Test: Structural Change - 2 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

- The correct answer is A: 1991.

- In 1991, India implemented significant economic reforms known as the LPG reforms—Liberalisation, Privatisation, and Globalisation.

- These reforms were introduced to address the severe economic crisis India faced, including a balance of payments crisis.

- Liberalisation involved reducing government regulations and restrictions in the economy.

- Privatisation referred to transferring ownership of businesses from the public to the private sector.

- Globalisation aimed at integrating the Indian economy with the world economy.

Topic in NCERT: Indian industrialisation and its shift from the early years of independence to developments after 1990 with liberalisation

Line in NCERT: "developments after 1990 with liberalisation."

- More Population: Cities typically have a larger population compared to rural areas. This high density is a defining feature of urban areas.
- Secondary Relations: In cities, people often have secondary, or indirect, social relations. These are less personal and more transactional compared to the close-knit, primary relationships found in rural settings.
- Agriculture as Occupation: This is typically associated with rural areas, not cities. Urban areas focus more on industries and services.

Thus, features that describe a city are options (a) and (c), making option D the correct choice.

- M.S.A. Rao identified three types of impacts that urbanization has on villages.
- These impacts include:
- Economic Impact: Changes in village economies due to urban demand for resources and labor.
- Social Impact: Shifts in social structures and cultural exchanges between urban and rural areas.
- Physical Impact: Transformation in the physical landscape of villages, such as infrastructure development.
- Understanding these impacts helps in analyzing how urbanization influences rural life and development.

- British colonialism was based on capitalism because it focused on economic expansion and profit-making.
- Capitalism involves private ownership of resources and the pursuit of profit, which aligned with British motivations for establishing colonies.
- The British Empire sought to exploit natural resources, establish trade routes, and open new markets for goods, embodying capitalist principles.
- Communism, in contrast, emphasizes state ownership and equality, which were not part of British colonial practice.

- Industrialisation is the transformation of economies from agrarian-based to manufacturing-based.
- It involves the use of machines, often powered by inanimate energy sources like coal or electricity.
- This process boosts production efficiency, enabling large-scale manufacturing.
- Industrialisation reshapes societies, influencing urbanization and economic structures.
- Key features include mechanization, factory systems, and technological advancement.
- It contrasts with traditional manual labor, marking a shift in production methods and economic focus.

Option B: They developed rapidly due to industrialisation in the 19th century.

The significant features of colonial cities like Kolkata is:
- Colonial cities were key administrative and trade centers for the British Empire
- Kolkata, as a prime example, became a hub due to the establishment of factories, ports, and railways
- This industrial growth attracted a diverse population, contributing to the city's rapid expansion and urbanization.

Topic in NCERT: Urbanisation in the colonial period

Line in NCERT: "urbanisation in the colonial period saw the decline of some earlier urban centres and the emergence of new colonial cities."

- Urbanization is the process where rural areas transform into urban areas.
- This involves developing infrastructure like roads, schools, and hospitals, and increasing housing and commercial buildings.
- Urbanization typically leads to changes in lifestyle and economic activities, as agriculture gives way to services and industries.
- It is driven by factors such as population growth, economic opportunities, and improved transportation.
- Therefore, when a village starts adopting urban characteristics, it is undergoing urbanization.

- The tea industry in India, particularly under British colonial rule, primarily illustrates the impact of colonialism through option B: "Labourers were often recruited through coercive and unfair means."

- British colonialists established large tea plantations, exploiting local resources and labour.

- Indigenous labourers, often recruited under harsh conditions, faced poor working environments and low wages, reflecting the exploitative nature of colonial industrial practices.

- This system benefited British economic interests significantly, while local communities saw little improvement in their socio-economic conditions.

Topic in NCERT: The tea plantations

Line in NCERT: "official reports show how the colonial government often used unfair means to hire and forcibly keep labourers."

The correct answer is B: It aimed to benefit British capitalism and strengthen British rule.

- The colonial economic policy in India was structured to serve the economic interests of Britain.
- It involved exploiting India's resources, raw materials, and agricultural products to support British industries.
- India became a market for British manufactured goods, hindering local industry development.
- Policies included heavy taxation on Indian goods and duties on imports, which favored British economic interests.
- This system reinforced British political control and maximized their economic benefits.

Topic in NCERT: Colonialism and capitalism

Line in NCERT: "in contrast british colonialism which was based on a capitalist system directly interfered to ensure greatest profit and benefit to british capitalism. every policy was geared towards the strengthening and expansion of british capitalism."

- Colonialism vs. Nationalism: The primary contradiction lies in the fundamental goals of each.
- Colonialism: It involves control over another country, exploiting it economically, and denying it sovereignty.
- Nationalism: It emphasizes the rights of people to self-rule and independence.
- Correct Answer: B. Colonial rule denied sovereignty to colonized nations, while nationalism emphasized the right to self-rule.
- This contradiction fueled anti-colonial movements, advocating for independence and national sovereignty.

Topic in NCERT: Colonialism and nationalism

Line in NCERT: "the practice of colonialism and the principle of nationalism and democratic rights are contradictory."