UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 1 - UGC NET MCQ

For businesses, education, and entertainment, the Internet has become a useful tool.

Key Points

• The Internet has become an indispensable tool for businesses, education, and entertainment.
• It has transformed business operations, enhanced educational opportunities, and revolutionized the way we consume entertainment.

Hence, for businesses, education, and entertainment, the Internet has become a useful tool.

With just a few clicks, we can access wealth of information.

Key Points

• The Internet provides access to a vast amount of information, including news, research articles, educational resources, and entertainment content.
• It has democratized knowledge and made information accessible to a wider audience.

Hence, the correct answer is wealth of information.

For students, the Internet has transformed learning by providing wealthy educational resources.

Key Points

• The Internet has provided students with access to a wealth of educational resources, including online courses, interactive simulations, and multimedia content.
• It has personalized learning experiences and made education more accessible.

Hence, the correct answer is wealthy educational resources.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• Samkhya Philosophy
  • This is the oldest school of philosophy and was founded by Kapil Muni who is supposed to have written the Samkhya Sutra. 
  • Samkhya refers to the philosophical school in Hinduism based on systematic enumeration and rational examination. Hence statement 1 is correct.
  • Based on the Upanishads, there are two schools of philosophy developed in India:
    • Samkhya
    • Vedanta.
  • The Samkhya philosophy combines the basic doctrines of Samkhya and Yoga. Hence statement 3 is correct.
  • However, it should be remembered that the Samkhya represents the theory and Yoga represents the application or the practical aspects.
  • The Sankhya system is based on Satkaryavada.
  • According to Satkaryavada, the effect pre-exists in the cause.
  • According to the school, that salvation could be attained through the acquisition of knowledge.
  • Lack of knowledge is also supposed to be the root cause for the misery of man.
  • This school believed in dualism or dvaitavada, i.e. the soul and the matter are separate entities. Hence statement 2 is correct.
  • This school has been famous for its scientific system of inquiry. 

• Curriculum design refers to the process of planning and organizing educational content, experiences, and assessments to meet specific learning goals.
• Different approaches or orientations guide curriculum design, and they are often categorized based on their focus and emphasis.

Key Points

• Subject-Centered Curriculum Design:
  • Focus: Centers around academic subjects like math or literature.
  • Characteristics: Organized by disciplines, associated with traditional education.
• Problem-Centered Curriculum Design:
  • Focus: Addresses real-world problems.
  • Characteristics: Requires interdisciplinary approaches, and emphasizes problem-solving and collaboration.
• Learner-Centered Curriculum Design:
  • Focus: Prioritizes individual learner needs and interests.
  • Characteristics: Flexible, adaptive, involves project-based learning, and encourages student involvement.
• Teacher-Centered Curriculum Design:
  • Focus: The teacher plays a central role in planning and instruction.
  • Characteristics: Predetermined content, teacher as the authority, follows a structured sequence. Associated with traditional education.

Hence, the correct answer is teacher centered.

A standardized test is a test that requires all students to answer the same question at the same time and to score in a consistent manner, which makes it possible to compare their performance.

Key Points

• The standard test can be composed of multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, essay questions and can be administered to a large population at once. For example, measurement of educational outcomes of students of a number of schools
• It represents largely the mainstream culture that refers to students with high grades and is therefore biased. 
• Standardized tests remove the biases in scoring. 
• Any standardized test must have high reliability and validity.
• These tests are valid, reliable, and easy to understand.

Hence, we can conclude that the test used to measurement of educational outcomes of students of a number of schools is known as a standardized test.

Additional Information

• Classroom test only uses to measure the performance of an individual student in a class.
• Achievement tests are administered to students to measure their learning outcomes in a particular classroom. These tests are more prevalent in our schools. These tests show as to what has been learned by the students, rather than to predict future performance.
• A rubric is an assessment tool that clearly indicates achievement criteria across all the components of any kind of student work, from written to oral to visual. It can be used for marking assignments, class participation, or overall grades.

The correct answer is Libvalue;

Key Points

• LibValue:
  • Values, Outcomes, and Return on Investment of Academic Libraries (Lib-Value) is a three-year (2009-2012) study funded by the Institute of Museum and Library Services (IMLS).
  • LibValue is developing a set of tested methodologies and tools to help academic librarians measure which products and services provide the most value to their institutions.
  • LibValue is one of the library assessment tools of StatsQUAL.
  • The study was completed between December 1, 2009, and November 30, 2012.
  • Outcomes of this project included: 1) models for calculating value and ROI in academic libraries, 2) web-based tools for assessing ROI and value which can be used by academic librarians, and 3) an ROI and value calculation in three test libraries.

Additional Information

• StatsQUAL:
  • It is the suite of library assessment tools that operates under the leadership of the Association of Research Libraries (ARL).
  • Through StatsQUAL, libraries gain access to a number of tools that are used to assess the library’s effectiveness and contribution to teaching, learning, and research.
  • StatsQual includes LibQual+, DigiQUAL, MINES for Libraries, and ClimateQUAL.
• LibQUAL+:
  • LibQUAL+ is a tool that libraries use to solicit, track, understand, and act upon users’ opinions of service quality offered by the Association of Research Libraries (ARL).
  • LibQUAL+ was launched in 2000.
  • The LibQUAL+ survey evolved from a conceptual model based on the SERVQUAL instrument,
  • ARL, representing the largest research libraries in North America, partnered with Texas A&M University Libraries to develop, test, and refine LibQUAL+.
• MINES for Libraries:
  • ​It was developed by Brinley Franklin and Terry Plum, as an online, transaction-based survey that collects data on the purpose of use of electronic resources and on the demographics of users.
  • MINES (Measuring the Impact of Networked Electronic Resources) is a point-of-use survey technique that integrates usage data about electronic resources such as digital collections, open access journals, pre-print, and post-print servers, and institutional repositories, to give an inclusive picture of the library's supported networked electronic.
  • In May 2003, MINES was adopted as part of the Association of Research Libraries New Measures Program and is now one of ARL’s library assessment
    tools offered through statsQUAL.

Individual differences : Individual differences can be defined as personal characteristics that distinguish learners from each other in the teaching and learning processes.

Key Points Child-centered education : Child-centered education is an aspect of progressive education as learning is considered as a natural process for the child to learn through day to day activities.

• The teacher hence focuses on what the child learns rather than what he teaches.
• The teacher  acts as a guide who encourages, instructs and stimulates child to learn as per its capability
• Child centered considers growth of the child as a priority.
• It makes child's learning interesting and meaningful.
• It recognizes the child's potential and utilizes it effectively.
• It leads to overall development of the child in physical, moral and spiritual areas.
• It enables the child to learn through experiences.
• It provides for the child's full freedom for natural growth.

​Hence, we can conclude that Individual differences is the major factor responsible for child-centered education. 

Important Points

Learner or child-centered approach means planning and transacting curriculum in the classroom in a way that allows for flexibility in pace and style of learning to keep in mind that children in a classroom having individual differences. It, therefore, suggests an approach of teaching different from the existing practice of having a uniform curriculum, uniform learning material and activities, uniform time and uniform instructional and evaluation strategies for the whole class. Child-centered class advocates:

• flexible curriculum
• varied methods of teaching
• varied learning experiences/tasks/activities
• varied learning time
• varied methods of assessing children’s progress

The correct answer is 4.14.

In News

• The Ministry of Education, Government of India released All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-2021, in January 2023.

Key Points

• All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-2021:
  • As per the All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2020-2021, total enrollment in higher education has increased to nearly 4.14 crore in 2020-21. 
  • The female enrolment has increased to 2.01 crore from 1.88 crore in 2019-20.
  • The enrolment of SC students is 58.95 lakh as compared to 56.57 lakh in 2019-20 and 46.06 lakh in 2014-15.
  • Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Rajasthan are the top 6 States in terms of number of student enrolled.

Additional Information

• All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE):
  • The Ministry has been conducting All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) since 2011.
  • It covers all higher educational institutions located in Indian Territory and imparting higher education in the country. 
  • The survey collects detailed information on different parameters such as student enrollment, teacher’s data, infrastructural information, financial information etc. 
  • For the first time, in AISHE 2020-21, higher education institutions have filled data using entirely online data collection platform through the Web Data Capture Format (DCF) developed by Department of Higher Education through the National Informatics Centre (NIC).

National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education 2009 is a draft created by the government of India to propose changes and updates required in the National Council for Teacher Education, which is an Indian government body launched under the National Council for Teacher Education Act, 1993

Key Points

• NCFTE full form stands for National Curriculum Framework For Teacher Education, which is a Government of India draft developed to introduce and suggest changes and updates.
• NCFTE 2009 highlighted a new approach to curricular areas in this matter; the curriculum of teacher education is broadly dealt with the foundations of education, curriculum and pedagogy and school internship.
• Curriculum and pedagogy deal with curriculum studies, pedagogic studies and assessment and evaluation studies.
• The school internship is organised by situating the practise of teaching in the broader context of vision and the role of the teacher and sustained engagement with learners and schools.
• there have been suggestions to establish Teaching Learning Centres to act as laboratories for the theory and practice of teacher training.
• Simultaneously, continuous and comprehensive evaluation of developing teachers has been implemented via evaluation protocols and suggestions.
• Teachers need to be trained in organising learner-centred, activity-based, participatory learning experiences – play, projects, pedagogy, discussion, dialogue, observation, visits, and integrating academic learning with productive work.

Thus the correct answer is option 1.

• Assessment of learning refers to the process of evaluating and measuring what students have learned, understood, and achieved at the end of a specific period, such as a unit, course, or academic year.
• The primary purpose of assessment of learning is to make judgments about students' achievements, assign grades, and communicate their level of proficiency to various stakeholders.

Key Points

• Annual Examination: This is an example of formal assessment conducted at the end of an academic year to measure students' learning outcomes and understanding of the entire course content.
• Assessment of Homework: Assessing homework is a form of ongoing assessment that helps teachers gauge students' understanding of the material covered in class and their ability to apply concepts independently.
• Scholarship Examination: This type of examination is a formal assessment designed to identify and reward students with outstanding academic performance. It typically assesses the cumulative learning across multiple subjects.
• Anecdotal Records: Anecdotal records involve the collection of observational notes about a student's behavior, progress, or achievements over time. Unlike traditional assessments, anecdotal records are more qualitative and focus on specific incidents or behaviors rather than overall learning outcomes. They are often used for formative assessment or to provide insights into a student's development.

The correct answer is Anecdotal Records.

In 1965, Robert Gagné proposed a series of events that are associated with and address the mental conditions for learning.  Gagné’s nine events in conjunction with Bloom’s Revised Taxonomy to design engaging and meaningful instruction.

Key Points

1. Gain Attention of the Students: Ensure the learners are ready to learn and participate in activities by presenting a stimulus to capture their attention.
2. Inform Students of the Objectives: Inform students of the objectives or outcomes for the course and individual lessons to help them understand what they are expected to learn and do.
3. Stimulate recall of prior information: Help students make sense of new information by relating it to something they already know or something they have already experienced.
4. Present the content: Use strategies to present and cue lesson content to provide more effective instruction.
5. Providing Learning Guidance: Advice students of strategies to aid them in learning content and of resources available. In other words, help students learn how to learn.
6. Elicit Performance: Have students apply what they have learned to reinforce new skills and knowledge and to confirm correct understanding of course concepts.
7. Provide Feedback: Provide timely feedback of students’ performance to assess and facilitate learning and to allow students to identify gaps in understanding before it is too late.
8. Assess Performance: Test whether the expected learning outcomes have been achieved on previously stated course objectives.
9. Enhance Retention and Transfer: Help learners retain more information by providing them opportunities to connect course concepts to potential real-world applications.

​Hence, it can be concluded that providing a real environment is not an instructional event in the learning.

Metaphysics

Metaphysics is the branch of philosophy that examines the basic structure of reality. It is often characterized as first philosophy, implying that it is more fundamental than other forms of philosophical inquiry.

Empirical Research:

• It is the process of gaining knowledge through direct or indirect observation and experience
• Induction is an important part of this research
• It is completely an evidence-based approach
• The collected data could be qualitative or quantitative
• This research study follow the steps

Inductive Research:

• It aims at developing a theory
• Specific observation to broad generalization
• It is a bottom-up approach
• Observation - pattern - observation - theory
• It aims at making a generalization from specific facts, and observations
• The conclusion is probabilistic
• It can be valid or invalid

Empirico - inductive research:

• In this type of research, the researcher collects empirical data for specific cases and generalize his/her research findings.
• Any non-probability sampling method could be applicable to this kind of research.
• Case study, narrative method, ethnographic probe, etc, are some of the examples

Therefore, Both A and R are correct and R is the correct explanation of A.

On this day in 1835, Lord Macaulay successfully westernised education in India; English was made the official language for the government and courts, and was adopted as the official medium of instruction.

A person can enjoy teaching as a profession when he commands respect from students.

Pragmatism professes for action as a school of philosophy. It beliefs as Rule in Action as shown:

Theory of action is one component of pragmatism

Organized set of ideas about what individuals are doing

Intentionality and mental representation

Process of doing

Action decides how the world will appear to us

Mind is active for action purpose

Discovers newness in man

Specific direction

Interaction with social norms and traditions

A willingness to share knowledge and experiences with others is one of the most important qualities of a good teacher, Rogers said. Education is a very hands-on field and often requires experimentation within the classroom to discover which methods of communicating with students work best. Teacher has good command over the subject.

John Dewey was an American philosopher, psychologist, and educational reformer whose ideas have been influential in education and social reform. He is regarded as one of the most prominent American scholars in the first half of the twentieth century. He is a follower of pragmatic Philosophy

Robert Gagne put forward the conditions or events of learning theory. According to Gagne, learning is supposed to result in the enhancement of a person’s performance and capabilities by acquiring new ways of behaving. His theory emphasized that different internal and external conditions or events are necessary for each type or level of learning.

Types of Gagne’s Hierarchical Structure of Learning:

• Signal Learning – Signal learning is the simplest form of learning. It consist essentially of Pavlov’s Classical conditioning. The learner learns to make a generalized response to a signal or stimulus (known as conditioned stimulus).
• Stimulus-Response Learning (S-R Learning): This is a sophisticated form of learning, which is also known as Operant conditioning originally developed by Skinner. It involves developing desired stimulus-response bonds. Here, a stimulus is properly discriminated for a response.
• Chaining: This is a more advance form of learning in which two or more than two Stimulus-Response (S-R) connections are joined together into a linked sequence. 
• Verbal Association: During this type of learning, the learner is formed to emit chained responses of S-R type by making verbal association. It’s one among the key processes within the development of language skills.
• Multiple Discrimination: This is a stage of good discrimination to learn making different responses to different stimuli. This process is made more complex by the phenomenon of interference.
• Concept Learning: In this type of learning, one learns to provide a common response to a class of stimuli. It forms the idea of the power to generalize, classify etc.
• Rule Learning: Rule learning also known as learning of Principles. Principles are generated through the chaining of two or more concepts. This is a very high-level cognitive process, forms the basis of the learning of general rules, procedures etc.
• Problem Solving: This is the highest form of cognitive process which involves higher mental or cognitive abilities for making use of the concept and rules for solving one or the other problem.

Hence, we can conclude that problem Solving is the highest level as per Gagne's Hierarchy of Learning.

CCE can be defined as Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation, which comes under the Right to Education Act, India in 2009. Continuous and Comprehensive Evaluation is a grade evaluation system for school-going children. 

Key Points

•  CCE is an outcome of the Behaviorist approach. 
• The continuous and comprehensive evaluation is done on the basis of the behaviour shown by children.
• Behaviour is evaluated and graded accordingly. 
• CCE is an integral part of the teacher-learning process. 
• Continuous evaluation of the assessments and comprehensive evaluation of them is the major objective of CCE
• CCE also helps to understand the scope of improvements that are needed. 
• CCE is applicable up to the 10th standard and the major subjects covered by CCE are English, Hindi, Mathematics, Science, and Social science.

Thus, it can be concluded that both statements are correct. 

According to Gibbs, 2007, coding is “how you define what the data you are analyzing is about”. In qualitative research, coding is a process of identifying a passage in the text or other data items (photograph, image), searching and identifying concepts, and finding relations between them.

Key Points

• An analytical process: in social sciences data, in both quantitative forms (such as questionnaires results) or qualitative forms (such as interview transcripts), are categorized to facilitate analysis.
• The computer-aided analysis: it is one of the purposes of coding is to transform the data into a suitable form. This categorization of information is an important step, for example, in preparing data for computer processing with statistical software.
• Tagging and verification: Prior to coding, an annotation scheme is defined. It consists of codes or tags. During coding, coders manually add codes into data where required features are identified. The coding scheme ensures that the codes are added consistently across the data set and allows for verification of previously tagged data.
• Minimizing error: Some studies will employ multiple coders working independently on the same data. This also minimizes the chance of errors from coding and is believed to increase the reliability of data.
• Conversion and measurement: Quantitative coding is the process of categorizing the collected non-numerical information into groups and assigning the numerical codes to these groups. Numeric coding is shared by all statistical software and among others, it facilitates data conversion and measurement comparisons.
• Data Cleaning: 
  • Data cleaning involves the detection and removal (or correction) of errors and inconsistencies in a data set or database due to the corruption or inaccurate entry of the data. Incomplete, inaccurate, or irrelevant data is identified and then either replaced, modified, or deleted.
  • Data cleansing is also important because it improves your data quality and in doing so, increases overall productivity. When you clean your data, all outdated or incorrect information is gone – leaving you with the highest quality information.

It can be concluded that coding is used for displaying data in a tabular form, an act of cleaning the data, and translating answers into numerical values. Since all three given options are correct.

Therefore Option 4 is the correct answer.

Jean Piaget’s Theory of Cognitive Development:

• Jean Piaget (1896-1980) observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.
• According to Piaget, cognitive structures are the basic mental pattern people use to process any information.
• He disagreed with the idea that intelligence was a fixed trait, and regarded cognitive development as a process which occurs due to biological maturation and interaction with the environment.
• He believed that learning is a lasting change in behaviour due to the acquisitions that result from experience and this learning process occurs at gradual levels, as the existence of previous mental structures built through individual are necessary for the adaptation of a coherent system through a balancing self-regulating process. The learning process thus always depends on cognitive development.

Let's Understand in Brief:

• Experience: Learning and experience can't be separated as learning is a comprehensive process that refers to a change in behavior, knowledge, and skills as a result of practice and experience.
• Maturation: Maturation is the process of behavioral change as it refers to the unfolding of an individual's inherent traits or potential. It is a natural process of becoming emotionally, mentally, and physically mature.
• Thought: Thought and knowledge are the powers which are interrelated as thinking allows an individual to activate and use previous knowledge in order to create and assimilate new knowledge.
• Cognition: Language and cognition work collaboratively in child development as language acquisition and language learning both are the cognitive process that improves with the development of cognition.           

Hence, it could be concluded that '(i)-d, (ii)-c, (iii)-b, (iv)-a' is the correct answer in the given context.

Work education is considered purposeful and meaningful physical labour, which is organized as the inherent part of the educational process. It is deemed as the production of meaningful material and community service, in which the children share the experience of contentment and pleasure. Work education emphasizes including knowledge, understanding, practical skills in educational activities

Key PointsPhysical facility, trained staff, well-developed curriculum are present throughout the year for the smooth conduct of work education programme in the school. Following are the objectives for smooth conduct of work education programme in the school: ​

• To understand the dignity of work
• To develop respect for manual work
• To develop awareness about socio-economic problems and society
• To understand the process of planning and organizing work
• To acquaint students with productive and socially useful activities in the community
• To understand the need for a skill-based and technologically advanced society
• To inculcate socially desirable values like self-reliance, helpfulness, tolerance, etc.
• To develop skills for greater productivity and application of the problem-solving method
• To know about tools and equipment necessary for the production of goods in the community

Thus, it is concluded that all the above options are the objectives of smooth conduct of work education programme in the school.

In the developing societies interpersonal network of communication continues to be strong.

Key Points

• Face-to-face communication carries a considerable volume of message.
• In fact the credibility of this channel is the most well established and the message conveyed through non-traditional mass media invariably requires its seal of approval.

Hence, the correct answer is volume of message.

In the developing societies interpersonal network of communication continues to be strong. 

Key Points

• With the interpersonal network the traditional media occupies an important place through modern education.
• They consist of many folk forms of dances, dramas, narrations and entertainment.

Hence, the correct answer is all of the above.

Article 45 of Directive Principles of State Policy accepted: “The State shall endeavour to provide, within a period of ten years from the commencement of this Constitution, for free and compulsory education for all children until they complete the age of fourteen years”.

According to Gandhi, dharma means a conglomeration of duty, religion, and ethics. It is the essence of his teachings and approach to life. Gandhi identifies dharma as duty. He recommended equality among varnas, as practiced in the Sabarmati Ashram, for caste free society. His view was to have one dharma in every ashrama, i.e., sannyasa (an ascetic life).

Continuous schedule: it occurs when reinforcement is delivered after every single target behavior. This type of scheduling is more often used when teaching new behaviors.
Intermittent Schedule: it means reinforcement is delivered after some behaviors or responses but never after each one.
Types:
Fixed interval reinforcement schedule is when behavior is rewarded after a set amount of time.
Variable interval reinforcement schedule the person or animal gets the reinforcement based on varying amounts of time which are unpredictable.
Fixed ratio reinforcement schedule there are a set number of responses that must occur before the behavior is rewarded.
Fixed ratios are better suited to optimize the quantity of output whereas a fixed interval in which the reward is not quantity based can lead to a higher quality of output.
Variable ratio reinforcement schedule the number of responses needed for a reward varies. This is the most powerful partial reinforcement schedule.
Because the reinforcement schedule in most types of gambling has a variable ratio schedule people keep trying and hoping that the next time they will win big. This is one of the reasons that gambling is so addictive—and so resistant to extinction.