Basic General Knowledge Quiz - 17 - SSC CHSL MCQ

Explanation:
The Indian Ocean Arc is an imaginary circle in space that is located above the equator. To determine the circumference of this circle, we need to find the distance around the equator.
The Earth's equator has a circumference of approximately 40,075 km. However, the Indian Ocean Arc is located above the equator, so its circumference will be slightly smaller.
To find the approximate circumference of the Indian Ocean Arc, we can subtract a certain distance from the equator's circumference. This distance is the width of the Indian Ocean, which is approximately 4,000 km.
Therefore, the circumference of the Indian Ocean Arc is approximately 40,075 km - 4,000 km = 36,075 km.
Summary:
- The Indian Ocean Arc is an imaginary circle in space located above the equator.
- The circumference of the Earth's equator is approximately 40,075 km.
- To find the circumference of the Indian Ocean Arc, we subtract the width of the Indian Ocean (approximately 4,000 km) from the equator's circumference.
- Therefore, the approximate circumference of the Indian Ocean Arc is 36,075 km.

The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are:

(1) To accelerate the economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region through joint endeavors in the spirit of equality and partnership in order to strengthen the foundation for a prosperous and peaceful community of Southeast Asian nations, and

(2) To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter.

Answer:
The correct answer is D: IDA.
The IDA (International Development Association) is a UN agency that focuses on helping underdeveloped countries raise their living standards. Here is a detailed explanation:
IDA:
- IDA is a part of the World Bank Group and provides interest-free loans and grants to the world's poorest countries.
- It aims to reduce poverty, promote sustainable economic growth, and improve living standards in these countries.
- IDA funds are used for various purposes, including infrastructure development, education, healthcare, agriculture, and social welfare programs.
- It supports projects and programs that address specific needs, challenges, and priorities of underdeveloped countries.
- IDA works closely with governments, civil society organizations, and other stakeholders to implement projects and monitor progress.
Other Options:
- IMF (International Monetary Fund) primarily focuses on maintaining global monetary stability and providing financial assistance to countries facing balance of payment issues.
- UNICEF (United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund) works towards improving the well-being of children worldwide, with a focus on education, healthcare, and protection.
- UNDP (United Nations Development Programme) aims to eradicate poverty, promote sustainable development, and empower communities through various initiatives.
In conclusion, while all the options mentioned are important UN agencies, the main object of IDA is specifically to help underdeveloped countries raise their living standards.

The language spoken in Lakshadweep island is Malayalam.
Explanation:
The Lakshadweep island is a union territory in India, located in the Arabian Sea. The predominant language spoken by the people of Lakshadweep is Malayalam. Here are some key points to support this answer:

- Geographical Location: Lakshadweep is located close to the state of Kerala, which is primarily a Malayalam-speaking region. The proximity to Kerala has influenced the language spoken in Lakshadweep.
- Cultural Influence: The culture and traditions of Lakshadweep are closely linked to Kerala. The majority of the population in Lakshadweep is of Malayali origin, and they have brought their language, Malayalam, to the island.
- Official Language: Malayalam is recognized as one of the official languages of Lakshadweep, along with English. This further emphasizes the importance of Malayalam in the region.
- Education and Administration: Schools, colleges, and government offices in Lakshadweep use Malayalam as the medium of instruction and communication. This indicates the significance of Malayalam in daily life and governance.
Therefore, based on these factors, it can be concluded that the language spoken in Lakshadweep island is Malayalam.

he OPEC Secretariat is the executive organ of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Located in Vienna, it also functions as the Headquarters of the Organization, in accordance with the provisions of the OPEC Statute.

The life history of human malaria parasite in Anopheles was first described by Ronald Ross.
Ronald Ross was a British physician and scientist who made significant contributions to the understanding of malaria. In 1897, he made the groundbreaking discovery that female Anopheles mosquitoes transmit malaria parasites to humans.
Here is a detailed explanation of Ronald Ross's discovery:
1. Background:
- Malaria is a deadly disease caused by the Plasmodium parasite.
- The mode of transmission of the parasite was unknown until Ross's discovery.
2. Ross's Experiment:
- Ross conducted experiments in India to investigate the transmission of malaria.
- He dissected mosquitoes that had fed on malaria-infected patients and examined their stomach contents.
- Ross found pigmented cells (now known as sporozoites) inside the stomachs of the mosquitoes.
3. Identification of Life Cycle:
- Ross observed that the pigmented cells in the mosquitoes' stomachs resembled the malaria parasites found in human blood.
- He hypothesized that the parasite went through a complex life cycle involving both humans and mosquitoes.
4. Confirmation:
- Ross conducted further experiments to confirm his hypothesis.
- He allowed mosquitoes to feed on malaria-infected patients and observed the development of the parasite within the insects.
- Ross successfully demonstrated that the parasites multiplied and transformed into sporozoites within the mosquito's body.
5. Publication and Recognition:
- In 1897, Ross published his findings in a paper titled "On Some Peculiar Pigmented Cells Found in Two Mosquitoes Fed on Malarial Blood."
- His discovery revolutionized the understanding of malaria transmission and earned him the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1902.
Conclusion:
Ronald Ross's discovery of the life history of the human malaria parasite in Anopheles mosquitoes was a significant milestone in the fight against malaria. His work laid the foundation for further research and efforts to control and prevent the spread of this deadly disease.

Indian Olympic Association was formed in 1927, and since that year was officially recognised by the International Olympic Committee as India's national Olympic organisation. In 1928, Maharaja Bhupindra Singh took over as Indian Olympic Association president.

The last Hindu king who successfully established "Hindu Swaraj" was Chhatrapati Shivaji.
Chhatrapati Shivaji:
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Bhosle, also known as Shivaji Maharaj, was the founder of the Maratha Empire in western India.
- He was born in 1630 and reigned from 1674 until his death in 1680.
- Shivaji Maharaj is considered a legendary figure in Indian history, known for his military prowess, administrative skills, and his efforts to establish Hindu self-rule, or "Hindu Swaraj."
- He fought against the Mughal Empire and other regional powers to establish an independent Maratha kingdom.
- Shivaji Maharaj implemented various administrative reforms, including a decentralized governance system, promoting agriculture, and protecting the rights of his subjects.
- He also established a strong navy and built several forts to safeguard his kingdom.
- Shivaji Maharaj's reign inspired future generations of Indians in their struggle against foreign domination.
- His legacy is widely celebrated in Maharashtra, and he is revered as a national hero.
In conclusion, Chhatrapati Shivaji was the last Hindu king who successfully established "Hindu Swaraj" through his efforts to create an independent Maratha kingdom and fight against foreign powers like the Mughals. His reign and legacy continue to inspire Indians in their pursuit of freedom and self-rule.

Answer:
The king of Macedonia, who conquered most of Asia Minor and defeated Porus (India) in 327 B.C., was Alexander the Great. Alexander the Great was a renowned military leader and strategist who created one of the largest empires in history. He was the son of King Philip II of Macedonia and became king after his father's assassination in 336 B.C.
Key points:
- Alexander the Great was a Macedonian king who ruled from 336 B.C. to 323 B.C.
- He is known for his military campaigns and conquests, which expanded the Macedonian Empire to its greatest extent.
- Alexander's most notable conquests include the Persian Empire, Egypt, and parts of India.
- In 327 B.C., Alexander invaded India and defeated King Porus in the Battle of Hydaspes, securing his control over the region.
- Alexander's empire stretched from Greece to Egypt and as far east as India, making him one of the most successful military leaders in history.
- He is also remembered for his cultural impact, as he spread Greek culture and ideas throughout the regions he conquered, a period known as the Hellenistic era.
- Alexander's military campaigns and his accomplishments as a ruler continue to be studied and admired today.
In summary:
Alexander the Great, the king of Macedonia, was the military genius who conquered most of Asia Minor and defeated Porus in India in 327 B.C. His empire stretched from Greece to India and his impact on history, both militarily and culturally, is still recognized today.

The largest lake in India is Wular lake.
Here is a detailed solution explaining why Wular lake is the largest lake in India:
1. Location and Size:
- Wular lake is situated in the Indian union territory of Jammu and Kashmir.
- It is located in the Bandipora district of the Kashmir Valley.
- Wular lake covers a total area of approximately 200 square kilometers.
2. Physical Features:
- Wular lake is a freshwater lake, and it is surrounded by the majestic Himalayan range.
- It is fed by several rivers and streams, including the Jhelum River, which is its main source of water.
- The lake is characterized by its vast expanse and shallow depth, with an average depth of about 10 feet.
3. Biodiversity:
- Wular lake is renowned for its rich biodiversity and serves as an important habitat for numerous species of birds, fish, and other aquatic life.
- It is a significant breeding ground for migratory birds, including the endangered Siberian crane.
4. Economic Importance:
- The lake plays a crucial role in supporting the livelihoods of the local communities residing in its vicinity.
- Fishing is a major economic activity in the region, with the lake being home to various fish species, including trout and carp.
5. Environmental Concerns:
- Despite its ecological significance, Wular lake faces several environmental challenges, such as pollution, encroachment, and sedimentation.
- Efforts are being made to conserve and restore the lake's ecosystem through various initiatives and conservation measures.
In conclusion, Wular lake is the largest lake in India, known for its vast expanse, rich biodiversity, and economic importance. It is a significant natural treasure that requires conservation efforts to ensure its sustainability for future generations.

The headquarters of the International Committee of Red Cross (ICRC) are located in Geneva, Switzerland. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background Information:
- The International Committee of Red Cross is a humanitarian organization that provides assistance and protection to victims of armed conflicts and other situations of violence.
- It was founded in 1863 and is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.
Explanation:
- The correct answer is option A: Geneva.
- The ICRC's headquarters have always been in Geneva since its establishment.
- Geneva is often referred to as the "capital of humanitarianism" because many international organizations working in the field of humanitarian aid and human rights have their headquarters there.
- The city of Geneva is home to various international agencies and organizations, including the United Nations Office at Geneva (UNOG) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
- The ICRC's headquarters in Geneva serve as the main coordination and decision-making center for its operations worldwide.
Conclusion:
- The headquarters of the International Committee of Red Cross are located in Geneva, Switzerland.

Important Industries of Rajasthan:
Some of the important industries in Rajasthan are:
1. Textiles and Woollen:
- Rajasthan is known for its textile industry, with major production centers in Jaipur, Jodhpur, and Bhilwara.
- The state is famous for its traditional handloom and handicraft products, including block printing, tie and dye, and embroidery.
- The woollen industry is also significant, particularly in the cities of Bikaner and Jaipur.
2. Sugar and Cement:
- Rajasthan has a thriving sugar industry, with major sugar mills located in Kota, Udaipur, and Sikar.
- The state is also a leading producer of cement, with numerous cement plants scattered across different regions, including Chittorgarh, Kota, and Jodhpur.
3. Glass and Zinc Smelters:
- Rajasthan is home to several glass manufacturing units, primarily in the cities of Jaipur and Udaipur.
- The state is also known for its zinc smelting industry, with major zinc mines and smelters located in Udaipur, Bhilwara, and Rajsamand.
4. All of the Above:
- Rajasthan has a diverse industrial base, encompassing various sectors such as textiles, sugar, cement, glass, and zinc smelting.
- All of these industries contribute significantly to the state's economy and provide employment opportunities to a large number of people.
In conclusion, the important industries of Rajasthan include textiles and woollen, sugar and cement, as well as glass and zinc smelters. These industries play a vital role in the state's economy and contribute to its overall development.

On 15 January 1961 it was established as the Indian Mountaineering Foundation with its headquarters in Mumbai, India.

Benelux Economic Union Member States
The member states of the Benelux Economic Union are:
A: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg
Explanation:
- The Benelux Economic Union is an economic and political union between three neighboring countries in Western Europe: Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg.
- The union was established in 1944 with the aim of promoting economic integration and cooperation among the member states.
- The Benelux countries share a common market and have eliminated trade barriers, allowing for the free movement of goods, services, capital, and labor within the union.
- The union also facilitates collaboration in areas such as transportation, agriculture, and social security.
- The Benelux Economic Union has been successful in promoting economic growth and fostering close ties between its member states.
Therefore, the correct answer is A: Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg.

Bombay (Mumbai), India's largest city, has a metropolitan area population of more than 15 million. 

The literacy rate of Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 81.18 per cent.

To determine the literacy rate of Andaman & Nicobar Islands, we need to consider the available data.
1. Literacy Rate:
The literacy rate refers to the proportion of individuals in a given population who can read and write. In this case, we are looking for the literacy rate of Andaman & Nicobar Islands.
2. Data:
The given options for the literacy rate are A: 81.18 per cent, B: 80.76 per cent, C: 79.23 per cent, and D: 78.11 per cent. We need to choose the correct option based on the actual literacy rate.
3. Answer:
According to the information provided, the correct answer is A: 81.18 per cent.
4. Justification:
The provided information states that the literacy rate of Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 81.18 per cent. Therefore, option A is the correct answer.
Summary:
Based on the given data, the literacy rate of Andaman & Nicobar Islands is 81.18 per cent.

Industries of Assam:
The important industries in Assam are tea processing, oil refineries, and coal, as well as silk and plywood. Let's break down the details:
Tea Processing:
- Assam is known for its high-quality tea production.
- The state has numerous tea gardens and is one of the largest tea producers in India.
- Tea processing involves the cultivation, plucking, processing, and packaging of tea leaves.
Oil Refineries:
- Assam has several oil refineries, including the Digboi refinery, which is one of the oldest refineries in Asia.
- These refineries play a crucial role in the production and distribution of petroleum products.
Coal:
- Assam has significant coal reserves, especially in the Margherita region.
- Coal mining is an important industry, providing fuel for power generation and various other industries.
Silk:
- Assam is famous for its silk production, particularly Muga silk and Eri silk.
- Silk weaving is a traditional craft in the state, and the silk industry contributes to the local economy.
Plywood:
- The plywood industry is also prominent in Assam.
- Plywood manufacturers produce a variety of wood-based products, including furniture, construction materials, and packaging materials.
Conclusion:
The important industries of Assam include tea processing, oil refineries, coal, silk production, and plywood manufacturing. These industries contribute significantly to the state's economy and provide employment opportunities to the local population.

Trans-Siberian line
The Trans-Siberian line is the longest rail line in the world, spanning a vast distance across multiple countries. Let's explore the details:
1. Location:
- The Trans-Siberian line is located in Russia.
2. Length:
- It stretches approximately 9,289 kilometers (5,772 miles) in length.
- The line connects Moscow, the capital of Russia, with Vladivostok, a major port city on the country's eastern coast.
3. Construction and History:
- Construction of the Trans-Siberian line began in 1891 and was completed in 1916.
- The project was undertaken to connect different regions of Russia and promote economic development.
- The line traverses various terrains, including forests, mountains, and the vast Siberian plains.
4. Significance:
- The Trans-Siberian line is not only a crucial transportation route but also a popular tourist attraction.
- It offers breathtaking views of diverse landscapes, including Lake Baikal, the deepest lake in the world.
- The railway provides an important link for trade and transportation within Russia and with neighboring countries.
5. Extension:
- In addition to the main Trans-Siberian line, there are several branch lines and extensions.
- These include the Trans-Mongolian line, which connects to Beijing, China, and the Trans-Manchurian line, which connects to Harbin, China.
In conclusion, the Trans-Siberian line, the longest rail line in the world, is located in Russia. It spans an impressive distance of over 9,000 kilometers, connecting Moscow with Vladivostok. This railway holds historical, economic, and touristic significance, showcasing the beauty of Russia's diverse landscapes along its route.

The measurement of Lawn Tennis court for singles:
The correct answer is B: 78 ft. by 27 ft.
Explanation:
To understand why option B is the correct answer, let's break down the dimensions of a Lawn Tennis court for singles:
- The length of a Lawn Tennis court for singles is 78 ft.
- The width of a Lawn Tennis court for singles is 27 ft.
Here's why option B is the correct choice:
- Option A (70 ft. by 26 ft.): The length of 70 ft. is shorter than the standard length of 78 ft. for a Lawn Tennis court. Hence, option A is incorrect.
- Option B (78 ft. by 27 ft.): The length of 78 ft. matches the standard length for a Lawn Tennis court, and the width of 27 ft. is also correct. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
- Option C (70 ft. by 30 ft.): The width of 30 ft. is wider than the standard width of 27 ft. for a Lawn Tennis court. Thus, option C is incorrect.
- Option D (78 ft. by 38 ft.): The width of 38 ft. is significantly wider than the standard width of 27 ft. for a Lawn Tennis court. Hence, option D is incorrect.
In conclusion, the correct measurement for a Lawn Tennis court for singles is 78 ft. by 27 ft., which corresponds to option B.

Introduction:
The concept of the Non-aligned Movement (NAM) was a result of the changing dynamics of the Cold War era. It aimed at creating a group of nations that did not align with any major power blocs and sought to maintain their independence in international relations.
Background:
During the Cold War, the world was divided into two major blocs, the Western Bloc led by the United States and the Eastern Bloc led by the Soviet Union. Many countries were forced to choose sides and align themselves with one of these power blocs. However, there were also countries that wanted to maintain their independence and not be drawn into the ideological and military conflicts of the Cold War.
Key Figures:
Several leaders played significant roles in the formation and development of the Non-aligned Movement. However, the main credit for the concept of NAM goes to Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India.
1. Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru, India:
- Nehru was a prominent leader of the Indian independence movement and became the first Prime Minister of India in 1947.
- He firmly believed in the principles of non-alignment and advocated for a group of nations that could maintain their independence and pursue their own interests without aligning with any major power bloc.
- Nehru played a crucial role in bringing together like-minded leaders such as Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt and Josip Broz Tito of Yugoslavia to establish the Non-aligned Movement.
2. Marshal Tito - President of Yugoslavia:
- Tito was the President of Yugoslavia and a key proponent of the non-aligned ideology.
- He played a crucial role in the formation of the Non-aligned Movement and co-founded it with Nehru and Nasser.
- Tito's neutral stance during the Cold War and his efforts to maintain Yugoslavia's independence from both the Western and Eastern Blocs were instrumental in shaping the NAM.
3. Dr. Sukarno - President of Indonesia:
- Sukarno was the first President of Indonesia and a prominent leader in the decolonization movement.
- He actively supported the concept of non-alignment and was one of the founding members of the Non-aligned Movement.
- Sukarno's role in promoting the principles of non-alignment and rallying support from other developing nations was significant.
4. G. A. Nassir - President of Egypt:
- Nassir, also known as Gamal Abdel Nasser, was the second President of Egypt and a key figure in the Non-aligned Movement.
- He worked closely with Nehru and Tito to establish the NAM and promote the principles of non-alignment.
- Nassir's leadership and advocacy for the rights of developing nations played a crucial role in shaping the NAM.
Conclusion:
While several leaders contributed to the establishment and growth of the Non-aligned Movement, the main credit for the concept goes to Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru of India. His vision and advocacy for a group of nations that could maintain their independence and pursue their own interests without aligning with any major power bloc laid the foundation for the NAM. Other leaders such as Marshal Tito, Dr. Sukarno, and G. A. Nassir also played significant roles in its formation and

Explanation:
The Kvinna Till Kvinna foundation was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2002 for its remarkable successes in healing the wounds of ethnic hatred and war, by helping women, often the prime victims, to be the major agents of reconciliation and peace-building.
Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The Kvinna Till Kvinna foundation is based in Sweden and focuses on supporting women's rights in conflict-affected areas.
- The Right Livelihood Award is an international award that honors individuals and organizations who have made significant contributions to social justice, peace, and sustainability.
Reason for the award:
- The foundation was awarded for its remarkable successes in healing the wounds of ethnic hatred and war.
- It focuses on helping women, who are often the prime victims of conflicts, to become major agents of reconciliation and peace-building.
- By empowering women and supporting their participation in peace processes, the foundation has contributed to building sustainable peace in conflict-affected regions.
Impact:
- The foundation's work has helped to bring about reconciliation and peace-building in areas affected by ethnic hatred and war.
- By empowering women, the foundation has facilitated their active involvement in peace processes and decision-making, ensuring that their voices are heard.
- The foundation's efforts have demonstrated that women can play a crucial role in building peace and creating a future of harmony and cooperation.
Conclusion:
- The Kvinna Till Kvinna foundation was awarded the Right Livelihood Award in 2002 for its remarkable successes in healing the wounds of ethnic hatred and war by empowering women and promoting their active participation in peace-building processes.

The main purpose of International Bank for Reconstruction (IBRD) is
The main purpose of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is to facilitate economic development and reduce poverty in its member countries. The IBRD achieves this through the provision of loans and financial assistance to support various development projects. Below are the detailed points explaining the purpose of IBRD:
1. Economic Development:
- The IBRD aims to promote economic development by providing loans and financial assistance to member countries.
- It facilitates investment of capital and foreign investment in member countries to stimulate economic growth.
- The loans provided by the IBRD are used for various development projects such as infrastructure, education, healthcare, agriculture, and industry.
2. Poverty Reduction:
- The IBRD focuses on reducing poverty in its member countries through its development projects.
- By financing projects that improve infrastructure, education, healthcare, and agricultural productivity, the IBRD aims to create opportunities for economic growth and poverty reduction.
- The loans provided by the IBRD are designed to support sustainable development and poverty reduction efforts.
3. Technical Assistance:
- In addition to providing financial assistance, the IBRD also offers technical expertise and knowledge sharing to member countries.
- It promotes capacity building and knowledge exchange in areas such as governance, public administration, and project management.
- Through its technical assistance programs, the IBRD helps member countries develop the necessary skills and capabilities to implement successful development projects.
4. Collaboration and Cooperation:
- The IBRD encourages collaboration and cooperation among its member countries to address common development challenges.
- It facilitates knowledge sharing and learning from successful development experiences.
- The IBRD also promotes partnerships between governments, civil society organizations, and the private sector to achieve sustainable development goals.
In conclusion, the main purpose of the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) is to promote economic development and poverty reduction in its member countries. It achieves this by providing loans, financial assistance, technical expertise, and fostering collaboration among member countries.

The Headquarters of the United Nations
Answer: C. New York
Explanation:
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization that was founded in 1945. It serves as a forum for member countries to discuss and coordinate on global issues such as peace and security, human rights, and sustainable development. The headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, United States.
Here are some key points to support the answer:
- History: The UN was established on October 24, 1945, after the Second World War. It was formed to prevent another global conflict and promote international cooperation.
- Location: The headquarters of the United Nations is situated on the East Side of Manhattan in New York City. It occupies an 18-acre site along the East River.
- Complex: The UN Headquarters complex consists of multiple buildings, including the General Assembly Building, the Secretariat Building, the Dag Hammarskjold Library, and the Conference Building. These buildings serve different purposes and house various UN offices and departments.
- Symbolic Location: New York City was chosen as the headquarters for the UN due to its significance as a global hub and its accessibility to member countries. The location also represents the United States' commitment to international diplomacy and cooperation.
- Visiting: The UN Headquarters is open to the public for guided tours. Visitors can explore the General Assembly Hall, Security Council Chamber, and other significant areas while learning about the UN's work and mission.
In conclusion, the headquarters of the United Nations is located in New York City, making option C the correct answer.

The main purpose of the Group of 77 was to defend the economic and trade interests of the developing nations of the world.
The Group of 77 (G77) is a coalition of developing countries, formed in 1964 by 77 member states. Here are the key points to explain the main purpose of the G77:
1. Economic and trade interests: The primary objective of the G77 is to defend the economic and trade interests of developing nations. These countries often face challenges in accessing international markets, fair trade practices, and gaining a voice in global economic decision-making. The G77 aims to address these issues collectively and advocate for the interests of its member states.
2. South-South cooperation: The G77 promotes cooperation among developing countries, known as South-South cooperation. This involves sharing knowledge, resources, and experiences to promote economic growth and development. By collaborating, member states can strengthen their negotiating power and pursue common goals.
3. Global economic governance: The G77 seeks to reform global economic governance structures to ensure fair representation and participation of developing nations. It advocates for changes in international financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, to give developing countries a greater voice in decision-making processes.
4. Development assistance: The G77 emphasizes the need for increased financial and technical assistance from developed countries to support the development efforts of developing nations. It calls for the fulfillment of official development assistance commitments and the provision of resources to achieve sustainable development goals.
5. Unity and solidarity: While promoting their own economic interests, the G77 also aims to foster unity and solidarity among developing nations. By working together, member states can amplify their collective influence and effectively address common challenges and concerns.
In conclusion, the main purpose of the Group of 77 is to defend the economic and trade interests of developing nations, promote South-South cooperation, advocate for reform in global economic governance, seek development assistance, and foster unity and solidarity among its member states.

The increased use of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to salinization, lowering of the water table and water logging. The increasing exploitation of groundwater for irrigation purposes has led to declining groundwater tables and a threat of sodification and salinization due to use of poor quality groundwater