UGC NET Paper 1 Mock Test - 5 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is A, B, C and D only

A virtual classroom is an online teaching and learning environment where teachers and students can present course materials, engage and interact with other members of the virtual class, and work in groups together. Few applications that provide features for virtual classrooms are listed below

Important Points

• Microsoft Teams
  • Microsoft Teams is a collaboration tool designed by Microsoft for communication.
  • It supports audio conferencing and video conferencing with a lot of supportive features.
  • Microsoft Teams for Education helps the teachers to interact in real-time with their students.
• Zoom
  • It is a free video-conferencing tool that helps to conduct business meetings and online classes.
  • Zoom Meeting or Zoom webinars are utilized for online teaching.
  • It has enhanced features like digital whiteboarding and real-time annotation
  • it has the feature to set up breakout rooms as well
• Cisco WebEx
  • WebEx for education supports virtual learning. It offers a separate education toolkit for schools and higher education faculty to take online learning sessions.
  • Through WebEx, a live online class can be conducted and prerecorded training is also available.
  • Online classes can be conducted through WebEx meetings or WebEx Team.
  • Meeting Participants: 100(maximum for free plan)
• Skype Meet
  • Now in Skype allows users to easily set up a collaboration space and invite both Skype contacts and users who are not on Skype.
  • Participants can easily join meetings whether they have an account or not.
  • Because it is owned by Microsoft, teachers can reap the benefits of integrating other Microsoft platforms to organize and diversify their curriculum.​

Additional Information

• Tally
  • It is an ERP accounting software package that is used to record day to day business data of a company.
  • The latest version of Tally is Tally ERP 9.
  • It is used mostly for financial accounting systems purposes but can also integrate with other business applications like Inventory, Finance, Sales, Payroll, Purchasing, etc.

Hence we can conclude that the Correct answer is A, B, C and D only

An independent media means that no one should control and influence its coverage of news.

• No one should tell the media what can be included and what should not be included in a news story.
• An independent media is important in a democracy.

Important Points However, the reality is that media is far from independent.

• The control that the government has on the media. When the government prevents either a news item, or scenes from a movie, or the lyrics of a song from being shared with the larger public, this is referred to as censorship.
• There have been periods in Indian history when the government censored the media. The worst of these was the Emergency between 1975-1977.

Thus, we can say that between the period 1975-1977 media was censored in India.

The correct answer is All organic matters in water.

Key Points

• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the amount of oxygen that is required to chemically oxidize the organic matter present in water. It is expressed in milligrams of oxygen per liter (mg/L).
• COD is a measure of the total amount of oxidizable material in water, including both biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances. Biodegradable substances are those that can be broken down by bacteria, while non-biodegradable substances cannot be broken down by bacteria.
• COD is an important parameter in water quality testing because it can be used to assess the level of pollution in water. High COD levels indicate that the water is polluted with organic matter, which can be harmful to aquatic life.

Additional Information

• COD is also used to monitor the efficiency of wastewater treatment plants. A high COD level in the effluent from a wastewater treatment plant indicates that the plant is not removing enough of the organic matter from the wastewater.
• The COD test is conducted by adding a strong oxidizing agent, such as potassium dichromate, to a sample of water. The amount of oxygen that is consumed by the oxidizing agent is then measured. The higher the COD value, the more organic matter is present in the water.

Hence the correct answer is All organic matters in water.

• Khan Academy is a non-profit educational organization that provides free, world-class education for anyone, anywhere. It was founded in 2008 by Salman Khan, a former educator and engineer. Khan Academy offers over 10,000 interactive lessons and videos on a wide range of subjects, including math, science, history, economics, and art.
• Khan Academy is globally recognized for its high-quality educational content and its commitment to making education accessible to everyone. It has been used by over 100 million students in over 190 countries. Khan Academy is also a popular platform for teachers to use in their classrooms.
• The other options are not globally recognized online learning platforms based in the United States:
  • EDUKAAN is an Indian online learning platform that offers courses in a variety of subjects, including business, technology, and design.
  • COURSES FOR ALL is a UK-based online learning platform that offers courses in a variety of subjects, including business, technology, and creative writing.
  • NEW LEARNING is an online learning platform that offers courses in a variety of subjects, including business, technology, and personal development.
• Khan Academy is a great choice for students of all ages who are looking for high-quality, free education. It is also a great resource for teachers who are looking for engaging and effective learning materials for their classrooms.

The correct solution is "Ad populum"
Important Point
A Fallacy is the invalid or otherwise faulty reasoning, or "wrong moves" in the construction of an argument. A fallacious argument may be deceptive by appearing to be better than it really is.
A fallacy can be of two types:

• Formal fallacy: arguments that have invalid structure or form.
• Informal fallacy: arguments that have incorrect or irrelevant premises.

In the above question, the fallacies given are informal fallacies.
Key Points
Ad Populum:

• Ad Populum is also known as Argumentum ad Populum (Appeal to people/emotions) Appealing to popularity
• It is a fallacious argument that concludes that a proposition must be true because many or most people believe it, often encapsulated as If many believe so, it is so.
• For example, This girl should come first because she is cute and beautiful.

Hence, option 3 is the correct answer.
Additional Information

1. Ad Hominem is also known as Argumentum ad hominem (argument against the person): This fallacy occurs when, instead of addressing someone's argument or position, you irrelevantly attack the person or some aspect of the person who is making the argument. It's an insult used as if it were an argument or evidence in support of a conclusion. For example:
   • Ravi teaches youth to speak the truth but his son lies.
   • Mr. X is wrong in what he said because he is undisciplined by nature
2. Ad hoc- An ad hoc argument isn't really a logical fallacy, but it is a fallacious rhetorical strategy that is common and often hard to spot. It occurs when someone's claim is threatened with counter-evidence, so they come up with a rationale to dismiss the counter-evidence, hoping to protect their original claim.
3. Ad misericordiam- (Appeal to pity) in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent's feelings of pity or guilt. It is a specific kind of appeal to emotion. For example, you should not find the defendant guilty of murder, since it would break his poor mother's heart to see him sent to jail"

Industries-related hazards, which involve explosions and the release of toxic substances, will fall under man-made crises.

Key Points

• Man-made disasters are extreme hazardous events that are caused by human beings.
• Some examples of man-made disaster emergencies include chemical spills, hazardous material spills, explosions, chemical or biological attacks, nuclear blasts, train accidents, plane crashes, or groundwater contamination.
• Communities are also vulnerable to threats posed by extremist groups who use violence against both people and property.
• Many of these disasters can cause death, injuries, and loss of property. ​Below are resources to assist environmental health professionals in planning and educating the public on man-made disaster issues.

Additional Information

• Environmental Crises: -
  • Ecological crises occur when changes to the environment of a species or population destabilize its continued survival.
  • Some of the important causes include the Degradation of an abiotic ecological factor (for example, an increase in temperature, or less significant rainfalls) and Increased pressure from predation.

The correct response is Emotional identification. Emotional identification is the ability to recognize one's own emotions and the emotions of others. It is the foundation for all other emotionally intelligent behaviors.
Key Points
Emotional identification is the ability to recognize and understand one's own emotions and the emotions of others. It is the ability to label and interpret emotions, both in oneself and in others. This ability is essential for effective emotional intelligence, as it allows individuals to:

• Understand their own emotions and how they affect their thoughts and behaviors. This self-awareness is crucial for managing emotions effectively.
• Recognize the emotions of others and empathize with their experiences. This empathy is essential for building strong relationships and providing support to others.
• Effectively communicate emotions to others. This communication is necessary for resolving conflict, building rapport, and fostering a positive social climate.

Additional Information
Emotional regulation

• Emotional regulation is the ability to manage one's emotions effectively. It involves the ability to control the intensity and duration of emotions, as well as the ability to express emotions in an appropriate way. Emotional regulation is crucial for teachers, as it allows them to:
• Stay calm and collected in challenging situations. This composure is essential for maintaining order in the classroom and responding to student behavior effectively.
• Manage stress and avoid burnout. Teachers face a great deal of stress, and emotional regulation can help them cope with this stress in a healthy way.
• Model healthy emotional expression for students. Students learn by observing the adults in their lives, so it is important for teachers to demonstrate healthy ways of expressing emotions.

Social awareness

• Social awareness is the ability to understand the social cues and nonverbal communication of others. It includes the ability to read facial expressions, body language, and tone of voice. Social awareness is important for teachers, as it allows them to:
• Pick up on students' emotional cues and respond appropriately. Teachers can use their social awareness to identify students who are struggling emotionally and provide them with the support they need.
• Understand the dynamics of the classroom and identify potential conflicts. Social awareness can help teachers prevent and resolve conflicts in the classroom.
• Create a positive and inclusive classroom environment. Teachers can use their social awareness to ensure that all students feel welcome and respected in the classroom.

Relationship skills

• Relationship skills are the ability to build and maintain positive relationships with others. It includes the ability to communicate effectively, listen actively, and resolve conflict constructively. Relationship skills are important for teachers, as they allow them to:
• Build strong relationships with students. Strong relationships can help students feel supported and motivated to learn.
• Collaborate effectively with parents and colleagues. Collaboration is essential for creating a successful learning environment.
• Resolve conflict with students and parents in a constructive way. Conflict is inevitable in any setting, and relationship skills can help teachers resolve conflict in a way that preserves relationships and promotes learning.

The Correct answer is B, C, and D

Key Points

• Robert Craig has identified seven traditions within communication theory, acknowledging the complexity of the communication process and the multitude of definitions associated with it.
• These traditions are categorized as follows:
  • Cybernetic
  • Socio-psychological
  • Socio-cultural
  • Critical
  • Rhetorical
  • Phenomenological
  • Semiotic
• Cybernetic tradition:
  • ​The cybernetic tradition views communication as an information process centered on systems, whether they be individuals or organizations, and the channels employed for message transmission.
  • In this perspective, communication is inherently goal-oriented.
  • The sender begins with a specific goal, crafting a message and selecting a communication channel for transmission.
  • However, what the receiver initially decodes may differ from the sender's intended message.
• Socio-psychological tradition:
  • ​The socio-psychological tradition perceives communication as interpersonal interaction, falling within the behavioral approach.
  • It emphasizes cause-and-effect relationships in communication, particularly in terms of stimuli and reactions.
  • Rooted in psychology and sociology, this tradition focuses on expression, interaction, and influence.
  • Notably objective, theorists within the socio-psychological tradition approach communication with an objective mindset.
• Socio-cultural tradition:
  • ​The socio-cultural tradition views communication as a symbolic process integral to the reproduction or production of social order.
  • Emphasizing context, culture, and social practices, it shifts focus from individual or group responses to stimuli to the broader societal level.
  • Here, significance is placed on how society operates, with everyday routines and interactions contributing to the creation of shared meanings and understandings.
  • Through communication, individuals engage in dialogue, shaping collective interpretations of the world and specific situations.
• Critical tradition:
  • ​In the critical tradition, language and ideology take center stage, with scholars asserting that control over language confers dominance in society. Ideology holds particular significance, being deeply embedded and perpetuated through various tools and media forms.
  • Critical scholars, therefore, direct their attention to media, a potent mass communication tool that disseminates ideology to wider audiences.
  • Ultimately, this ideology, conveyed through media, becomes an integral part of the broader discourse.
• Rhetorical tradition:
  • In public presentations, the use of public speaking involves employing the rhetorical tradition, which traces its roots back to ancient Greece.
  • This tradition encompasses the development of crucial techniques and guidelines for structuring public speeches.
  • Central to this approach is the art of rhetoric, focusing on the ways verbal and nonverbal communication can be harnessed to influence audiences.
• Phenomenological tradition:
  • The phenomenological tradition emphasizes that the communication process is subject to varying perceptions among individuals.
  • It focuses on communication as a shared experience through dialogue, considering the diverse perspectives and interpretations within a given context.
  • Exploring how minority groups comprehend reality and engage in communication provides insights into the outcomes of interpersonal interactions.
• Semiotic tradition:
  • The semiotic tradition revolves around communication as the sharing of meaning through a system of signs and symbols.
  • In conversations between individuals who share a strong familiarity, outsiders may struggle to fully comprehend the interaction and might misinterpret it.
  • This is because the involved parties possess a set of established terms and unique jargon for specific situations and past experiences.
  • It becomes crucial for observers to discern the signs and symbols within the interaction to understand the representation and transmission of meaning.

• Mead's theory is that begins their understanding of the social world through play and game.
• Mead believes that people develop self-images through interactions with other people means he was basically related to socialization.
• Urie Bronfenbrenner and G.H. mead has relied on socialization. He tells that altering the perspective of developmental psychology by calling attention to the many additional environmental and societal influences which impacted child development means he is also related to socialization.

• Microsystem is related to imitating the environment.
• Mesosystem is related to the connection.
• Ecosystem is related to the indirect event.
• Macrosystem, this is related to social and cultural values.
• Chronosystem this is related to changes over time.

Calculation
The total production of wheat in the years 2022 and 2023 from Bihar is 1200
10% → 1200
1% → 120
The total production of wheat in the years 2022, 2023 and 2024 from Rajasthan = 3 × 900 = 2700
The total production of wheat in the year 2022 from Rajasthan = 20% × 11/20 = 11%
11% → 11 × 120 = 1320
The total production of wheat in the year 2023 from Rajasthan = 20% × 9/20 = 9%
9% → 9 × 120 = 1080
The total production of wheat in the year 2024 from Rajasthan = 2700 - (1320 + 1080) = 300
25% of the total production of wheat in the year 2024 from Rajasthan = 300 × 1/4 = 75
The answer is 75.

Calculation
The total production of wheat in the years 2022 and 2023 from Bihar is 1200
10% → 1200
1% → 120
The total production of wheat in the year 2023 from Haryana = 15% × 5/12
= 15 × 120 × 5/12
= 750
The total production of wheat in the year 2022 from Punjab = 25% × 5/8
= 25 × 120 × 5/8
= 1875
Difference% = (1875 - 750)/1875 × 100 = 60%
The answer is 60% less.

Learning is modification of behavior through experience.

• It involves acquisition of knowledge, habits and attitudes through experience and practice.

Key PointsLet's evaluate the statements:

Statement I: A child learns more if taught by computer only.

• This statement is generally not correct. While computers can be valuable educational tools, learning exclusively through a computer may not be as effective as a blended approach that includes various methods and interactions.
• Effective learning often requires a combination of methods, including personal interaction, hands-on activities, and direct instruction.

Statement II: A child learns more if taught by the child-centred method.

• This statement is generally correct. The child-centered method focuses on the needs, interests, and abilities of the child, promoting active participation and engagement in the learning process.
• Research suggests that this approach can lead to better learning outcomes as it supports individualized learning and fosters a deeper understanding.

Therefore, the correct option is only statement II is correct.

The correct answer is Varied connotations
Important PointsSemantic barrier refers to the challenges that arise in communication due to differences in the interpretation and understanding of words, symbols, and signs.

• It occurs when the connotations, or the emotional and cultural associations, attached to words vary among individuals or groups.
• These variations can lead to misunderstandings, misinterpretations, and ineffective communication.
• While words may have a denotative meaning, which is the literal or dictionary definition of a word, their connotations can differ based on personal experiences, cultural backgrounds, and individual interpretations.
• Different people may associate different emotions, values, or ideas with the same word, leading to semantic barriers in communication.

Understanding the varied connotations associated with words and symbols is crucial for effective communication, especially in cross-cultural or diverse settings.

• Communicators need to be aware of the potential differences in interpretation and actively strive for clarity and mutual understanding to overcome semantic barriers.

The Correct Answer is 1986.

Key Points

• The Environment (Protection) Act of India was enacted in 1986 with the objective of providing for the protection and improvement of the environment.
• The act was enacted by the Parliament of India under Article 253 of the Indian Constitution.
• The Act empowers the Central Government to establish authorities with the mandate of preventing environmental pollution in all its forms.
• Article 253 deals with Legislation for giving effect to international agreements

The correct answer is 'The generic advice of drinking eight glasses of water a day is an absolute requirement for everyone to maintain hydration'.

Key Points

• The passage specifically states that the advice to drink eight glasses of water a day should not be strictly adhered to, as individual hydration needs can vary based on several factors, including physical activity levels, climatic conditions, age, and health conditions.
• The statement contradicts the information provided in the passage, as such it's the incorrect one among the options provided.
• The other options accurately summarize the essential role of water, the variable water requirements of people based on their lifestyle and location, and the signs of dehydration, as mentioned in the text.

Hence, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is 'Heat Stroke, Kidney Failure, or Seizures'.

Key Points

• The passage explicitly outlines that severe dehydration can result in more grave consequences, including heat stroke, kidney failure, or even seizures.
• Although headaches and difficulties in concentration are mentioned in the passage, they are consequences of mild dehydration, not severe. Similarly, thirst and dark urine color are signs of dehydration, but they are not specifically associated with severe dehydration.
• So, the other options, while referring to parts of the text, are not accurately representing the health issues related to severe dehydration.

Therefore, the correct answer is Option 2.

The correct answer is 'The color of their skin'.

Key Points

• The passage does not mention skin color as a factor impacting an individual's hydration needs.
• Age, climate, and the level of physical activity are stated as significant influences on hydration needs. The statement about the color of skin being a factor in hydration needs is not supported by the information in the passage.
• Thus, the other options are incorrect as they are included in the passage as factors influencing hydration needs.

So, the right response is Option 3.

Statement II is false because dehydration can lead to severe health issues such as heat stroke, kidney failure, and seizures, as indicated in the passage.

- Statement I is true as water constitutes about 60% of the human body and is vital for its functions.

- Statement III is true since factors like climate, physical activity, age, and individual health conditions do influence a person's water requirements.

- Statement IV is true because the signs listed accurately reflect common indicators of dehydration.

Therefore, only Statements I, III, and IV are correct.

The correct response is option 2, Swayam Prabha.
Key Points
Swayam Prabha is a group of 32 DTH channels devoted to the telecasting of high-quality educational programs on a 24/7 basis using the GSAT-15 satellite. It is meant to support and reach those who do not have access to the internet.
Here are some of the educational programs that are telecasted on Swayam Prabha channels:

• School education (Classes 1-12)
• Higher education (Undergraduate and Postgraduate programs)
• Vocational education
• Teacher training
• Life skills education

Additional Information

• Diksha is an online platform that provides educational resources and courses for students and teachers. It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education, Government of India. Diksha is a free and open platform that can be accessed by anyone with an internet connection.

Diksha provides a wide range of educational resources, including:

• Textbooks and other learning materials
• Interactive lessons
• Videos and simulations
• Quizzes and assessments
• Teacher training resources
• Nishtha is an online platform that provides training and development resources for teachers. It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education, Government of India. Nishtha is a free and open platform that can be accessed by any teacher with an internet connection.

Nishtha provides a wide range of training resources for teachers, including:
Online courses
Webinars
Videos and simulations
Self-paced learning modules
Collaborative learning activities

• Swayam is an online platform that provides Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) to students of all ages. It is an initiative of the Ministry of Education, Government of India. Swayam is a free and open platform that can be accessed by anyone with an internet connection.

Swayam provides a wide range of MOOCs on a variety of subjects, including:
Science and technology
Humanities and Social Sciences
Engineering
Management
Language and culture

The factors that affect mediated persuasion are:

• The source's credibility: This refers to the extent to which the source of the message is perceived as being believable and trustworthy.
• The message's content: This refers to the information that is being communicated in the message.
• The message's presentation: This refers to the way that the message is delivered, such as the use of language, images, and music.
• The audience's characteristics: This refers to the characteristics of the people who are receiving the message, such as their age, gender, education level, and cultural background.
• The audience's characteristics are not a factor that affects mediated persuasion.
• This is because the message is the same for everyone, regardless of their individual characteristics.
• However, the audience's characteristics can affect how the message is received and interpreted.
• For example, a message that is targeted at young people may be more effective than a message that is targeted at older people.

So, the answer choices that include the audience's characteristics are incorrect. The correct answer choice is the one that includes the source's credibility, the message's content, and the message's presentation.

Here is an explanation of the answer choices:

• The source's credibility: A credible source is more likely to persuade people than a source that is not credible. This is because people are more likely to believe information that comes from a source that they trust.
• The message's content: The content of the message is also important. A message that is relevant to the audience and that is presented in a clear and concise way is more likely to be persuasive.
• The message's presentation: The way that the message is presented can also affect its persuasiveness. A message that is presented in a way that is interesting and engaging is more likely to be persuasive than a message that is presented in a boring and monotonous way.

Art Education is a primary pathway to learning, a journey of discovery of the meaning of teaching for aesthetic experience. Art is an expression of ideas created by human imagination, skill, and invention.

• It is a very important aspect of school education as it helps in developing the overall personality of a child.
• It helps the students to perform better in academics and to develop their thinking potential.

Key Points
Importance of art education at the elementary level:

• It enhances the level of self-analysis, self-esteem, and also self-discipline. Such children stay more motivated and cooperate more readily than the others.
• Art allows the children to develop their own free expression of what they are and how they feel as it allows them to learn in a more creative way than structured lessons.
• It also facilitates learning, logical thinking among the students and develops their practical aptitude by giving them real and practical experiences.
• For example, "Home Sweet Home" was the concept of the day. Children were told to make a home. Most of the children had brought their own material to make a house. Lots of ideas were coming up from huts to bungalows, to stilt houses with sticks, to igloos with cotton.
• So, the children will perform and learn about art and its various forms. It will enhance their learning with practicality.

Hence, it is concluded that art education at the elementary level in schools enhances learning by giving a practical experience.

The main reason for the inattentiveness of students in the class is poor communication.
Inattentiveness:

• It is a negative behaviour towards the learning processes
• This is not desirable for a teacher.
• There are so many reasons behind the inattentiveness of the students like teaching method, communication, physical and mental health, physical barriers, lack of interest, etc.
• It can be difficult for a teacher to teach an inattentive student.

Causes of the inattentiveness of students:

• Poor communication: this is basically elated to teacher-learner communication. A good teacher should be a good communicator also. He/she has to find out the individual differences in the class, treat his/her students based on it, and try to grow interested in the subject matter which they dislike most. If a teacher fails to do so the students get inattentive in the class.
• Physical and mental health: physical condition, disease, illness, emotional state, likes, dislikes, readiness to learn, mental state, etc. of a student can act as a factor of inattentiveness in the class.
• Social barriers: overexposure to social media sites, peer influence, social belief, etc. can a reason for inattentiveness
• Physical barriers: classroom environment, outside noise, natural calamities, bad weather conditions, etc.
• Institutional barriers: institutional infrastructure, building condition, extra facilities, etc.
• Lack of interest: dislike for the subject, difficulties in understanding, unwillingness to learn, etc.
• Pressure and workload: extra workload, examination pressure, study stress, tiredness for hard work, etc.

Key-Points
Lack of interest in the subject, Outside obstacles and Nature of the subject can also result in the inattentiveness of students in the classroom as few students, for example, finds some subjects less interesting compared to their favourite one.
But from the above-given options, poor communication is the major cause of the inattentiveness of students. Teacher with good communication always makes things easier and understandable. Effective communication skills are really important for a teacher in transmitting of education, classroom management and interaction with students in the class. The teacher has to teach the students having different thinking approaches. To teach in accordance with the ability and capability of the students a teacher need to adopt such skills of communication which motivate the students toward their learning process otherwise it can lead to the inattentiveness of students.

Pramanas

Knowledge can be valid or invalid. Valid knowledge is known as Prama and non-valid knowledge is called Aprama. Pramana is valid means of knowledge and serves as one of the core concepts in Indian Epistemology. It is a theory of knowledge and encompasses one or more reliable and valid means by which human beings gain accurate and true knowledge.

Key Points While the number of pramanas varies widely from system to system, many ancient and medieval Indian texts identify six pramanas as the correct means of accurate knowledge and truth. The six pramanas are perception, inference, comparison, postulation, non-apprehension, and testimony. Different schools of Indian thoughts accept or reject different ones of these methods, Jainisn admits Perception, Inference, and testimony.

• Inference ( Anumana)

the term anumana means after knowledge i.e. knowledge that follows other knowledge. Literally, the meaning of Inference is to observe uniformity between two things. It is mediated and indirectly arranged through the medium of some mark which is called 'hetu' and bears the relation of invariable concomitance with the observed feature. the basis of the inference is invariable concomitance.

• Perception ( Pratyaksha )

Perception enables a person to have correct cognitions of the world through the senses. Perception is of two kinds, direct perception (anubhava) and remembered perception (smiriti). Some schools make a further distinction between indiscriminate perception(nirvikalpa), in which the object is perceived without its distinguishing features, and discriminate perception (savikalpa), in which the distinguishing features are both observed and recognized.

• Testimony ( sabda )

Sabda is defined as the statement of a trustworthy person and consists in understanding its meaning. It is based on authoritative statements. Testimony is of two kinds- Vaidika and Laukika. The vaidika testimony is perfect and infallible because the Vedas are spoken by God. Laukika testimony is the words of human beings who are liable to error.

Thus, option 3 is correct.

Additional Information

• Postulation ( Arthapati )

Arthapati is the assumption of an unperceived fact in order to reconcile two apparently inconsistent perceived facts. When a known fact can not be accounted for without another fact, we have to postulate(hypothesise) the existence of a third fact.

• Comparison (Upamana)

It is knowledge derived from similarity. It has been defined as the knowledge of the relation between word and its denotation.

• Non-appherension (Anupalabdhi)

It is the immediate knowledge of the non-existence of object.

Hence, we can conclude that Jainism admits Perception, Inference, and Testimony are the sources of knowledge.

• The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) is focused chiefly on addressing global warming and the resulting climate changes.
• Its key objectives include:
• Stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system.
• Assisting developing countries to implement practices to mitigate climate change and adapt to its adverse effects.

Therefore, the correct answer is A and D only.

The psychological barrier of communication is the influence of the psychological state of the communicators (sender and receiver) which creates an obstacle for effective communication.

Important PointsSome psychological barriers to communication are as follows-

• Disinterest- When a person's mind is distracted or preoccupied with other things, he or she is unable to form proper messages, listen to what others say, interpret the message as needed, and provide appropriate feedback.
• Inattention- Indifference and lack of interest create barriers to communication, resulting in lower communication quality. The intended message is either not received at all or is incomplete and, worse, incorrectly understood.
• Prejudice- This type of prejudice is a barrier to effective listening because when a person is judged based on his or her identity or ideas, one usually stops listening actively and/or ethically. And shows prejudice in one's listening in a variety of ways, some more obvious than others.
• Emotions- Emotional issues, whether within an individual or between individuals, can directly impact thinking and communication skills. Fear, anxiety, anger and other common emotions can and do hamper how you relay your messages to others as well as interpret their messages to you.

Additional InformationNoise is one of the most common communication barriers. It is any persistent or random disturbance that reduces, obscures or confuses the clarity of a message. Physical barriers are closely related to noise as they can obstruct the communication transmission process. Invisibility - This is a physical communication barrier as invisibility can lead to distorted messages because the sender and the receiver cannot physically see each other. Therefore, the correct answer is options (C), (D) and (E) only.

• The major term (sādhya) is the thing that we are trying to infer.
• The middle term (hetu) is the invariable mark of the major term.
• The middle term is what allows us to infer the major term from the minor term.

Statement I says that the major term can exist without the middle term.

• This is true because the major term can be present in things that do not have the middle term.
• For example, the major term "fire" can be present in things that do not have the middle term "smoke", such as a burning match.

Statement II says that the middle term cannot exist without the major term.

• This is also true because the middle term is the invariable mark of the major term. If the middle term is present, then the major term must also be present.
• For example, if there is smoke, then there must be fire.

Therefore, both Statement I and Statement II are true in the Nyaya system of inference.

Here are some more details about the Nyaya system of inference:

The Nyaya system is one of the six schools of Indian philosophy. It is a system of logic and epistemology that is based on the idea of pramana, or valid knowledge.

The Nyaya system of inference is called anumana. Anumana is a process of reasoning that allows us to infer the existence of something that we have not directly perceived.

The Nyaya system of inference consists of five steps:

• The first step is to identify the minor term (pakṣa). The minor term is the thing that we have directly perceived.
• The second step is to identify the middle term (hetu). The middle term is the invariable mark of the major term.
• The third step is to find a positive instance of the middle term and the minor term. This means finding a case where the minor term and the middle term are both present.
• The fourth step is to find a negative instance of the middle term and the major term. This means finding a case where the middle term is present, but the major term is not present.
• The fifth step is to draw the inference. The inference is that the major term is present in the minor term.

• The global education development agenda reflected in Goal 4 (SDG4) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development, adopted by India in 2015 - seeks to “ensure inclusive and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning opportunities for all” by 2030.
• Such a lofty goal will require the entire education system to be reconfigured to support and foster learning so that all of the critical targets and goals (SDGs) of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development can be achieved.

Additional Information Sustainable Development Goal 4: Quality Education

• Achieving inclusive and quality education for all reaffirms the belief that education is one of the most powerful and proven vehicles for sustainable development.
• This goal ensures that all girls and boys complete free primary and secondary schooling by 2030.
• It also aims to provide equal access to affordable vocational training, to eliminate gender and wealth disparities, and achieve universal access to quality higher education.

Important Points
Presentation- A presentation is a verbal means of communication. A presentation is a formal talk to one or more people in which ideas or information are "presented" in a clear, structured manner. All presentations have the same goal: to inform, train, persuade, or sell.
An attention grabber is a tool used at the very beginning of a presentation with the intention of engaging one's audience.
Additional Information

Therefore, statement 1 is false as Presentation is a verbal means of communication as it uses words and signs. Whereas statement 2 Different components of the presentation that attract the attention of the audience are Attention grabbers is true.

The correct answer is A flat-plate solar collector absorbs sunlight from all directions, while a concentrating solar collector focuses sunlight onto a smaller area.
Key Points

A flat-plate solar collector consists of a flat, rectangular or square plate that absorbs sunlight over its entire surface area.

• It is typically covered with a transparent glass or plastic cover to minimize heat loss.
• The absorbed sunlight heats a fluid, such as water or air, flowing through pipes or channels within the collector.
• Flat-plate solar collectors are commonly used for applications such as domestic hot water heating and space heating.
• A concentrating solar collector uses mirrors or lenses to concentrate sunlight onto a smaller area.
• By focusing sunlight, a concentrating solar collector can achieve higher temperatures than a flat-plate collector.
• The concentrated sunlight is directed onto a receiver, which absorbs the sunlight and transfers the heat to a fluid or uses it to generate electricity.
• Concentrating solar collectors are often used in utility-scale solar power plants and for applications requiring high-temperature heat, such as solar furnaces or solar thermal power generation.

Therefore, the primary difference between a flat-plate solar collector and a concentrating solar collector lies in how they handle sunlight. A flat-plate collector absorbs sunlight from all directions, while a concentrating collector focuses sunlight onto a smaller area, allowing for higher temperatures and more concentrated energy output