Ramesh Singh Test: Introduction to Economics

• Putting indirect taxes' and 'subsidies' together, India's National Income will thus be derived with the following formula (as India does it at factor cost): National Income at Factor Cost = NNP at Market Cost – Indirect Taxes + Subsidies

The governments of the economies decide and announce the rates by which assets depreciate (done in India by the Ministry of Commerce and Industry) and a list is published, which is used by different sections of the economy to determine the real levels of depreciation in different assets.

• Closely related to the concept of GNP is another concept called NNP of a country. 

• NNP is a more accurate measure of the total value of goods and services by a country.

Interest on External Loans: the net outcome on the front of the interest payments, i.e., the balance of inflow (on the money lent out by the economy) and outflow (on the money borrowed by the economy) of external interests. In India's case, it has always been negative as the economy has been a 'net borrower' from the world economies. 

External Grants: the net outcome of the external grants i.e., the balance of such grants which flow to and from India. 

Today, India offers more such grants than it receives. India receives grants (grants or loan-grant mix) from few countries as well as UN bodies (like the UNDP) and offers several developmental and humanitarian grants to foreign nations. 

• When we divide NNP (Net National Product) by the total population of a nation we get the 'per capita income' (PCI) of that nation, i.e., ‘income per head per year'. 

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  A very basic point should be noted here that this is the point where the rates of depreciation followed by different nations make a difference.

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  Higher the rates of depreciation lower the PCI of the nation (whatever be the reason for it logical or artificial as in the case of depreciation being used as a tool of policy making). 

• The income of a person has three forms—the first form is nominal income (the wage someone gets in hand per day or per month).

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  The second form is real income (this is nominal income minus the present-day rate of inflation-adjusted in percentage form), and 

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  The last one is the disposable income (the net part of wage one is free to use which is derived after deducting the direct taxes from the real/nominal income, depending upon the need of data). 

• MCA21 is an e-Governance initiative of the Ministry of Corporate Affairs (MCA), Government of India that enables an easy and secure access of the MCA services to the corporate entities, professionals and citizens of India.

• Use of the MCA21 database for manufacturing companies has helped in accounting for activities other than manufacturing undertaken by these companies.

Microeconomics is a branch of economics that studies the behavior of individuals and firms in making decisions regarding the allocation of scarce resources and the interactions among these individuals and firms.

Gross national product (GNP) is an estimate of total value of all the final products and services turned out in a given period by the means of production owned by a country's residents. 

Net National Product at factor cost is also called as national income. Net National Product at factor cost is equal to sum total of value added at factor cost or net domestic product at factor cost and net factor income from abroad.

• GVA (Gross Value Added) at basic prices = CE + OS/MI + CFC + production taxes less production subsidies. 

• GVA at factor cost = GVA at basic prices -production taxes fewer production subsidies. 

• GDP = GVA at basic prices + product taxes - product subsidies.

•  Production taxes or production subsidies are paid or received with relation to production and are independent of the volume of actual production. 

• Some examples of production taxes are land revenues, stamps and registration fees and profession tax.