Test: Health And Disease 4 - From Past 28 Years Questions

Botulism is caused by the ingestion of food containing the toxin of Clostridium botulinum. Before the introduction of a strict canning code, the food canning industry was responsible for many deaths each year from botulism (Food poisoning).
Botulism is a rare but serious paralytic illness caused by a nerve toxin that is produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. This bacterium produces an exotoxin which is highly toxic for the synaptic ends of the nerves where it blocks the release of acetylcholine which is a chemical necessary for the transmission of nerve impulse across the synapses.

HIV is a spherical , enveloped virus of about 90-120 nm diameter. Its nucleocapsid is icosahedral and its genome consists of a single-stranded RNA filament segmented into two identical filaments and associated with a "reverse transcriptase enzyme".

Tranquillizers bring about depression of brain activity and feeling of calmness. Stimulants stimulate the nervous system, and increase alertness  and activity. Hallucinogens (Cannabis products) alters thoughts, perceptions and feelings.

Opiate Narcotics are opium and its derivatives which suppress brain activity and relieve pain. Also called pain killers. These are extracted from unripe capsules of poppy plant (Papaver somniferum). eg. Morphin, Heroin.

Interferons are produced in response to viral infections. Typhoid and tetanus are bacterial diseases. Malaria is caused by a protozoan. Measles is a viral disease.

Small pox, caused by Variola virus, is an acute highly communicable disease which has been irradicated not only from India but from the whole world.

diptheria is a highly infectious disease caused by Cornybacterium diptheriae which  liberates soluble toxin. The toxin affects nerves and cause double vision, difficulty in swallowing and paralysis of breathing muscles and limbs.

Exposure to radiation results in the following immediate effects :
(i) Change in cell metabolism
(ii) Crystallization of haemoglobin
(iii) Breakdown of RBCs
(iv) Loss of hair, nails
(v) Impairment of vision and damage of different tissues

Antibodies are specific proteins synthesized by the host in response to an antigen. All antibody molecules are immunoglobulins.

Cancer is initiated when the inactive protooncogenes are activated to cellular oncogenes which trigger uncontrolled cell multiplication.

Tetanus  and typhoid are caused by bacteria.
Whooping cough is caused by bacteria. Sleeping sickness is caused by parasitic  flees.
Syphilis is caused by bacteria while AIdS is final stage of HIV viral disease.
Measles and Rabies are caused by virus.

Allergy means all kinds of untoward reactions manifested in the body due to hypersensitivity of substances called allergens. Allergy reactions occur due to liberation of histamine by tissue cells.

Rauwolfia ser pentina belong to family Apocynaceae, its roots yield a chemical useful for high blood pressure.

Sarpgandha botanically  known as Rauwolfia serpentina belongs to family Apocyanceae. Its tuberous roots are used as medicines. Ajmalicin is isolated from Sarpgandha.

Hay fever is due to some fungal spores sensitivity, which is an allergic disease with symptoms of bronchial asthma and skin rash and also with increase in eosinophil (white cells) of blood.

‘Syphilis-Trichuris tichiura’ is not correctly matched, because syphilis is caused by Treponema pallidium bacteria.

Sarcoma is a cancer of the connective or supportive tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle, blood vessels) and soft tissue.The term comes from a Greek word meaning ‘fleshy growth’. Bone tumors are also called sarcomas, but are in a separate category because they have different clinical and microscopic characteristics and are treated differently. Osteogenic sarcoma or osteosarcoma is one of the most common childhood bone cancers. Soft tissue sarcomas are more common in adults than in children.
In all, sarcomas constitute fewer than 1% of all cancers. Its treatment is made more difficult with the existence of more than 70 varieties. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is the most common form of sarcoma, with approximately 3000-3500 cases per year in the United States.

Syphilis – T. pallidum

Syphilis – T. pallidum

The major obstacle in transplantation of organs is that the recipient body does not accept the donor’s organ. The body defence mechanism reject & treat the transplanted organ as a foreign particle and reacts actively.

A special defence system works specially against viral infection. It has no effect on micro-organism. Cells invaded by a virus produce an antiviral protein called interferon (IFN). The latter is released from the infected cell and on reaching the nearby non-infected cells it makes them resistant to the virus infection.

Heroin is an opiate narcotic (opium derivative) Chemically it is diacetylmorphine.

Lymphocytes are the part of specific defence system called immune system.

Analgesic drugs relieve pain e g. Ibrufene.