Test: Threads- 1 - Computer Science Engineering (CSE) MCQ


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15 Questions MCQ Test GATE Computer Science Engineering(CSE) 2025 Mock Test Series - Test: Threads- 1

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Test: Threads- 1 - Question 1

The atomic fetch-and-set x, y instruction unconditionally sets the memory location x to 1 and fetches the old value of x in y without allowing any intervening access to the memory location x. consider the following implementation of P and V functions on a binary semaphore

void P (binary_semaphore *s) {
  unsigned y;
  unsigned *x = &(s->value);
  do {
     fetch-and-set x, y;
  } while (y);
}

void V (binary_semaphore *s) {
  S->value = 0;
}

Which one of the following is true?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 1

Let us talk about the operation P(). It stores the value of s in x, then it fetches the old value of x, stores it in y and sets x as 1. The while loop of a process will continue forever if some other process doesn't execute V() and sets the value of s as 0. If context switching is disabled in P, the while loop will run forever as no other process will be able to execute V().

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 2

A shared variable x, initialized to zero, is operated on by four concurrent processes W, X, Y, Z as follows. Each of the processes W and X reads x from memory, increments by one, stores it to memory, and then terminates. Each of the processes Y and Z reads x from memory, decrements by two, stores it to memory, and then terminates. Each process before reading x invokes the P operation (i.e., wait) on a counting semaphore S and invokes the V operation (i.e., signal) on the semaphore S after storing x to memory. Semaphore S is initialized to two. What is the maximum possible value of x after all processes complete execution? (GATE CS 2013)

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 2

Processes can run in many ways, below is one of the cases in which x attains max value
Semaphore S is initialized to 2

Process W executes S=1, x=1 but it doesn't update the x variable.

Then process Y executes S=0, it decrements x, now x= -2 and 
signal semaphore S=1

Now process Z executes s=0, x=-4, signal semaphore S=1
Now process W updates x=1, S=2

Then process X executes X=2 

So correct option is D

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Test: Threads- 1 - Question 3

Three concurrent processes X, Y, and Z execute three different code segments that access and update certain shared variables. Process X executes the P operation (i.e., wait) on semaphores a, b and c; process Y executes the P operation on semaphores b, c and d; process Z executes the P operation on semaphores c, d, and a before entering the respective code segments. After completing the execution of its code segment, each process invokes the V operation (i.e., signal) on its three semaphores. All semaphores are binary semaphores initialized to one. Which one of the following represents a deadlock-free order of invoking the P operations by the processes?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 3

Option A can cause deadlock. Imagine a situation process X has acquired a, process Y has acquired b and process Z has acquired c and d. There is circular wait now. Option C can also cause deadlock. Imagine a situation process X has acquired b, process Y has acquired c and process Z has acquired a. There is circular wait now. Option D can also cause deadlock. Imagine a situation process X has acquired a and b, process Y has acquired c. X and Y circularly waiting for each other.Consider option A) for example here all 3 processes are concurrent so X will get semaphore a, Y will get b and Z will get c, now X is blocked for b, Y is blocked for c, Z gets d and blocked for a. Thus it will lead to deadlock. Similarly one can figure out that for B) completion order is Z,X then Y.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 4

The time taken to switch between user and kernel modes of execution be t1 while the time taken to switch between two processes be t2. Which of the following is TRUE?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 4

Process switches or Context switches can occur in only kernel mode . So for process switches first we have to move from user to kernel mode . Then we have to save the PCB of the process from which we are taking off CPU and then we have to load PCB of the required process . At switching from kernel to user mode is done. But switching from user to kernel mode is a very fast operation(OS has to just change single bit at hardware level) Thus T1< T2

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 5

Consider the methods used by processes P1 and P2 for accessing their critical sections whenever needed, as given below. The initial values of shared boolean variables S1 and S2 are randomly assigned.
Method Used by P1
while (S1 == S2) ;
Critica1 Section
S1 = S2;

Method Used by P2
while (S1 != S2) ;
Critica1 Section
S2 = not (S1);
Which one of the following statements describes the properties achieved?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 5

Mutual Exclusion: A way of making sure that if one process is using a shared modifiable data, the other processes will be excluded from doing the same thing. while one process executes the shared variable, all other processes desiring to do so at the same time moment should be kept waiting; when that process has finished executing the shared variable, one of the processes waiting; while that process has finished executing the shared variable, one of the processes waiting to do so should be allowed to proceed. In this fashion, each process executing the shared data (variables) excludes all others from doing so simultaneously. This is called Mutual Exclusion.

Progress Requirement: If no process is executing in its critical section and there exist some processes that wish to enter their critical section, then the selection of the processes that will enter the critical section next cannot be postponed indefinitely.

Solution: It can be easily observed that the Mutual Exclusion requirement is satisfied by the above solution, P1 can enter critical section only if S1 is not equal to S2, and P2 can enter critical section only if S1 is equal to S2. But here Progress Requirement is not satisfied. Suppose when s1=1 and s2=0 and process p1 is not interested to enter into critical section but p2 want to enter critical section. P2 is not able to enter critical section in this as only when p1 finishes execution, then only p2 can enter (then only s1 = s2 condition be satisfied). Progress will not be satisfied when any process which is not interested to enter into the critical section will not allow other interested process to enter into the critical section.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 6

A thread is usually defined as a "light weight process" because an operating system (OS) maintains smaller data structures for a thread than for a process. In relation to this, which of the following is TRUE?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 6

Threads share address space of Process. Virtually memory is concerned with processes not with Threads. A thread is a basic unit of CPU utilization, consisting of a program counter, a stack, and a set of registers, (and a thread ID.) As you can see, for a single thread of control - there is one program counter, and one sequence of instructions that can be carried out at any given time and for multi-threaded applications-there are multiple threads within a single process, each having their own program counter, stack and set of registers, but sharing common code, data, and certain structures such as open files.

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Option (A): as you can see in the above diagram, NOT ONLY CPU Register but stack and code files, data files are also maintained. So, option (A) is not correct as it says OS maintains only CPU register state.

Option (B): according to option (B), OS does not maintain a separate stack for each thread. But as you can see in above diagram, for each thread, separate stack is maintained. So this option is also incorrect.

Option (C): according to option (C), the OS does not maintain virtual memory state. And It is correct as Os does not maintain any virtual memory state for individual thread.

Option (D): according to option (D), the OS maintains only scheduling and accounting information. But it is not correct as it contains other information like cpu registers stack, program counters, data files, code files are also maintained.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 7

Consider the following statements about user level threads and kernel level threads. Which one of the following statement is FALSE?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 7

Kernel level threads are managed by the OS, therefore, thread operations are implemented in the kernel code. Kernel level threads can also utilize multiprocessor systems by splitting threads on different processors. If one thread blocks it does not cause the entire process to block. Kernel level threads have disadvantages as well. They are slower than user level threads due to the management overhead. Kernel level context switch involves more steps than just saving some registers. Finally, they are not portable because the implementation is operating system dependent.

Option (A): Context switch time is longer for kernel level threads than for user level threads. True, As User level threads are managed by user and Kernel level threads are managed by OS. There are many overheads involved in Kernel level thread management, which are not present in User level thread management. So context switch time is longer for kernel level threads than for user level threads.

Option (B): User level threads do not need any hardware support True, as User level threads are managed by user and implemented by Libraries, User level threads do not need any hardware support.

Option (C): Related kernel level threads can be scheduled on different processors in a multi- processor system. This is true.

Option (D): Blocking one kernel level thread blocks all related threads. false, since kernel level threads are managed by operating system, if one thread blocks, it does not cause all threads or entire process to block.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 8

Consider two processors P1 and P2 executing the same instruction set. Assume that under identical conditions, for the same input, a program running on P2 takes 25% less time but incurs 20% more CPI (clock cycles per instruction) as compared to the program running on P1. If the clock frequency of P1 is 1GHz, then the clock frequency of P2 (in GHz) is _________.

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 8

For P1 clock period = 1ns 

Let clock period for P2 be t.

Now consider following equation based on specification
7.5 ns = 12*t ns

We get t and inverse of t will be 1.6GHz 

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 9

Barrier is a synchronization construct where a set of processes synchronizes globally i.e. each process in the set arrives at the barrier and waits for all others to arrive and then all processes leave the barrier. Let the number of processes in the set be three and S be a binary semaphore with the usual P and V functions. Consider the following C implementation of a barrier with line numbers shown on left.
void barrier (void) {
1:   P(S);
2:   process_arrived++;
3.   V(S);
4:   while (process_arrived !=3);
5:   P(S);
6:   process_left++;
7:   if (process_left==3) {
8:      process_arrived = 0;
9:      process_left = 0;
10:  }
11:  V(S);
}
The variables process_arrived and process_left are shared among all processes and are initialized to zero. In a concurrent program all the three processes call the barrier function when they need to synchronize globally. The above implementation of barrier is incorrect. Which one of the following is true?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 9

It is possible that process_arrived becomes greater than 3. It will not be possible for process arrived to become 3 again, hence deadlock.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 10

Which of the following does not interrupt a running process?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 10

Scheduler process doesn’t interrupt any process, it’s Job is to select the processes for following three purposes. Long-term scheduler(or job scheduler) –selects which processes should be brought into the ready queue Short-term scheduler(or CPU scheduler) –selects which process should be executed next and allocates CPU. Mid-term Scheduler (Swapper)- present in all systems with virtual memory, temporarily removes processes from main memory and places them on secondary memory (such as a disk drive) or vice versa. The mid-term scheduler may decide to swap out a process which has not been active for some time, or a process which has a low priority, or a process which is page faulting frequently, or a process which is taking up a large amount of memory in order to free up main memory for other processes, swapping the process back in later when more memory is available, or when the process has been unblocked and is no longer waiting for a resource. 

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 11

An operating system implements a policy that requires a process to release all resources before making a request for another resource. Select the TRUE statement from the following:

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 11

Starvation may occur, as a process may want othe resource in ||<sup>al</sup> along with currently hold resources. <br> According to given conditions it will never be possible to collect all at a time.<br> No deadlock.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 12

Consider the following C code for process P1 and P2. a=4, b=0, c=0 (initialization)
P1               P2
if (a < 0)      b = 10;    
c = b-a;       a = -3;
else
c = b+a;
If the processes P1 and P2 executes concurrently (shared variables a, b and c), which of the following cannot be the value of ‘c’ after both processes complete?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 12

P1 : 1, 3, 4 → c = 0+4 =4 {hence option a}
P2 : i, ii and P1 : 1, 2 → c = 10-(-3) = 13 {hence option d}
P1 : 1 , P2 : i, ii and P1 : 3, 4 → c= 10+(-3) = 7 { hence option b}
So 10 cannot be c value.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 13

If the time-slice used in the round-robin scheduling policy is more than the maximum time required to execute any process, then the policy will

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 13

RR executes processes in FCFS manner with a time slice. It this time slice becomes long enough, so that a process finishes within it, It becomes FCFS.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 14

Which of the following actions is/are typically not performed by the operating system when switching context from process A to process B?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 14

During context switch processes are not swapped out from memory to disk but processes are generally swapped out from memory to disk when they are suspended. Also, during context switch OS invalidates TLB so that the TLB coincides with the currently executing processes. So, option (C) is false.

Test: Threads- 1 - Question 15

Which of the following option is False?

Detailed Solution for Test: Threads- 1 - Question 15

Processes have considerable overhead while threads have almost no overhead. Only option (B) is false.

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