In a flow field, at the stagnation point _______.
A stagnation point is a point in a flow field where the local velocity of the fluid is zero. The Bernoulli equation shows that the static pressure is highest when the velocity is zero and hence static pressure is at its maximum value at stagnation points. This static pressure is called the stagnation pressure.
The number of π parameters needed to express the function F(A, V, t μ, L) = 0 are
Total no of π terms = m - n
Here, m = total parameter = 5
n = fluid property, flow property and geometric property (ν, v, L) = 3
∴ no of π – terms = 5 – 3 = 2
If the particles of a fluid attain such velocities that vary from point to point in magnitude and direction as well as from instant, the flow is _______.
In fluid dynamics, turbulent flow is characterized by the irregular movement of particles of the fluid. In contrast to laminar flow the fluid does not flow in parallel layers, the lateral mixing is very high, and there is a disruption between the layers. In turbulent flow the speed of the fluid at a point is continuously undergoing changes in both magnitude and direction.
The relation for an irrotational flow is known as which one of the following?
For three dimensional steady incompressible flow the continuity equation is
Which is nothing but Δ2ϕ = 0. The “Laplace equation“. Thus any function that satisfied Laplace equation is a possible case of fluid flow.
The flow in a pipe is turbulent when Reynold number is
The flow in a circular pipe is
Laminar Flow: Re ≤ 2300
Transitional flow: 2300 ≤ Re ≤ 4000
Turbulent flow: Re ≥ 4000
Kinematic viscosity of water in comparison to mercury is _____.
The dynamic viscosity of mercury (1.52 cp) is greater than water (0.894 cp). The kinematic viscosity is the dynamic viscosity divided by the density. Mercury is a lot denser than water, so its kinematic viscosity is lower than the kinematic viscosity of water.
Dynamic viscosity of water in comparison to mercury is
Dynamic viscosity of water at 20°C
= 1.005 centipoise
Dynamic viscosity of mercury at 20°C
= 1.6 centipoise
According to newton’s low of viscosity, the shear is directly proportional to:
Hence shear stress is proportional to velocity gradient.
A fluid of kinematic viscosity 0.5 cm2/sec flows through a 10 cm diameter pipe, The maximum average velocity for laminar flow will be
Maximum Reynolds’s number for laminar flow = 2000
We know that, RE=
∴Maximumvelocity
Metacentre is the point of intersection of
The point ' M ' at which the line of action of the new buoyant force intersects the original vertical through the CG of the body, is called the metacentre. It is a point about which a floating body starts oscillating, when given a small angular displacement.
GM > 0 (M is above G) Stable equilibrium
GM = 0 (M coinciding with G) Neutral equilibrium
GM < 0 (M is below G) Unstable equilibrium
The density of air at 10° C and 1 MPa abs, in SI units is
Density (ρ)=
A centrifugal pump delivers a liquid when pressure rise in impeller is equal to _______
Manometric head is the head against which head is required to be produced by the pump to deliver water to the destination. Manometric head is higher than the sum of suction and delivery heads because it accounts for head losses due to friction.
Separation of flow occurs when pressure gradient
Flow separation occurs when the pressure gradient is positive and velocity gradient is negative.
The correct relationship among displacement thickness ‘d’, momentum thickness ‘m’ and energy thickness 'e' is
Displacement thickness,
Momentum thickness,
Energy thickness,
δ > δE > δθ
Bernoulli’s equation is applied to
Bernoulli's equation states that the summation of pressure head, kinetic head and datum/potential head is constant for steady, incompressible, irrotational and non-viscous flow. In other words an increase in the speed of the fluid occurs simultaneously with a decrease in pressure or a decrease in the fluid's potential energy i.e. the total energy of a flowing system remain constant until external force is applied. So Bernoulli’s equation refers to conservation of energy.
All flow measuring devices like Venturimeter, Orifice meter, Pitot tube meter works on the Bernoulli’s theorem.
Pascal second is the unit of
Dynamic viscosity (μ)
μ = Pa – S
Spherical shape of droplets of mercury is due to:
Surface tension is responsible for spherical shape of droplets. Surface tension for mercury is 0.485 N/m and that for water is 0.072 N/m.
A stream function is given by (x2 – y2). The potential function of the flow will be
Stream function Ψ = x2 – y2
Φ = -2xy + C
An accumulator is a device to store
An accumulator is a device to store sufficient energy in case of machines which work intermittently to supplement the discharge from the normal source.
In case of power transmission through pipes, maximum efficiency is
Efficiency of power transmission is given by
For maximum efficiency
We get
ηmax = 66.66%
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