction with traditional place-based classroom methods. It is also known as hybrid learning.

Role Play: In role-play, students apply their thinking as they are put in the role of a decision-maker who must make a decision regarding a policy, resource, or some other outcome. This allows students to interact with their classmates as they try to complete the task assigned to them in their specific role students are more engaged. This technique is an excellent tool for engaging students.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points 

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality of and makes provisions for education for all. Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Important Points 

Benefits of Inclusive Education include:

• Developing moral and ethical principles.
• Increasing communication and social skills.
• Increasing acceptance and appreciation of diversity.
• Fostering the potential of every child to grow and bloom.
• Addressing the diverse learning needs of every student.
• Valuing all learners equally and encouraging them to learn.
• Removing discrimination and providing adequate resources.
• Making adequate seating arrangements as per the child's requirement.

Hence, it could be concluded that at present the emphasis is on inclusive education. The objective behind inclusive education is Emphasis on Education of all Categories of learners.

Additional Information 

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Well-constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all. >Inclusive education welcomes and celebrates diversity.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Key Points

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Important Points

Institutional initiative for inclusive education can be evidenced when :

• Time is provided for teams of teachers and paraprofessionals to plan together
• A differentiated curriculum is designed
• School provides students to explore different co-curricular activities as per their interests.

Additional Information

• Entry-level tests to enroll students should not be supported according to NCF
• School should have differentiated material for all students
• Instead of common assessments, assessments as per the need of learners should be conducted.

Hence, we can say that institutional initiative for inclusive education can be evidenced when time is provided for teams of teachers and paraprofessionals to plan together.

Inclusion as a philosophy or practice cannot be discussed meaningfully unless it is situated in the context of diversity across the members of the group, especially in the framework of inclusive education. 

Key Points

• Inclusive education means creating effective classrooms where the educational needs of all children are addressed irrespective of ability or disability.
• It implies all learners, young people - with or without disabilities being able to learn together through access to common pre-school provisions, schools, and community educational settings with an appropriate network of support services.
• Social inclusion refers to a process by which efforts are made to ensure equal opportunities for all, regardless of their background, be it money, class, ethnicity, gender, race, or whatever the index of diversity be, to enable full and active participation in all aspects of life, including civic, social, economic, and political activities, as well as participation in decision-making processes.
• Social inclusion can be approached as a goal, an objective, and a process. Its process affects almost all societal activities, and should therefore be approached from various dimensions.
• Hence, the effort for quality-based inclusive education for all should be a Child-centered, relevant, and justified process of learning in a social context so that is not affected by social barriers and get an equal opportunity to learn and develop in life.

​Thus, it is concluded that a Child-centered, relevant, and justified process of learning in a social context will be the effort for quality-based inclusive education for all.

Hint

• Sensitivity towards all the needs of the children comes under child-centered education. The teacher must take care and be sensitive towards the children.
• Improvement in self qualification and teaching methodology: Teacher will improve themselves and their methodologies to impart quality education to children. This is also a part of child-centered education.
• School should be complete with all the high technology instruments to impart quality, relevant and justified education to children.

Inclusive Education means education for all children in school as It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

Key Points

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• Inclusive education improves the quality and making provisions of education for all.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Additional Information

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.

• Well constructed educational plan.

• Use of multilingualism as a resource.

• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.

• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Hence, it could be concluded that inclusive education refers to a school education system that includes children regardless of physical, intellectual, social, linguistic or other differently-abled conditions.

Inclusive Education: It refers to the inclusion of all children in the education system, regardless of their differences and disabilities.

• It values the diversity, each child brings to the classroom and facilitates all with equal opportunities to learn and grow.
• It provides a provision to include disabled children along with normal children in a regular classroom environment.
• It refers to an education system that accommodates all children regardless of their physical, intellectual, social, emotional, linguistic, or other conditions.

Basic Principles of Inclusive Education:

• Equity and equal opportunities for all.
• Well constructed educational plan.
• Use of multilingualism as a resource.
• Use of specific pedagogical strategies.
• Sensitization towards individual differences.

Note:

Hence, from the above-mentioned points, it becomes clear that Inclusive Education is based on the principle of equity and equal opportunities.