Test: Popular Struggles & Movements - 3 - CTET & State TET MCQ

Answer:
The last king of Nepal was King Gyanendra. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Background: Nepal was a monarchy until 2008 when the country transitioned into a federal democratic republic.
2. King Birendra: King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was the 11th king of Nepal. He ascended the throne in 1972 and ruled until 2001. However, his reign ended tragically when he and several members of the royal family were assassinated in the Nepalese royal massacre.
3. King Gyanendra: Following the royal massacre, King Gyanendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev, the brother of King Birendra, became the king of Nepal. He was crowned on June 4, 2001.
4. Period of direct rule: In 2005, King Gyanendra controversially took direct control of the government, claiming that the elected government was unable to handle the Maoist insurgency. This period of direct rule was met with widespread protests and opposition.
5. End of monarchy: In 2008, after months of unrest and protests, the monarchy was abolished and Nepal became a federal democratic republic. King Gyanendra's reign as the last king of Nepal came to an end.
In conclusion, the last king of Nepal was King Gyanendra. He ruled from 2001 until 2008 when the monarchy was abolished and Nepal became a republic.

The Mysterious Massacre of the Royal Family in 2001
In 2001, a tragic and mysterious massacre took place in the royal family of Nepal. Let's explore the details:
Background:
- Nepal was a constitutional monarchy at the time.
- The ruling monarch was King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev.
The Massacre:
- On June 1, 2001, a gathering was held at the Narayanhiti Royal Palace in Kathmandu, Nepal.
- The gathering was a dinner party attended by members of the royal family, including King Birendra, Queen Aishwarya, Crown Prince Dipendra, and other close relatives.
- During the event, a tragic incident occurred, resulting in the deaths of several members of the royal family.
Key Points:
- Crown Prince Dipendra, the heir to the throne, was allegedly responsible for the massacre.
- It is believed that the crown prince was under the influence of alcohol and drugs during the incident.
- The details surrounding the motive and the exact sequence of events remain unclear.
- According to official reports, Crown Prince Dipendra killed his father, King Birendra, his mother, Queen Aishwarya, and several other family members before turning the gun on himself.
- The crown prince was initially declared the new king but succumbed to his injuries a few days later.
Conclusion:
- The king who was killed in the mysterious massacre of the royal family in 2001 was King Birendra.
- This tragic event shocked the nation of Nepal and led to significant political and social changes in the country's governance structure.

Democracy Restoration in Nepal:
- Democracy was restored in Nepal in April 2006.
- The restoration of democracy followed a period of political instability and unrest in the country.
- The king of Nepal, King Gyanendra, had assumed absolute power in February 2005, suspending the democratic system.
- However, widespread protests and pressure from the international community eventually led to the restoration of democracy.
- The April 2006 People's Movement, also known as the Jana Andolan II, played a crucial role in bringing about this change.
- The movement consisted of large-scale protests and demonstrations against the autocratic rule of King Gyanendra.
- The movement was successful in forcing the king to reinstate the parliament and hand over power to the political parties.
- As a result, democracy was restored in Nepal in April 2006, marking an important milestone in the country's history.
- Since then, Nepal has undergone significant political changes, including the drafting of a new constitution and the establishment of a federal democratic republic.

Where is Bolivia situated?
Answer: Bolivia is situated in Latin America.
Explanation:

• Geographical Location: Bolivia is a landlocked country located in the central-western part of South America.


• Neighboring Countries: It is bordered by Brazil to the north and east, Paraguay and Argentina to the south, and Chile and Peru to the west.


• Andes Mountains: The western part of Bolivia is dominated by the Andes Mountains, which run through the country from north to south.


• Amazon Basin: The eastern part of Bolivia is covered by the Amazon Basin, with dense tropical rainforests and the vast Amazon River system.


• Altitude: Bolivia is known for its high altitude, with the capital city, La Paz, being one of the highest capital cities in the world.


• Landlocked: Bolivia is the only landlocked country in South America, as it does not have direct access to the ocean.


• Economic Activities: The economy of Bolivia is diverse, with mining, agriculture, and tourism being significant contributors.

In conclusion, Bolivia is situated in Latin America, bordered by Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. Its geographical features include the Andes Mountains in the west and the Amazon Basin in the east. Despite being landlocked, Bolivia boasts a diverse economy and is known for its high altitude.

Democracy can be evolved through:
Popular struggle:
- Popular struggle refers to the collective efforts of the people to demand and fight for their rights and freedoms.
- It can lead to the establishment and strengthening of democratic principles and institutions.
- Through popular struggle, people can challenge oppressive regimes, demand political reforms, and advocate for the protection of civil liberties.
Mass Mobilization:
- Mass mobilization involves organizing and mobilizing a large number of people to participate in political activities and movements.
- It can create a sense of unity and solidarity among the people, which is essential for the development and sustenance of democracy.
- Mass mobilization can lead to increased political awareness, participation, and accountability.
New Political Organizations:
- The formation of new political organizations can contribute to the evolution of democracy.
- These organizations can provide alternative platforms for political participation and representation.
- They can bring new ideas, perspectives, and voices into the political arena, promoting inclusivity and diversity in decision-making processes.
All of these:
- Democracy can be evolved through a combination of popular struggle, mass mobilization, and the emergence of new political organizations.
- These elements work together to challenge existing power structures, promote citizen engagement, and ensure representation and accountability in governance.
In conclusion, democracy can be evolved through popular struggle, mass mobilization, and the formation of new political organizations. These factors play a crucial role in promoting political participation, challenging oppressive regimes, and fostering inclusive decision-making processes.

Reasons for the Popular Struggle in Bolivia
There were several reasons that led to the popular struggle in Bolivia. The main catalyst for the protests was the issue of water bills, but it was also influenced by the poor state of the country and police suppression. Let's delve into each of these reasons in detail:
1. Water Bills:
- One of the main triggers for the popular struggle in Bolivia was the government's decision to privatize the water supply in the city of Cochabamba.
- This led to a significant increase in water bills, making it difficult for the local population, especially the poor, to afford clean water.
- The privatization of water was seen as a violation of people's basic rights and a clear example of the government's disregard for the needs of its citizens.
2. Poor State of Country:
- Bolivia had been facing economic and social challenges for many years, including high levels of poverty, unemployment, and inequality.
- The government's failure to address these issues and improve the living conditions of its people contributed to the growing discontent among the population.
- The popular struggle was a manifestation of the frustration and anger towards the government's inability to provide basic services and improve the overall state of the country.
3. Police Suppression:
- As the protests intensified, the government responded with heavy-handed tactics, including the use of police force to suppress the demonstrations.
- The excessive use of force by the police further fueled the anger of the protesters and garnered international attention.
- The repressive actions of the government only served to strengthen the resolve of the people and escalate the popular struggle.
In conclusion, the popular struggle in Bolivia was primarily triggered by the issue of water bills, but it was also influenced by the poor state of the country and the government's response of police suppression. These factors combined to create a widespread movement demanding social justice, economic equality, and better governance.

Answer:
Those organizations which are formed to promote their interests are known as interest groups. These groups are formed by individuals or organizations with a common interest or goal in order to influence public policy and decision-making.
Interest groups play an important role in democratic societies by representing the concerns and needs of specific segments of the population. They engage in various activities to promote their interests, such as lobbying, advocacy, and public outreach.
Some key features of interest groups include:
1. Voluntary Association: Interest groups are formed voluntarily by individuals or organizations who share a common interest or goal.
2. Specific Interests: Interest groups focus on specific issues or areas of concern, such as environmental protection, labor rights, or healthcare.
3. Advocacy: Interest groups advocate for their interests by engaging in activities such as lobbying policymakers, organizing grassroots campaigns, and filing lawsuits.
4. Representation: Interest groups aim to represent and amplify the voices of their members or constituents who share their interests.
5. Influence: Interest groups seek to influence public policy and decision-making processes through various means, including direct lobbying, campaign contributions, and public awareness campaigns.
Examples of interest groups include professional associations, trade unions, environmental organizations, and advocacy groups representing specific social or political issues.
In conclusion, interest groups are organizations formed to promote specific interests and engage in activities to influence public policy. They play a crucial role in democratic societies by representing the concerns of specific segments of the population and advocating for their interests.

Groups which try to influence government policies are known as:
Pressure groups
- Pressure groups are organizations or associations that seek to influence government policies and decisions.
- They use various methods such as lobbying, public campaigns, protests, and advocacy to put pressure on the government to adopt their desired policies.
- These groups represent specific interests or causes and aim to promote their agendas by influencing policymakers.
- Pressure groups can be formed by individuals, businesses, trade unions, or other organizations.
- They often focus on specific issues such as environmental protection, human rights, healthcare, or education.
- Pressure groups play a significant role in democratic societies by providing a platform for citizens to voice their concerns and influence policy outcomes.
- They can act as a check on government power and ensure that diverse interests are taken into account in the decision-making process.
- Examples of pressure groups include Greenpeace, Amnesty International, National Rifle Association (NRA), and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU).
Movement groups
- Movement groups are broader social and political movements that seek to bring about social change and address systemic issues.
- While they may also aim to influence government policies, their focus is often on mobilizing public support, raising awareness, and advocating for fundamental societal transformations.
- Movement groups can encompass a wide range of issues, such as civil rights, gender equality, racial justice, or economic reform.
- They may engage in activities like protests, demonstrations, civil disobedience, and grassroots organizing to bring attention to their cause.
- Examples of movement groups include the Civil Rights Movement, Women's Suffrage Movement, Occupy Wall Street, and Black Lives Matter.
Sectional groups
- Sectional groups are organizations that represent specific sections or segments of society, such as professional associations, trade unions, or industry groups.
- While they may also seek to influence government policies, their primary focus is on advancing the interests and welfare of their members.
- Sectional groups often engage in collective bargaining, lobbying, and advocacy to protect the rights and promote the economic well-being of their members.
- Examples of sectional groups include the American Medical Association (AMA), United Auto Workers (UAW), National Association of Realtors (NAR), and American Bar Association (ABA).
None of these
- This option is incorrect as there are groups that actively engage in influencing government policies, and they fall under the categories mentioned above.

1. Movements have a loose organization.

2. Movements are issue specific and long-term involving more than one issue.

3. Their decision-making is more informal and flexible.

4. They depend much on spontaneous mass participation.
Example: Narmada Bachao Andolan under Medha Patkar.

Which of these takes direct part in elections?

• Political parties: Political parties play a direct role in elections by nominating candidates, organizing campaigns, and mobilizing voters. They participate in the electoral process by fielding their candidates for various positions and competing for votes.


• Interest groups: Interest groups are organizations that advocate for specific issues or causes. While they may not directly participate in elections by nominating candidates, they can still influence the electoral process through lobbying, campaign contributions, and grassroots mobilization.


• Sectional groups: Sectional groups represent specific segments of society, such as trade unions, professional associations, or ethnic organizations. While they may not participate directly in elections, they can still have an impact by endorsing candidates or advocating for specific policies.


• Pressure groups: Pressure groups are organizations that seek to influence government policies on specific issues. They can engage in activities such as lobbying, protests, and media campaigns. While they may not participate directly in elections, they can still shape the political landscape and influence voters.

Therefore, the correct answer is Political parties (C) as they actively participate in elections by fielding candidates and mobilizing voters.

Answer:
Public interest groups promote collective rather than selective goods. Here is a detailed explanation:
Definition:
- Collective goods are goods that benefit a group or society as a whole, rather than benefiting only individuals or select groups.
- Selective goods, on the other hand, benefit specific individuals or groups.
Explanation:
1. Interest groups: While interest groups do advocate for specific issues or causes, they may promote either collective or selective goods depending on the specific interests they represent. Therefore, they do not solely promote collective goods.
2. Public interest groups: These groups specifically focus on promoting the common good and the general welfare of society. They advocate for policies and actions that benefit the larger public and address issues such as environmental protection, consumer rights, and social justice. Public interest groups primarily promote collective goods.
3. Political parties: Political parties aim to gain political power and influence by winning elections. While they may advocate for policies that benefit the public, they also prioritize the interests of their party members and supporters. Therefore, their promotion of collective goods may be influenced by their selective goals.
4. Pressure groups: Pressure groups seek to influence government policies and decisions to benefit their specific interests or causes. They may promote selective goods that align with their agenda, rather than solely focusing on collective goods.
In conclusion, public interest groups are the ones that primarily promote collective goods and prioritize the common good of society.

Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) - A Good Example of a Movement Group
Introduction:
The Narmada Bachao Andolan (NBA) is a prominent social movement in India that advocates for the rights of displaced people due to the construction of large dams on the Narmada River. It has been widely recognized as a movement group due to its unique characteristics and objectives.
Explanation:
Here is a detailed explanation of why NBA is considered a movement group:
1. Collective Action: NBA involves the collective action of a large number of people who are affected by the construction of dams on the Narmada River. These individuals come together to voice their concerns and fight for their rights.
2. Specific Cause: NBA focuses on a specific cause, which is the protection of the rights and livelihoods of the displaced people. The movement aims to ensure proper rehabilitation and compensation for those affected by the dam projects.
3. Non-Institutionalized: NBA is not affiliated with any political party or institutionalized organization. It operates independently and is driven by the efforts of activists, affected individuals, and civil society organizations.
4. Protest and Resistance: The movement employs various forms of protest and resistance, including rallies, demonstrations, hunger strikes, and legal battles. These actions are aimed at bringing attention to the issues and pressuring the authorities to address the concerns of the affected people.
5. Advocacy and Awareness: NBA plays a crucial role in advocating for the rights of the displaced people and raising awareness about the social, environmental, and economic impacts of large dam projects. It engages in public campaigns, media outreach, and other forms of communication to mobilize support and gather public sympathy.
6. Longevity and Impact: NBA has been active for several decades and has achieved significant success in terms of raising awareness, influencing public opinion, and securing some rights for the displaced people. It has also played a role in shaping national policies related to dam construction and rehabilitation.
Conclusion:
Narmada Bachao Andolan is a prime example of a movement group due to its collective action, specific cause, non-institutionalized nature, protest and resistance tactics, advocacy and awareness efforts, longevity, and impact. The movement has been instrumental in highlighting the issues faced by displaced people and advocating for their rights, making it an important part of India's social and environmental activism landscape.

D is the correct option.Pressure groups may represent a powerful minority force in society and exert political influence to the detriment of the majority of society. This is an argument often leveled at trade unions and business groups. ... strikes by unions, demonstrations, blockades, pickets) can cause hardship to the community in general.
Hence, all options are correct.
 

When did Nepal become a constitutional monarchy?
The correct answer is B: 1990.
Explanation:
Nepal's transition to a constitutional monarchy occurred in 1990. Here is a detailed explanation:
1. Before 1990:
- Prior to 1990, Nepal was ruled by the Shah dynasty, which held absolute power.
- The monarchy had complete control over the government, and there was limited political freedom or democracy.
2. The People's Movement of 1990:
- In 1990, Nepal experienced a significant political change through the People's Movement.
- The movement was a series of protests and demonstrations demanding political reforms and an end to the absolute monarchy.
3. Signing of the 1990 Constitution:
- As a result of the People's Movement, King Birendra of Nepal agreed to significant political reforms.
- On November 9, 1990, King Birendra signed the new constitution, which established Nepal as a constitutional monarchy.
- The constitution introduced a multi-party democracy, separation of powers, and guaranteed fundamental rights for the citizens.
4. Constitutional Monarchy:
- After 1990, the monarch's role changed from an absolute ruler to a constitutional figurehead.
- The king became a symbol of national unity, while the government was run by elected officials.
- The constitution outlined the powers and responsibilities of the monarch, as well as the rights and duties of the citizens.
In conclusion, Nepal became a constitutional monarchy in 1990 after the signing of the new constitution during the People's Movement. This transition marked a significant shift towards democracy and political reforms in the country.

C is the correct option. On June 1, 2001 King Birendra lay in a pool of blood coming from a gunshot in his head, surrounded by dozens of dead and wounded diners. The guests were rushed to hospital where the King, his wife Queen Aishwarya, daughter Shruti and son Niraja were pronounced dead.

The new prime minister of Nepal is K. P. Sharma Oli.
Explanation:
- K. P. Sharma Oli is the new prime minister of Nepal, according to the text.
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee and Man Mohan Singh are former prime ministers of India, not Nepal.
- Birendra was the king of Nepal before the country became a republic in 2008.
- Therefore, the correct answer is C: K. P. Sharma Oli.

What is SPA?

SPA stands for Seven Party Alliance.

Explanation:
The Seven Party Alliance (SPA) was a political coalition formed in Nepal during the 2006 democracy movement. It played a crucial role in bringing an end to the authoritarian rule of King Gyanendra and reinstating democracy in the country.
The SPA consisted of seven major political parties in Nepal, namely the Nepali Congress, the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist-Leninist), the Nepal Workers' and Peasants' Party, the Nepal Sadbhavana Party, the Nepal Mazdoor Kisan Party, the Nepal Janamorcha, and the Nepal Communist Party (Marxist-Leninist-Maoist).
The alliance was formed with the objective of jointly challenging the autocratic rule of King Gyanendra and demanding the restoration of democracy in Nepal. The SPA organized various protests, rallies, and strikes to put pressure on the king and the government.
In April 2006, the SPA successfully negotiated a historic 12-point agreement with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), leading to a joint struggle against the monarchy. This alliance eventually led to the success of the democracy movement and the reinstatement of the House of Representatives.
The SPA played a crucial role in the political transition of Nepal and the establishment of a democratic republic. It had a significant influence on shaping the political landscape of the country in the post-monarchy era.
Key Points:
- SPA stands for Seven Party Alliance.
- It was formed during the 2006 democracy movement in Nepal.
- The alliance consisted of seven major political parties.
- The SPA played a crucial role in ending the autocratic rule of King Gyanendra.
- It successfully negotiated a 12-point agreement with the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist).
- The alliance contributed to the establishment of a democratic republic in Nepal.

Capital of Nepal: Kathmandu
Explanation:
- Nepal is a country located in South Asia.
- The capital city of Nepal is Kathmandu.
- Kathmandu is the largest city in Nepal and serves as the political, cultural, and economic center of the country.
- It is situated in the Kathmandu Valley and is surrounded by hills and mountains.
- The city has a rich history and is known for its ancient temples, palaces, and UNESCO World Heritage sites.
- Kathmandu is also the gateway to the Himalayas and is a popular destination for trekkers and mountaineers.
- The city is home to several important landmarks, including Durbar Square, Swayambhunath Stupa, Pashupatinath Temple, and Boudhanath Stupa.
- The official language of Kathmandu and Nepal is Nepali.
- The city has a diverse population and is known for its vibrant culture and festivals.
- Kathmandu has a moderate climate, with warm summers and mild winters.
- The city has a well-developed infrastructure, with modern amenities and facilities.
- It is the political and administrative hub of Nepal, housing the government offices, foreign embassies, and international organizations.
- Kathmandu is well-connected to other parts of Nepal and the world through air, road, and rail networks.
Overall, Kathmandu is the capital city of Nepal, known for its historical significance, cultural heritage, and natural beauty.

The Socialist Party came to power in Bolivia in 2006.

Socialist party support the movement of peoples against the privatisation of water MNC

MAS-IPSP has governed the country since 2006, following the first ever majority victory by a single party in the December 2005 elections. MAS-IPSP evolved out of the movement to defend the interests of coca growers. Evo Morales has articulated the goals of his party and popular organizations as the need to achieve plurinational unity, and to develop a new hydrocarbon law which guarantees 50% of revenue to Bolivia, although political leaders of MAS-IPSP recently interviewed showed interest in complete nationalization of the fossil fuel industries.

The Communist Party of Nepal  was a communist political party in Nepal.The party was founded in 1994 after breaking away from the Communist Party of Nepal (Unity Centre). The party has led three governments, from 2008 to 2009 and from 2016 to 2017 under Pushpa Kamal Dahal and from 2013 to 2015 under Baburam Bhattarai. The party was previously known as the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) until 2009 and as the Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist) until 2016. In 2008, The Unified Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist), placed first in the election with 220 out of 575 elected seats, and became the largest party in the Constituent Assembly. In the 2013 elections, the party won 80 out of 575 elected seats to become the third largest party in the Constituent Assembly of Nepal. 

The party dissolved on the 17th of May 2018, after merging with the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist) to create the Nepal Communist Party.

The Sardar Sarovar Dam is located on the Narmada River. Here are the details:
1. Background:
- The Sardar Sarovar Dam is one of the largest dams in India.
- It is located in the state of Gujarat.
2. Location:
- The dam is built on the Narmada River.
- The Narmada River is one of the major rivers in central India.
- It flows through the states of Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
3. Purpose:
- The primary purpose of the Sardar Sarovar Dam is to provide water for irrigation and drinking purposes.
- It also generates hydroelectric power.
4. Construction:
- The construction of the dam started in the year 1987 and was completed in the year 2017.
- The dam is a gravity dam, which means it relies on its own weight to resist the horizontal forces of the water.
5. Key Features:
- The height of the dam is approximately 163 meters.
- It has a total storage capacity of 9.5 billion cubic meters.
- The dam has 30 radial gates to control the flow of water.
In conclusion, the Sardar Sarovar Dam is located on the Narmada River in Gujarat and serves various purposes including irrigation, drinking water supply, and hydroelectric power generation.

Protest against water privatization in Bolivia

Answer: A. FEDECOR

Explanation:

- The protest against water privatization in Bolivia was led by FEDECOR (Federación Departamental de Cooperativas de Agua Potable y Alcantarillado Santa Cruz) which translates to the Departmental Federation of Drinking Water and Sewerage Cooperatives of Santa Cruz.
- FEDECOR is a federation that represents the interests of water cooperatives in Bolivia.
- The protest took place in the year 2000 and was known as the "Cochabamba Water War."
- The main trigger for the protest was the privatization of the water supply in Cochabamba, Bolivia's third-largest city, by a consortium led by the multinational company Bechtel.
- The privatization led to a significant increase in water prices, which sparked widespread public outrage and protests.
- FEDECOR played a crucial role in organizing and mobilizing the local communities against the privatization and demanding the return of water resources to the public domain.
- The protest eventually resulted in the cancellation of the water privatization contract and the restoration of water services to public control.
- The Cochabamba Water War is often cited as a successful example of grassroots resistance against water privatization and has influenced similar movements around the world.

The political party that supported the protest against water privatization in Bolivia is the Socialist Party.
Explanation:
The protest against water privatization in Bolivia was a significant event that took place in the early 2000s. The people of Bolivia, led by various political parties and social movements, expressed their opposition to the privatization of the water supply.
Below are the details of the political party that supported the protest:
- Socialist Party: The Socialist Party in Bolivia played a crucial role in supporting and organizing the protest against water privatization. They believed that access to clean water is a fundamental human right and should not be controlled by private companies for profit.
- Communist Party: Although the Communist Party might have also expressed opposition to water privatization, there is no specific information available to confirm their involvement in supporting the protest.
- SPA: The acronym "SPA" does not correspond to any known political party in Bolivia, so it is not the correct answer.
- Congress: The term "Congress" refers to the legislative branch of government, which consists of representatives from different political parties. While some members of Congress may have supported the protest, it is not accurate to attribute the protest to the Congress as a whole.
In conclusion, the correct answer is B: Socialist Party as they actively supported and participated in the protest against water privatization in Bolivia.

Explanation:
The correct answer is D: Bolivian organisation, FEDECOR. FEDECOR is not a sectional interest group because it is a specific organization based in Bolivia, rather than a broad category of interest groups that represent a particular section or segment of society.
Sectional Interest Groups:
Sectional interest groups are organizations that represent the interests of a specific section or segment of society. They advocate for policies and issues that directly affect their members or the specific group they represent. Examples of sectional interest groups include trade unions, business associations, and professional groups.
Examples of Sectional Interest Groups:
- Trade Unions: These groups represent the collective interests of workers in specific industries or occupations. They negotiate with employers on behalf of workers to secure better wages, benefits, and working conditions.
- Business Associations: These groups represent the interests of businesses in a particular industry or sector. They advocate for policies that promote the growth and success of businesses, such as tax incentives or regulatory reforms.
- Professional Groups: These groups represent the interests of professionals in a specific field, such as doctors, lawyers, or teachers. They advocate for policies that protect and promote the interests of their members, such as professional standards or licensing requirements.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, FEDECOR, a Bolivian organization, is not a sectional interest group as it does not fit into the broad category of interest groups that represent a specific section or segment of society.