Test: Professional Knowledge - Software Development MCQ

Individual difference refers to the difference which distinguishes an individual from another on the basis of psychological characteristics. Individual differences could be seen in all domains of development such as physical, emotional, mental, etc.

Important Points

A teacher should provide a variety of learning experience if learners display individual differences as it will help in:

• selecting relevant prompts to be suitable for their ability level.
• combining different types of prompts to make them inculcate skills.
• catering to the range of learning needs and requirements of diverse learners.
• making learning effective for students who learn differently either visually, auditory, etc.

Hence, it could be concluded that a teacher should provide a variety of learning experience if learners display individual differences.

Hint

• Providing a variety of learning materials will not help in catering individual differences of learners rather adoption of various learning materials could be helpful in meeting individual differences.

Additional Information

Required steps to meet individual differences:

• Ability grouping.
• Enrichment of curriculum.
• Individualization of instruction.
• Identification of special talents.
• Adoption of modern method of teaching.
• Providing a variety of learning experience.

'Transfer of learning' is the appropriate reason in the context of the question. The concept of 'Transfer of learning' was introduced by 'E.Thorndike' and 'S.Woodworth'.

• Transfer of training refers to apply acquired abilities or knowledge in a new situation. It occurs when the elements are identical in both situations.

Key Points

There are three types of transfer of learning which are as follows: 

Hence, it could be concluded that the above-mentioned information is related to the Positive Transfer of Learning.

B.S. Bloom has proposed a taxonomy which is a set of three hierarchical models that refers to the classification of educational learning objectives.

Bloom's Taxonomy Identified Three Domains of Learning:

1. Cognitive Domain: It involves knowledge and the development of intellectual skills. 
2. Affective Domain: It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, etc.
3. Psychomotor Domain:  It includes physical movement, coordination, and use of the motor-skill areas.

Important Points

The cognitive domain involves mental skills which are categorized into six levels of learning that serve in the development of intellectual skills and acquisition power. 

Subdomains of Cognitive Domain:

• Knowledge: It refers to the process of recognizing and recalling information.
• Understanding: It refers to the process of interpreting and assimilating information.
• Application: It refers to the process of utilizing information in new and different situations.
• Analysis: It refers to the process of identifying the pattern and connection among the given information
• Synthesis: It refers to the process of combining information and making connections among them to generate a new idea.
• Evaluation: It refers to the process of making judgments and Justifying decisions about the value of information and materials

Hence, it could be concluded that the Characterising DOES NOT come under the cognitive domain of Bloom's Taxonomy.

Additional Information

• The affective domain comes into play when we grow in emotional areas such as feelings, attitudes, etc.
• It includes how we deal with things emotionally, such as feelings, values, appreciation, enthusiasms, motivations, and attitudes.
• The terms receiving, responding, valuing, organizing & characterizing are related to the 'affective domain' of Bloom's taxonomy.

Microteaching is a teacher training technique used to measure the attainment of teaching skills by the teaching of a small unit of content to a small group of students in a small amount of time.

• Micro-teaching is one of the most influential innovations in teacher education. It emerged as a partial solution to some of the inadequacies of the traditional teacher-training program. 
• The concept underlying micro-teaching assumes that teaching consists of various skills. Teaching practice becomes effective only on the acquisition of specific skills.

Key Point

Voice modulation or appropriate modulation of voice by the teacher is helpful in gaining students' attention. This is so because the use of voice without any variation induces monotony among students, resulting in loss of attention. 

Voice modulation during teaching is the example of​ Skill of stimulus variation as it:

• involves frequent variations in the style of presentation of subject matter, media, interaction pattern, etc.
• breaks down the monotony and facilitates and promotes students' learning by changing stimuli in the environment.
• implies attracting and sustaining student's attention to the subject matter by bringing deliberate change in teacher's behavior.

Hence, it could be concluded that a teacher can gain the attention of the class through stimulus variation.

Important Points

Other Skills of Microteaching:

• Skill of introducing a lesson
• Skill of Blackboard writing
• Skill of fluency in questioning
• Skill of probing questioning
• Skill of explaining
• Skill of demonstration
• Skill of reinforcement
• Skill of Achieving closure

Noam Chomsky, known as the father of modern linguistics, has made a crucial contribution in the field of linguistics.

Key Points

According to Chomsky, an innate capacity to acquire language is the result of our uniquely human biological inheritance which is called 'Language Acquisition Device'.

Language acquisition device is a hypothetical tool in child's brain which makes learners able to:

• acquire and produce language.

• learn and assimilate language easily.

• analyze language and extract basic rules.

• encode the grammatical structure of language.

Hence, it could be included that Chomsky proposed that all children have language acquisition device.

Additional Information

Other important concepts given by Noam Chomsky:

• Innate ability: He strongly believes that children born with an innate knowledge of grammar that serves as the basis for all language acquisition.

• Generative grammar: According to Chomsky it refers to a finite set of rules to generate sentences and can be used to produce more sentences in that language.

• Universal grammar: Chomsky's universal grammar suggests that all children have an innate ability to acquire, understand, and develop grammar.

Motive refers to something that motivates us to move, act, or prepare for action.

• It is an inner state that energizes, activates, or moves, which directs the behavior towards a goal.  For example, hunger motivates us to have food.
• Motives are generally classified into various categories and 'Intrinsic motive' is one of them. These are animated by personal enjoyment, interest, or pleasure. 

Key Points

The desire of a person "to earn name and fame in life" is an 'Intrinsic motive' as it refers to the behavior which focuses on:

• personal satisfaction and internal rewards.

• purposes to learn and improve to serve a cause.

• motivating individuals intrinsically to achieve goals.
• working for their own sake and inherent accomplishment.

Hence, it could be concluded that the desire of a person "to earn name and fame in life" is an 'Intrinsic motive'.

Additional Information

• Extrinsic motive: It refers to a behavior that is guided by earning rewards or avoiding punishment.
• Physiological motive: These are activated due to imbalance in the body and maintain a state of equilibrium.

National education policy 2020: The two earlier education policies were brought in 1968 and 1986 since independence.

• The Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 with an aim to introduce several changes in the Indian education system.

Key Points​

• The main goal of the school education regulatory system must be to improve educational outcomes so that children can implement the acquired knowledge and skills in real-life.
• The current 10+2 system to be replaced by a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively. 
• The examinations will be more focused to test the core competencies of learners rather than the memorized knowledge and facts.

Hence, it is concluded that according to NEP 2020, the goal of the school education regulatory system must be to improve educational outcomes.

National education policy 2020:

• The Union Cabinet has approved the new National Education Policy (NEP), 2020 with an aim to introduce several changes in the Indian education system.
• The main goal of the school education regulatory system is to improve educational outcomes so that children can learn to implement the acquired knowledge and skills in their practical life.
• As a part of NEP, Early Childhood care and education aim to develop a child's emotional, social, and physical needs for a firm, wide-ranging foundation and attaining full potential for lifelong well-being.

Key Points

Important features of Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE):​

• ECCE (Early Childhood Care and Education) ideally consists of flexible, multi-faceted, multi-level, play-based, activity-based, and inquiry-based learning, painting and other visual art, craft, drama and puppetrt.
• The overall aim of ECCE will be to attain optimal outcomes in the domains of physical and motor development, cognitive development, and the development of communication and early language, literacy, and numeracy.
• It also includes a focus on developing social capacities, sensitivity, good behavior, courtesy, ethics, personal and public cleanliness, teamwork, and cooperation and comprises alphabets languages, numbers, counting, etc.
• ECCE has the potential to give all young children such access, enabling them to participate and flourish in the educational system throughout their lives.

Hint

• Presently, quality ECCE is not available to crores of young children, particularly children from socio-economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
• Universal provisioning of quality early childhood development, care, and education must thus be achieved as soon as possible, and no later than 2030, to ensure that all students entering Grade 1 are school ready.

Hence, it could be concluded that the overall aim of ECCE will be to attain optimal outcomes in the domains of physical development is not an important feature of ECCE (Early Childhood Care and Education).

A physically handicapped person is defined as a person who has a disability of locomotor and neurological origin which constitutes a disadvantage or restriction in one or more aspects of daily living activities, including work whereas a mentally handicapped child has limited neurological development.

• The handicapped conditions may be temporary or permanent and mild or severe. Physically handicapped children may be multiple handicap issues with a mental handicap, visual or hearing impairment.

​Key Points

• Not all pupils with physical disabilities require special school provisions. There may be variations in duration or severity among physical disabilities.
• If the students with severe physical and mental handicapped conditions require special institutionalization i.e., special education in special schools only then they should be provided with special education.
• Children with mild or moderate physical and mentally handicapped conditions who can be paired up with normal schools in general education should be provided as mentioned in the concept of inclusive education.
• The aim of educating physically and mentally handicapped children is to prepare them for integration into ordinary schools or society and to meet their psychological needs for security, love, affection, acceptance and success.

Hence, it could be concluded that physically and mentally handicapped children should be given both general and special education according to their requirements and variations in the severity of disabilities. 

The correct answer is Open help window.

Key Points

• Pressing the F1 key in PowerPoint displays the help menu.
• When you’re in editing mode, pressing F1 displays the help menu.
• When you’re in slideshow mode, pressing F1 reveals the slideshow’s controls so you can do things like moving forward or backward in your presentation.

Additional Information

• Ctrl+F1 key Close and reopen the current task pane.
• F5 is the short key to starting a presentation from the beginning.
• Shift+F5 is the short key to starting a presentation from the current slide.
• Esc is the short key to ending the presentation.
• Ctrl+Shift+M is the short key to insert a new slide.