Test: Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh and Odisha (Physical) - 3 - UPSC MCQ

The state of Odisha was formerly known as Orissa. However, in late 2011, the state government officially changed the name from Orissa to Odisha to better reflect the local pronunciation and cultural heritage of the state.

Odisha is bordered by the states of Jharkhand and West Bengal to the north and northeast, by Andhra Pradesh  to the south, and by Chhattisgarh to the west. These neighboring states have significant cultural, geographical, and historical connections with Odisha.

Odisha can be divided into four natural divisions based on its geography. The northern plateau is located in the northern part of the state and is an extension of the Chota Nagpur plateau, known for its forests and mineral-rich resources. The Eastern Ghats are a mountain range running parallel to the coast, providing scenic landscapes and biodiversity. The central tract consists of plateaus and basins, with some areas suitable for agriculture due to fertile soil and irrigation facilities. The coastal plains are formed by alluvial deposits and are known for their agricultural productivity and river deltas.

The Mahanadi River forms a significant river delta in the central part of Odisha. It is one of the main rivers in the state and plays a crucial role in irrigation, agriculture, and supporting local ecosystems. The Mahanadi River is known for its fertile plains and the famous Chilka Lake, one of the largest lagoons in India.

Odisha experiences a tropical wet-dry climate, also known as a tropical savanna climate. It is characterized by distinct wet and dry seasons. In January, the coolest month, temperatures range from the mid-50s Fahrenheit (low 10s Celsius) to the mid-80s Fahrenheit (about 30 degrees Celsius). In May, the warmest month, temperatures typically reach the mid-90s Fahrenheit (mid-30s Celsius). The state receives an average annual rainfall of about 60 inches (1,500 mm), with most of the precipitation occurring during the southwest monsoon season from June to September.

Odisha's forests can be classified into two main types: tropical moist deciduous and tropical dry deciduous. The tropical moist deciduous forests are found in the hills, plateaus, and more isolated areas in the northeastern part of the state. The tropical dry deciduous forests are predominant in the southwest region of Odisha. These forests support a diverse range of flora and fauna, including bamboo, teak, rosewood, and various wildlife species.

Hindus make up the overwhelming majority of the population in Odisha. They constitute the largest religious group in the state. Muslims are the largest religious minority in most areas of Odisha, except in certain administrative localities where Christians have a higher presence. However, no single minority religion claims a significant portion of the population in any of the state's districts.

Puri, located in Odisha, is renowned as a significant pilgrimage site for Hindus. It is considered the abode of Jagannatha, one of the incarnations of the Hindu god Vishnu. The famous Jagannatha Temple in Puri attracts devotees from all over the country and is an important religious and cultural center. Puri is known for the annual Rath Yatra festival, which involves the grand procession of Lord Jagannatha, attracting millions of pilgrims. For centuries, Puri has been a place where people from all castes can come together and eat, as it is believed to be a symbol of unity and equality in Hinduism.

The coastal plains of Odisha have a predominantly rural population. These areas are fertile and suitable for agriculture, particularly rice farming, which contributes to a high population density. While some tribal communities have settled in the plains, the majority of tribal populations reside in the hilly regions of the state.

The major cities in Odisha include Bhubaneshwar, the state capital and a center for economic and administrative activities. Cuttack is another important city known for its historical significance and cultural heritage. Brahmapur, Raurkela, Sambalpur, and Puri are also significant urban centers in Odisha, contributing to the state's economic and social development.