UGC NET Paper 2 History Mock Test - 7 - UGC NET MCQ

The correct answer is 1954

Panchsheel (Five Virtues):

• They were formally enunciated in the Agreement on Trade between the Tibet region of China and India signed on April 29, 1954 and later evolved to act as the basis of conduct of international relations globally.

These Five Principles are:

• Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty
• Mutual non-aggression
• Mutual non-interference
• Equality and mutual benefit
• Peaceful co-existence

The correct answer is 64 gates and 570 towers.

Key Points

• Megasthenes was a Greek Diplomat, Historian, and ethnographer whose extensive writings about the cultures of India gave an insight into the lives of ancient Indians during the rule of Chandragupta Maurya.
• Seleucid-Mauryan War around 305 BC, Megasthenes became an ambassador for Seleucus I to the court of Chandragupta Maurya in Pataliputra.
• The compilation of Megasthenes’ work is known as Indica.
• According to the writings of the Greek diplomat Megasthenes, Pataliputra, is the capital surrounded by a wooden wall pierced by 64 gates and 570 towers that rivaled the splendors of contemporaneous Persian sites such as Susa and Ecbatana.

Additional Information

• The capital of the Maurya empire was Patliputra.
• The founder of the Maurya empire was Chandragupta Maurya.
• Chandragupta, with the help of an intelligent and politically astute Brahmin, Kautilya usurped the throne by defeating Dhana Nanda in 321 BC.
• His reign lasted from 321 BC to 297 BC.
• He abdicated the throne in favor of his son, Bindusara, and went to Karnataka with Jain monk Bhadrabahu. He had embraced Jainism and is said to have starved himself to death according to the Jain tradition at Shravanabelagola.

​The correct answer is 1 and 3 only

Key Points

• Around 12,000 years ago, there were major changes in the climate of the world, with a shift to relatively warm conditions. In many areas, this led to the development of grasslands. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The beginning of the Neolithic age dates back to 10,000 years ago. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• This was also a time when several grain bearing grasses, including wheat, barley and rice grew naturally in different parts of the subcontinent.
• Men, women and children probably collected these grains as food, and learnt where they grew, and when they ripened. This may have led them to think about growing plants on their own. In this way people became farmers.
• Traces of ash have been found in Kurnool Caves (Paleolithic Site). This suggests that people were familiar with the use of fire. Fire could have been used for many things: as a source of light, to roast meat, and to scare away animals. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

The correct answer is 1 only.​
Key-Points

The main points in the CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan was:

• Desai-Liaquat Pact proposed an equal number of persons to be nominated by Congress and the Muslim League in the Central Legislature. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Muslim League did not endorse Rajagopalachari Formula because Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.

Additional Information

CR (C. Rajagopalachari) Plan

• Muslim League to endorse Congress's demand for independence. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• League to cooperate with Congress in forming a provisional government at the center.
• After the end of the war, the entire population of Muslim majority areas in the North-West and North-East India to decide by a plebiscite, whether or not to form a separate sovereign state. Hence, statement 2 is incorrect.
• In case of acceptance of partition, agreement to be made jointly for safeguarding defense, commerce, communications, etc. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

Objections to CR plan:

• Jinnah wanted Congress to accept the two-nation theory. He wanted only the Muslims of the North-West and North-East to vote in the plebiscite and not the entire population.
• He also opposed the idea of a common center.
• While the Congress was ready to cooperate with the League for the independence of the Indian Union, the League did not care for the independence of the Union. It was only interested in a separate nation.
• Hindu leaders led by Vir Savarkar condemned the CR Plan.

Desai-Liaquat Pact

• There were continued efforts to end the deadlock between the Congress and Muslim League. Bhulabhai Desai (Congress) and Liaqat Khan (Muslim League) came up with the draft proposal for the formation of an interim government at the center, consisting of :
  • The equal number from Congress and League at the center.
  • 20% reserved seats for the minorities No settlement could be reached, but the fact that a sort of parity between the two parties was decided upon had far-reaching consequences.

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• The Wahabi movement was a revivalist movement, aiming for Dar-ul-Islam (world of Islam).
• The teachings of Abdul Wahab of Arabia and the preachings of Shah Walliullah of Delhi inspired this essentially revivalist response to Western influences and the degeneration which had set in among Indian Muslims and called for a return to the true spirit of Islam. Hence statements b and c are correct.
• Initially, the movement was directed at the Sikhs in Punjab but after the British annexation of Punjab (1849), the movement was directed against the British. Hence statement a is correct.
• During the 1857 Revolt, the Wahabi’s played an important role in spreading anti-British feelings.
• Titu Mir was a disciple of Sayyid Ahmed Barelvi, the founder of the Wahabi Movement.
• Titu Mir adopted Wahabism and advocated the Sharia. He organised the Muslim peasants of Bengal against the landlords, who were mostly Hindu, and the British indigo planters.
• The teachings of Walliullah were further popularised by Shah Abdul Aziz and Syed Ahmed Barelvi who also gave them a political perspective.
• Syed Ahmed called for a return to pure Islam and the kind of society that had existed in the Arabia of the Prophet’s time.

The pair of 'Lectures on Modern History - Marc Bloch' is not correctly matched.

Key Points

• Ancient Indian Historical Tradition:
  • ​Ancient Indian historical tradition by F E Pargiter is a result obtained from an examination of Puranic and epic tradition as well as the Rigveda and Vedic literature.
  • It includes the study of Puranas and epics for geographical information about ancient India.
• Hinduism and its Sense of History:
  • It has been long taken for granted in the study of Hinduism over the past two centuries that the Hindus lacked a sense of history.
  • This book by Arvind Sharma marshalled evidence to render this assumption, which has had far-reaching consequences, implausible.
• Debates with Historians:
  • This book was written by Peter Geyl.
  • He was a Dutch historian and well known for his studies in early modern Dutch history and in historiography.
• Lectures on Modern History:
  • This book was written by John Dalberg-Acton.

  • It is a survey of modern history from the rise of the modern nation state to the American Revolution.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that the pair of 'Lectures on Modern History - Marc Bloch' is not correctly matched.

The correct answer is Awadh.

Key Points

• The peasant movement in Awadh
  • It was led by Baba Ram Chandra, a sanyasi who had earlier worked in Fiji as an indentured labourer. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
  • The movement here was against talukdars who were also known as landlords who demanded high rents from the peasants.
  • Jawaharlal Nehru mobilized the villagers and formed Oudh Kisan Sabha. Within a month, over 300 branches had been set up in the villages around the region. As the movement spread in 1921, the houses of talukdars and merchants were attacked, bazaars were looted and grain hoards were taken over.
  • Peasants started the protest because they had to work for long hours without any payment. In many places, nai-dhobi( barbers and washermen) bandhs were organised to deprive landlords of the services of even washermen and barbers.
  • Peasants had to beg and work at landlord's farms without any payments.
  • As tenants, they had no security of tenure and were regularly evicted so that they had no right over the leased land.
  • The peasant movement demanded a reduction of revenue, abolition of begar, and a social boycott of oppressive landlords.

The correct answer is Dayanand Saraswati.

Key Points

• The term ‘Swaraj’ was first used by Dadabhai Naoroji in the congress session held at Calcutta in 1906.
• Swaraj Means self-governance or self-rule.
• Word "swaraj" was used Synonymously with home - rule by Dayanand Saraswati.
• Dadabhai Naoroji said that he learned the word "swaraj" from the Satyarth Prakash of Dayanand Saraswati.
• Word swaraj is used during the anti-partition movement, for moderates i.e Feroz shah, Gopal Krishna Gokhale means the dominion status i.e self-governing colonies.
• But for extremists i.e Bipan Chandra pal, Anand Mohan bose means complete independence.
• swaraj was the basis for the Indian independence movement.

Additional Information

• M. N. Roy
  • Having begun his political career at an early age, Roy first emerged as a powerful radical voice against the 1905 Partition of Bengal.
  • By 1915, as WW I raged in Europe, he and several others were convinced that the only way of fighting the British in India was with German help.
  • Roy, who left India during this period to raise funds, soon found himself intimately involved in the growing Communist struggle across the world.
• Gopal Krishna Gokhale
  • Gopal Krishna Gokhale CIE was an Indian liberal political leader and a social reformer during the Indian Independence Movement.
  • Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the founder of the Servants of India Society.
• Swami Vivekanand
  • He was born Narendranath Datta on 12th January 1863.
  • National Youth Day is held every year to observe the birth anniversary of Swami Vivekananda.
  • In 1893, upon the request of Maharaja Ajit Singh of the Khetri State, he took the name ‘Vivekananda.’

Emergence of Bhakti Movement - Political Factors

• Before the Turkish conquests, the socio-religious environment was dominated by the Rajut-Brahmanical alliance, which was hostile to heterodox movements. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• The Turkish conquests brought this supremacy to an end.
• Also, the loss of patronage and wealth to temples during the Sultanate era deprived Brahmans of their supremacy. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• This paved the way for movements of anti-caste, anti-Brahmanical ideology (also called non-conformist movements) to grow. Hence, statement 3 is correct.

'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Key Points

• Ranajit Guha, the most influential figure in postcolonial and subaltern studies, is also the founding editor of Subaltern Studies.
• Guha’s works have deeply influenced not only the writing of sub-continental history but also historical investigations such as cultural studies, literary theories, and social analyses across the world.
• In his 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' he argued that when a peasant rose in revolt at any time or place under the Raj, he did so necessarily and explicitly in violation of a series of codes which defined his very existence as a member of that colonial, and still largely semi-feudal society.

• A rural uprising turns into a site for two rival cognitions to meet and define each other negativity.

​Hence, we can conclude that 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Additional Information

• David Arnold
  • ​David Arnold was one of the founding members of the subaltern studies group in the 1970s, remembered by Ranajit Guha in 1993 as "an assortment of marginalised academics".
  • Arnold contributed seven articles in total to the publication and co-edited the eighth volume with David Hardiman in 1994.
  • He is also an early contributor to the field of colonial medicine, most influentially Colonizing the Body.
• ​Gayatri Chakrabarty Spivak
  • ​Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a University Professor and a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.
  • In 1976 Spivak published Of Grammatology, an English translation of French deconstructionist philosopher Jacques Derrida’s De la grammatologie (1967).
• Dipesh Chakrabarty
  • ​Dipesh Chakrabarty is a founding member of the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, a consulting editor of Critical Inquiry,
  • He also a founding editor of Postcolonial Studies and has served on the editorial boards of the American Historical Review and Public Culture.
  • In his book Provincializing Europe, he addresses the mythical figure of Europe that is often taken to be the original site of modernity in many histories of capitalist transition in non-Western countries.

Three fluted disks are at the top of the pillar.

Key Points

• Mehrauli Iron Pillar:
  • The Iron Pillar is located in the Qutub Complex in the area of Mehrauli of Delhi.
  • It is said to have been constructed around 1500 years ago.
  • The pillar with its solid, slightly tapering shaft stands 7.16 m tall.
  • It is surmounted by an inverted lotus emblem, over which there are three fluted discs (amalakas) supporting a square pedestal.
  • An inscription on the pillar mentions a king named Chandra, who is most often associated with Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire.

  • It is cited as one of the most remarkable example of the skill of Indian crafts persons.

Thus, three fluted discs is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Other Important Features of Iron Pillar:
  • The pillar must have been crowned by a Vaishnava emblem, perhaps a Garuda.
  • It is considered remarkable because of the metallurgical skill required to forge such a long piece of iron, the clarity of its inscriptions after so many centuries, and the fact that it has remained comparatively rust-free, even after so many centuries.

  • It is not certain where the pillar originally stood. Most historians believe it is not in situ.

The pillar which is referred to in the passage is the iron pillar, which stands in the Jama Masjid in the Qutub Complex in Delhi.

Key Points

• Mehrauli Iron Pillar:
  • The Iron Pillar is located in the Qutub Complex in the area of Mehrauli of Delhi.
  • It is said to have been constructed around 1500 years ago.
  • An inscription on the pillar mentions a king named Chandra, who is most often associated with Chandragupta II of the Gupta Empire.

  • It is cited as one of the most remarkable example of the skill of Indian crafts persons.

Thus, the Iron Pillar, which stands in the Jama Masjid in the Qutub complex in Delhi is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• Other Important Features of Iron Pillar:
  • The pillar with its solid, slightly tapering shaft stands 7.16 m tall.
  • It is surmounted by an inverted lotus emblem, over which there are three fluted discs (amalakas) supporting a square pedestal.
  • The pillar must have been crowned by a Vaishnava emblem, perhaps a Garuda.
  • It is considered remarkable because of the metallurgical skill required to forge such a long piece of iron, the clarity of its inscriptions after so many centuries, and the fact that it has remained comparatively rust-free, even after so many centuries.

  • It is not certain where the pillar originally stood. Most historians believe it is not in situ.

All the three statements are wrong. Firstly rebels had poor understanding of imperialist ideology and quasi-democratic functioning of home government of Britain.

Secondly 1857 revolt was mainly feudal in character with some nationalistic elements and mutineers wanted to establish old social and political medieval order. They lacked progressive democratic and social-economic reforms agenda which they could execute after overthrowing foreign yoke.

Tatiya Tope fought alongside Nana Saheb, but after capture of Kanpur he fled to fight with Rani Laxmibai. However after defeat of Rani he continued his struggle with Guerrilla warfare. Later he was captured and executed by British government on 18 April 1859.

Except Maulvi Liaqat Ali all others were native princely rulers who assisted British in quelling the 1857 rebellion, after Lord Canning assured princely rulers of future British non-interference in the affairs of Princely states. Tukojirao Holkar was the rulers of state of Indore and During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, he was loyal to the British East India Company. Similarly Nizam of Hyderabad sided with East India Company. The Sikhs detest towards the Mughals was the main reason behind their remaining against the mutineers.

Maulvi Liaquat Ali was a Muslim religious leader from Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. He was one of the leaders in the revolt against the British in 1857.

From the time England acquired political power in India, she destroyed Indian Industries principally by means of:

1) Forcing of British Free Trade on India.

2) Compelling Indian artisans to divulge their trade secrets.

3) The export of raw products from India.

4) Building railways in India.

5) Imposing heavy duties on Indian manufactures in England.

6) The transit and custom duties.

7) Granting special privileges to the British in India.

8) Holding of exhibitions.

Naamghar is associated with Shankardev.

Key Points

• In the late fifteenth century, Shankaradeva emerged as one of the leading proponents of Vaishnavism in Assam.
• His teachings, often known as the Bhagavati dharma because they were based on the Bhagavad Gita and the Bhagavata Purana, focused on absolute surrender to the supreme deity, in this case Vishnu.
• He emphasised the need for naam kirtan, recitation of the names of the lord in sat sanga or congregations of pious devotees.
• He also encouraged the establishment of satra or monasteries for the transmission of spiritual knowledge, and naam ghar or prayer halls.
• Many of these institutions and practices continue to flourish in the region.

• His major compositions include the Kirtana-ghosha.

Therefore, we can conclude that Naamghar is associated with Shankardev.

The correct matching of the Mughal Gardens with the the rulers under whose reign the Gardens were built is: I - A, II - B, III - C, IV - D.

Key Points

• Aaram Bagh (Agra):
  • Aaram Bagh was built by the Mughal Emperor Babur in Agra in 1528.​
  • It is the oldest Mughal Garden in India.
• Shalimar Bagh (Srinagar):
  • ​Shalimar Bagh of Srinagar is a Mughal garden linked through a channel to the north-east of Dal lake.
  • The bagh was built by Jahangir for his wife Nur Jahan in 1619.
• Shalimar Garden (Lahore):
  • ​Shalimar Garden in Lahore was built by the Mughal Emperor Shahjahan.
  • It was built in the year 1641-42.
• Pinjore Garden (Panchkula):
  • The Pinjore Gardens at Panchkula were built by the Mughal Governor of Punjab, Fidai Khan, around 1760-61 CE.

  • It was built during the reign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb.

Based on the above discussion, the correct matching is:

With reference to the “Board of Control” in the East India Company, Only 1 and 3 are correct.

Important Points

• Board of Control was formed as a measure for increasing the control of the British crown on the administration of the East India Company in India by Pitt’s India act of 1784.
• It consisted of six unpaid privy councillors, one of whom was the president with a casting vote.
• The Board had no patronage and did not interfere in commercial matters.
• It had power to superintend, direct and control all acts relating to the civil or military government or the revenues.
• The east India company’s officers in India were subject to the approval of the Board which also could send its own orders without the consent of the directors.

• After the mutiny when the government of India was transferred to the British crown by the Government of India Act, 1858, the Board of control as such was abolished.

Thus, we can conclude that the following statements are correct with reference to the “Board of Control” in the East India Company:

1. It was formed by Pitts India Act of 1784

3. It was abolished by the Government of India Act 1858

The correct answer is 1, 2 and 3.

Key Points

• The Gupta Empire (320-550 AD):
  • Srigupta founded the Gupta Dynasty in the 3rd century AD.
    • He took the title of Maharaja.
    • He was the first Gupta king whose name got mentioned in the Allahabad Pillar inscription. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
    • The Poona Copper Plate inscription of Prabhavati Gupta described Srigupta as the Adiraja of the Gupta dynasty.
  • Chandragupta II:
    • ​The Devichandraguptam by Vishakadatta mentioned the surrender of Queen Dhurvadevi to the Shaka ruler by Ramagupta.
      • In opposition to this move, Chandragupta II killed the Shaka ruler as well as Ramagupta.
      • It also mentioned his accession to the throne & marriage to Durvadevi.
        • Hence, statement 2 is correct.
    • Titles adopted: Vikramaditya, Sakari Devagupta, Devaraja, Devashri.
    • Kalidasa, Dhanvantri, Amasimha, Varahmihir, Vararuchi, Shanku, Kshapanak & Ghapkarpar were the Navratnas in his court.
  • Skandagupta (455-467 AD):
    • His Girnar Inscription mentioned the breach at Sudarshana Lake in 455 AD & its repair within 2 months.
    • The Bhittari Stone Inscription mentioned the defeat of Hunas by the Skandagupta.
      • Hence, statement 3 is correct.
    • Titles adopted: Karamaditya, Parama Bhagavat, Shakropama, Devaraja, Vikramaditya.

Additional Information

• Other sources of the Gupta Empire are the following:
  • The Allahabad Inscription: It mentioned an assembly or council known as the Sabha.
    • Samudragupta is compared to Purusha (Supreme Being) in the Allahabad inscription.
    • It refers to three mahadandanayakas (these posts were hereditary by nature.)
  • The Damodarpur Copper Plates:
    • It mentioned Uparikas had high status & rank in the administrative machinery.
    • It mentioned the presence of an Ashtakula-Adhikarana (a board of eight members).
  • The Sanchi Inscription: It mentions the panchmandali, a corporate body.
  • The Vayu Purana, Matasya Purana, Vishnu Purana & Bhagavata Purana give detailed accounts of the Gupta empire.

'Chachnama' is a famous work on the History of Sindh.
Key Points

• The Chachnama is a famous work on the history of Sindh.
• It is a Persian-language text that was written in the 13th century CE.
• The author of the Chachnama is unknown, but it is believed to be based on an earlier Arabic text.
• The Chachnama tells the story of the Chach dynasty, which ruled Sindh from the 7th to the 8th centuries CE.
• The dynasty was founded by Chach, a Brahmin who usurped the throne from the Rai dynasty.
• Chach was a successful ruler and he expanded the Chach empire to include much of present-day Pakistan.
• The Chachnama also tells the story of the Arab conquest of Sindh in the 8th century CE.
• The Arab general Muhammad bin Qasim led the conquest and he defeated the Chach army.
• The Chach dynasty was overthrown and Sindh became part of the Umayyad Caliphate.
• The Chachnama is a valuable historical source for the history of Sindh.
• It is the only surviving text that provides a detailed account of the Chach dynasty and the Arab conquest of Sindh.
• The Chachnama has been translated into several languages, including English, Urdu, and Sindhi.
• The Chachnama has been used by historians, scholars, and writers to learn about the history of Sindh.
• It has also been used by religious groups to promote their own agendas.
• The Chachnama is a complex and controversial text, but it is an important source of information about the history of Sindh.
• Here are some of the key events that are recorded in the Chachnama:
  • ​The founding of the Chach dynasty by Chach
  • The expansion of the Chach empire
  • The Arab conquest of Sindh
  • The overthrow of the Chach dynasty
  • The establishment of Muslim rule in Sindh
• The Chachnama is a valuable historical source, but it is important to remember that it is not an unbiased account of events.
• The text was written centuries after the events it describes, and it is likely that the author was influenced by his own biases.
• Nevertheless, the Chachnama is an important document that provides a glimpse into the history of Sindh.

The correct statement is Both 1 and 2

Key Points

• Chauth was one-fourth of the land revenue paid to the Marathas in order to avoid the Maratha raids. It was nomi­nally levied at 25% on revenue or produce. Hence, statement 2 is correct
• Sardeshmukhi was an additional levy of ten per cent on those lands on which the Marathas claimed hereditary rights.
• This was an additional levy of 10%. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

Additional Information

• 'Sardeshmukhi' in the Maratha regime was a tax levied on revenue.

• The Maratha kingdom was another powerful regional kingdom to arise out of sustained opposition to the Mughal rule.

• Poona became the capital of the Maratha kingdom.

• Chauth and sardeshmukhi were not taxation innovations by Maratha.

• Marathas were granted the right to collect Chauth and Sardeshmukhi by the Mughals in exchange for a promise to not raid adjoining Mughal territories.
• Chauth and sardeshmukhi were the taxes collected not in the Maratha kingdom but in the neighbouring territories of the Mughal empire or Deccan Sultanates.

Chenab was known as 'Askini' in the Rig Vedic Period. This river is traditionally known as Chandrabhaga river. The name meant that it was seen to have dark-coloured waters.

The correct answer is Sumit Sarkar.

Key Points

• Sumit Sarkar
  • Sumit Sarkar is an Indian historian and one of the founding members of the Subaltern Studies group.
  • Sarkar has made significant contributions to the study of Indian nationalism and the anti-colonial movement.
  • However, he later became critical of the Subaltern Studies approach and has since focused on other areas of Indian history, such as the cultural history of modern India.​
• The subaltern history approach
  • The subaltern history approach is a perspective within postcolonial studies that seeks to uncover the history of marginalized and oppressed groups that have been excluded from dominant historical narratives.
  • The term "subaltern" refers to those who are socially, economically, and politically marginalized, including peasants, women, Dalits, indigenous peoples, and others who have been excluded from power structures.
  • Subaltern historians are interested in exploring the lived experiences of subaltern groups, as well as their agency and resistance against dominant power structures.
  • Subaltern history seeks to challenge the dominant narratives of history that have been constructed by elites and colonizers, and to bring to light the hidden histories of marginalized communities.
  • The subaltern history approach is interdisciplinary, drawing on a range of theoretical and methodological approaches from fields such as anthropology, sociology, and literary studies.
  • Key concepts in subaltern history include "everyday resistance," which refers to the small, everyday acts of subversion and resistance that marginalized groups engage in, as well as "colonialism of the mind," which refers to the ways in which colonized peoples internalize colonial power structures and cultural norms.
  • Subaltern history is often critical of traditional historical methods and sources, which have tended to exclude the voices and experiences of marginalized groups.
  • The subaltern history approach has been influential in shaping the fields of postcolonial studies, feminist studies, and global history.

The correct answer is 2 only.
Key-Points

• Congress captured 57 out of 102 seats in the Central Assembly. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Muslim league got 86.6 percent of the Muslim votes. It captured the 30 reserved seats in the Central Assembly. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In the provincial elections, it got a majority in Bengal and Sindh only. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Additional Information

Elections of 1945-46

• Performance of Congress
  • It got 91 percent of non-Muslim votes.
  • It captured 57 out of 102 seats in the Central Assembly.
  • In the provincial elections, it got a majority in most provinces except in Bengal, Sindh, and Punjab.
  • The Congress majority provinces included the NWFP and Assam which were being claimed for Pakistan.
• Performance of Muslim League
  • It got 86.6 percent of the Muslim votes.
  • It captured the 30 reserved seats in the Central Assembly.
  • In the provincial elections, it got a majority in Bengal and Sindh.
  • Unlike in 1937, now the League clearly established itself as the dominant party among Muslims.

Indian National Army (INA)

• In 1939, Subash Chandra Bose resigned from the congress and organized Forward Bloc for a more vigorous national struggle.
• The government first imprisoned him, and thereafter kept him confined to his house under close watch. In 1941, Subash Chandra Bose escaped from India to the Soviet Union for help.
• Later the Soviet Union joined hands with its allies. This made Bose escape to Germany. In 1943 he reached Japan and organize an armed struggle against British rule with Japanese help.
• In 1942 Capitan Mohan Singh formed INA comprising the captured Indian soldiers along with the Indian Independence league of Rash Bihari Bose.
• This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership (Mohan Singh) and the Japanese military over its role in Japan’s war in Asia.
• It was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943.
• In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organization to Subhas Chandra Bose.
• In 1944 the INA tried to invade India through Imphal and Kohima but the campaign failed. The INA members were imprisoned and tried. People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in the movement against the INA trials.

Rebellion by Naval Ratings

• On February 18, 1946, some 1100 Royal Indian Navy (RIN) ratings of HMIS Talwar went on a strike to protest against
  • racial discrimination (demanding equal pay for Indian and white soldiers)
  • unpalatable food
  • abuse by superior officers
  • the arrest of a rating for scrawling ‘Quit India’ on HMIS Talwar
  • INA trials
  • use of Indian troops in Indonesia, demanding their withdrawal.
• The rebellious ratings hoisted the tricolor, crescent, and the hammer and sickle flags on the mast of the rebel fleet. Other ratings soon joined and they went around Bombay in lorries holding Congress flags threatening Europeans and policemen. Crowds brought food to the ratings and shop- keepers invited them to take whatever they needed.
• Patel and Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender on February 23 with an assurance that national parties would prevent any victimization.

Among the given statements about Annales historians, the statements A, C & D are true.

Important Points

• The Annales School of historiography, widely considered as one of the most important developments in the twentieth-century history-writing, formally emerged with the foundation of the journal Annales d’histoire economique et sociale (Annales of Economic and Social History) in 1929 by Marc Bloch and Lucien Febvre.
• In terms of thematic range and methodological innovations, this School remained foremost in France and influenced history-writing in many other countries for decades and had followers all over the world including India.
• Annales historians insist that they do not represent a school.

• History of economic structures, of long-term developments, of mentalities, micro-history and cultural history have all benefited by significant contribution from the historians of this School.

Thus, we can conclude that among the given statements about Annales historians, the statements A, C & D are true.

1) The civil service was brought into existence by Lord Cornwallis.

2) In 1800, Lord Wellesley established the College of Fort William at Calcutta for the education of young recruits to the Civil Services.

The last veda called the Atharva Veda is a collection of magic spells and charms to ward off the evil spirits and diseases. It is considered a non-Aryan work and is the latest addition to the Vedas in later Vedic age.

The Theosophical Society was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olcottin 1875 in New York. It was only in 1879, that this ideology gained its roots in the Indian culture and Society. The Theosophists respected all religions. They were opposed to conversions and believed in the transmigration of the soul and occult mysticism. The movement was popularized by Annie Besant in India. Theosophy was based on the three following principles :

1) Universal brotherhood.

2) The study of comparative religion and philosophy.

3) Investigations into the natural laws which seek to understand the unexplained mystic laws.

The Treaty of Allahabad and Kara was signed on 12 August 1765, between the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, son of the late Emperor Alamgir II, and Robert, Lord Clive of East India Company as a result of the Battle of Buxar of 22 October 1764. The Treaty marks the political and constitutional involvement and the beginning of British rule in India.The Treaty of Salbai was signed on 1782, by representatives of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company after long negotiations to settle the outcome of the First Anglo-Maratha War. The Treaty of Srirangapattanam signed 18 March 1792, ended the Third Anglo-Mysore War. Its signatories included Lord Cornwallis on behalf of the British East India Company, representatives of the Nizam of Hyderabad and the Mahratta Empire and Tipu Sultan, the ruler of Mysore. The Treaty of Bassien (Vasai) was a pact signed on 31 December 1802 between the British East India Company and Baji Rao II, the Maratha peshwa of Pune after The Battle of Poona.

The first Santhal rebellion erupted in the year 1854 under the leadership of Bir Singh of Sasan in Lachimpur. The Santhals were employed as laborers with the promise of wages or rent free lands under Permanent Settlement. However, they ere forced to become agricultural surfs.