31 Years NEET Previous Year Questions: Health & Disease - 1 - NEET MCQ

To correctly match the items in List I with List II, we need to understand each term and its relationship:
Common Cold is primarily caused by Rhinoviruses. Hence, A is linked with III.
Haemozoin is a byproduct of the digestion of blood by parasites such as Plasmodium (which causes malaria). Therefore, B corresponds with I.
Widal test is a diagnostic test for Typhoid fever, caused by the bacterium Salmonella Typhi. Thus, C matches with II.
Allergy can be triggered by many allergens, including Dust Mites, which are a common cause of respiratory and dermatological allergies. Consequently, D aligns with IV.
Based on this, the matching should be:
A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV
Therefore, the correct answer is: Option C: A-III, B-I, C-II, D-IV

To solve this matching problem, we need to identify which plant or application each substance in List I is correctly associated with in List II.

List I (Substances) and List II (their sources or uses):
Cocaine - Cocaine is derived from the coca plant, known scientifically as Erythroxylum. This matches with III in List II.
Heroin - Heroin is derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. This corresponds to IV in List II.
Morphine - Like heroin, Morphine is also derived from the opium poppy, Papaver somniferum. However, morphine is also directly associated with its use as a sedative in surgery, making I a valid association for its usage.
Marijuana - Marijuana is derived from Cannabis sativa, which corresponds to II in List II.

With this information:

A (Cocaine) matches with III (from Erythroxylum).
B (Heroin) matches with IV (Papaver somniferum).
C (Morphine) as an effective sedative in surgery matches with I.
D (Marijuana) matches with II (Cannabis sativa).

The correct matching based on the provided options is: Option D: A-III, B-IV, C-I, D-II
This option correctly matches the substance with their respective sources or primary uses.

The correct answer is option no. (A) as both statements I and II are correct.
In humans, the bone marrow is the main lymphoid organ where all blood cells including lymphocytes are produced.
Both bone-marrow and thymus provide micro-environments for the development and maturation of T-lymphocytes.
Options (B), (C) and (D) are incorrect.

To correctly match List I (Diseases) with List II (Pathogen Types), we need to understand the causative agents for each disease listed in List I.

Details for each disease:

Typhoid: This is a bacterial infection caused by Salmonella typhi. Hence, it matches with "Bacteria".
Leishmaniasis: This disease is caused by parasitic protozoans of the genus Leishmania. Therefore, it corresponds to "Protozoa".
Ringworm: Despite its name, ringworm is not caused by a worm. It’s a fungal infection on the skin, caused by various types of fungi. So, Ringworm should be associated with "Fungus".
Filariasis: Also known as lymphatic filariasis, this condition is caused by infection with parasites classified as nematodes (roundworms) of the family Filarioidea. Thus, it matches with "Nematode".

With this understanding:
A should be paired with IV (Bacteria).
B should be paired with III (Protozoa).
C should be paired with I (Fungus).
D should be paired with II (Nematode).

Corresponding to the options provided:

Option A: A-I, B-III, C-II, D-IV - Incorrect
Option B: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II - Correct!
Option C: A-III, B-I, C-IV, D-II - Incorrect
Option D: A-II, B-IV, C-III, D-I - Incorrect

Therefore, the correct answer is Option B: A-IV, B-III, C-I, D-II.

Option (a) is the correct answer because: 

• Ringworm is a fungal infection of the skin, hair, or nails.It is caused by various species of dermatophyte fungi, including Trichophyton, Microsporum and  Epidermophyton.
• Filariasis is a parasitic disease caused by several species of thread-like nematode worms (filarial worms). The most common filarial worms causing the disease include Wuchereria bancrofti. It is a  causative agent of lymphatic filariasis, a type of filariasis that affects the lymphatic system.
• Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by Plasmodium parasites.
• Pneumonia is an infection that inflames the air sacs in one or both lungs, and it can be caused by various infectious agents, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms. Haemophilus influenzae is indeed one of the bacteria that can cause pneumonia, especially in certain populations, like children and older adults.

• Heroin belongs to the category of opioids and it is a depressant that slows down body functions.
• Marijuana is known for its effect on the cardiovascular system of the body.
• Cocaine interferes with the transport of the neurotransmitter dopamine.
• Morphine is used is a sedative and painkiller.

HIV, or the Human Immunodeficiency Virus, primarily infects CD4+ T cells, which are a type of T cell. In the context of the options given, TH cells, or T helper cells, are a subset of CD4+ T cells.

There are two main types of immunity in human body:
1. Innate immunity is the non-specific immunity present at the time of birth. This works on physical, physiological, cytological and chemical barriers.
2. Acquired immunity is the adaptive or specific immunity which a person develops during his/her lifetime. This works by B-cell and T-cells of the body.

• Option (c) is the correct answer as autoimmune disorder is a condition where body defense mechanism recognises its own cells as foreign bodies. Sometimes, due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self cells.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an example where body attacks self cells (synovial membrane).

So Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

• Option (1) is the correct answer as the body is able to differentiate between ‘self’ and ‘non-self’ and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection.
• Option (2) is incorrect as body of higher vertebrates have the ability to differentiate foreign organisms from self cells.
• Option (4) is incorrect as the autoimmune response occur when the body’s immune system fails to recognize ‘self’ from ‘non-self’ and starts destroying the body’s own cells.

• Bacteria like Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae are responsible for the disease pneumonia in humans which infects the alveoli (air filled sacs) of the lungs.
• Entamoeba histolytica is a protozoan parasite in the large intestine of humans which causes amoebiasis (amoebic dysentery).
• Wuchereria (W. bancrofti and W. malayi), the filarial worms cause a slowly developing chronic inflammation of the organs in which they live for many years, usually the lymphatic vessels of the lower limbs and the disease is called elephantiasis or filariasis.
• Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton and Epidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common infectious diseases in man, appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the body such as skin, nails and scalp are the main symptoms of the disease.

Hence, the correct option is D.

NCERT Reference: Topic “8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

• Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response.
• Foetus receiving some antibodies from their mother, through the placenta during pregnancy is an example of passive immunity.
• Active immunity is the immunity in which when a  host is exposed to antigens either living or dead, antibodies are produced in the host body.
• In passive immunity, readymade antibodies are directly given to protect the body against foreign agents.

Hence, the correct option is A.

Topic in NCERT: Active and Passive Immunity

Line in NCERT: "Active immunity is slow and takes time to give its full effective response."

• The infectious stage of Plasmodium that enters the human body is sporozoites that are formed as a result of sexual reproduction in the gut of the vector female Anopheles mosquito.
• These sporozoites then migrate to the salivary glands of the insect to infect the next human host.

Hence, the correct option is D.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 147 of topic “8.1 COMMON DISEASES IN HUMANS” of chapter 8.

Line in NCERT: "Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito."

• Transplantation of tissue/organ often fails due to non-acceptance by the patient’s body therefore, tissue matching and blood group matching are essential before undertaking any graft/transplant.
• When the immune system recognises the protein in the transplanted tissue or organ as foreign, it initiates cellular immunity. As a result of this, there is a rejection of transplanted organs.
• Graft rejection is due to a cell-mediated immune response. Cell-mediated immunity enables the body to differentiate between self and non-self.
• To suppress the immune response during transplantation, histocompatibility antigen and immunosuppressants play an important role.

Hence, the correct option is A.

Topic in NCERT: Cell-mediated immune response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI)

Line in NCERT: "The body is able to differentiate 'self' and 'nonself and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft rejection."

• Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi. It is a Gram-negative bacterium.
• Typhoid fever can be confirmed by the Widal test, which is based on an antigen-antibody reaction.
• Plasmodium vivax causes malaria and Streptococcus pneumoniae is the causative agent of pneumonia. 
• Anthrone test is used for carbohydrate quantification.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS AND DISEASES

Line in NCERT: "Salmonella typhi is a pathogenic bacterium which causes typhoid fever in human beings." "Typhoid fever could be confirmed by Widal test."

• Autoimmunity is a disorder of the body’s defence mechanism in which an immune response is elicited against its own tissues, which are thereby damaged or destroyed.
• Autoimmunity may be caused due to genetic or environmental factors.

Hence, the correct option is C.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 153 of topic “8.2.6 Auto Immunity” of chapter 8 of NCERT.

Line in NCERT: "due to genetic and other unknown reasons, the body attacks self-cells. This results in damage to the body and is called auto-immune disease."

• After infection, HIV starts to destroy the T cells (T-helper lymphocytes). T cells are very important for the immune system.
• In the early stage of infection, a decline in numbers of T cells is observed.
• When the virus enters the host cell, reverse transcriptase, which is virally encoded, converts the RNA into DNA.
• The DNA of the virus is integrated into the DNA of cells with the help of integrase, and thus replication begins. This is identified by a reduction in the amount of helper T cells compared to normal helper T cells.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: HUMAN HEALTH AND DISEASE

Line in NCERT: "Simultaneously, HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (T), replicates and produce progeny viruses."

• Option (a) is the correct answer because cellular barriers include NK cells, macrophages (monocytes) and neutrophils (PMNL).
• Cytokine barriers include interferons.
• Physical barriers include mucus membranes and skin.
• Physiological barriers include HCl in gastric juice, saliva and tears etc.

• IgA is found in the body’s external secretion, such as milk and colostrum.
• Colostrum contains high levels of lgA, which gives passive immunity to the child.

Hence, the correct option is B.

Topic in NCERT: Active and Passive Immunity

Line in NCERT: "The yellowish fluid colostrum secreted by mother during the initial days of lactation has abundant antibodies (IgA) to protect the infant."

• The given image shows the flowers of the Datura plant. Datura is a psychedelic plant. It contains tropane alkaloids which can cause hallucinations.
• The drug obtained from Datura is hallucinogenic which produces a dream-like state and can even cause psychosis, a condition of loss of contact with external reality.

Hence, the correct option is A.
NCERT Reference: Page no. 159 of topic “8.5 DRUGS AND ALCOHOL ABUSE” of chapter 8 of NCERT

Line in NCERT: "Several plants, fruits and seeds having hallucinogenic properties have been used for hundreds of years in folk-medicine, religious ceremonies and rituals all over the globe."

• In many patients, symptoms of HIV infection do not occur until stage 3 of the infection. HIV selectively destroys helper T-lymphocytes. It, therefore, causes symptoms of immunodeficiency due to a critically low number of helper T-lymphocytes.
• Stage 3 is usually a period where the severity and frequency of these infections and neoplasms are directly related to the decline of CD4+ T cells or helper T-lymphocytes.

Hence, the correct option is C.

Topic in NCERT: AIDS

Line in NCERT: "When HIV damages a large number of helper T-lymphocytes."

• Mucosa Associated Lymphoid Tissue constitutes about 50% of the lymphoid tissue in the human body. It is scattered along the mucosal lining in the human body.
• There are three types of situations in which MALT is present: Tonsils, Appendix, & small intestine area.

Hence , the correct option is A.

Topic in NCERT: Lymphoid organs

Line in NCERT: "It constitutes about 50 per cent of the lymphoid tissue in human body."

• Asthma may be attributed to allergic reaction of the mast cells in the lungs.
• Asthma symptoms, which include coughing, wheezing, and chest tightness, are common in an asthma attack. Sometimes asthma is called bronchial asthma or reactive airway disease. 
• Mast cells secrete the autacoid mediators histamine, prostaglandin (PG) D2, and leukotriene (LT) C4, which are capable of inducing bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion, and mucosal edema, all features of asthma.

Hence, the correct option is B.

NCERT Reference: Page no. 153 of topic “8.2.5 Allergies” of chapter 8 of NCERT.