Test: Estimation & Valuation- 1

R.C. Chajja is measured in m³ while D.P.C, Form works and Concrete Jaffries is measured in m² .

Mastic asphalt is a mixture of a bitumen binder, stone filler and mineral powder heated and mixed in the hot state. Mastic asphalt has wet consistency as it contains a larger quantity of the binder compared to the common contractible asphalt.

The characteristic features of the mastic road asphalt mix are the following properties:

1. High frost resistance

2. resistant to salt water (salt) and chemicals

3. increased strength, abrasion resistance and heat resistance

4. waterproof (does not absorb moisture and does not swell out due to lack of pores)

Scrap Value: Scrap Value is the sell value of dismantled materials of an asset at the end of it’s useful life. Scrap Value is counted in the calculation of depreciation of a property, generally @10% of the cost of the Structure.

Salvage value: Salvage Value is the Estimated Value of an asset without dismantling it at the end of it’s useful life.

Book Value: Book value is the amount shown in the account book after allowing necessary depreciations. The book value of a property at a particular year is the original cost minus the amount of depreciation allowed per year and will be gradually reduced year to year and at the end of the utility period of the property, the book value will be only scrap value.

Market Value: The market value of a property is the amount which can be obtained at any particular time from the open market if the property is put for sale. The market value will differ from time to time according to demand and supply.

The longitudinal section survey is done linearly in Surveying, While Transverse section survey is done on the basis of area.

Volume by Prismoidal is given by:

Volume by Trapezoidal is given by:

By comparing the both it is clear that volume calculated by prismoidal is greater than by trapezoidal formula for same cross section.

There are four main stages in the project for a work, namely,

1. Administrative approval

2. Expenditure sanction

3. Technical sanction

4. Appropriation or re-appropriation of funds

For every work (excluding repairs) initiated by, or connected with, the requirements of another department, it is first necessary to obtain the concurrence of the department concerned to the proposals. The formal acceptance by the department concern is termed “administrative approval” of the work. Expenditure sanction means the concurrence of the Government to the expenditure proposed in cases where this is necessary. Appropriation or re-appropriation represents the allotment of a particular sum of money to meet expenditure on a specified object.

The estimated value of the work excluding the amount for contingencies, work charged establishment, tool and plants, is called Work value. The actual expenditure involved to complete a work including incidental, establishment and travelling charges, is called actual cost.

Brickwork generally measured in m³ unless specified. Brickwork one brick thick (20 cm) or less shall be measured in separately in m². While Brick work in arches, Reinforced brick work is measured in m³.

Berm is the horizontal distance left at ground level between the toe of the bank and the top edge of cutting. The purpose of providing Berm to help the channel to attain regime conditions, they protect the banks from erosion due to wave action. Berms are to be provided in all cuttings when the depth of cutting is more than 3 meters.

According to IS 13008 : 1990, The overall width of asbestos cement corrugated sheet is 1.015 meter (-5 to + 10 mm tolerance).

Carpet area the covered area of the usable spaces of rooms at any floor. It is measured between walls to walls within the building and is the sum of the actual areas of the rooms where you can carpet. Carpet area means the area of the property where you can lay your carpet, measured wall to wall. This is the actual area which you can call your personal space and you should be really concerned about while buying a property.

Circulation area is the floor area of verandah, passages, staircase, balconies etc. which are used for movement of persons using the building.

Plinth area is the covered built-up area measured at the floor level of any storey or at the floor level of the basement. Plinth area is also called as built-up area and is the entire area occupied by the building including internal and external walls. Plinth area is generally 10-20% more than carpet area.

The methods and units of measurements for civil construction works are mainly categorised for their nature, shape and size and for making payments to the contractor. The principle of units of measurements normally consists the following:

1. Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in numbers.

2. Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running metres (RM)

3. Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., and are expressed in square meters (m²)

Prismoidal formula is given by:

V =  h/3[a₁ +a_n + 4[a₂ + a₄ +…. a_n-2] +2[a₃ + a₅ +…. a_n-1]

Calculation:

h = 40 m

a₁ = 10 m²

a₃ = 35 m²

a₂ = 15 m²

V = 1400 m³

Surface excavation is required to be done when the width is 10 m² in plan area and excavation exceed 1.5 m with depth not exceeding 30 cm.

As width is very large compared to depth, so surface excavation is done.

In most homes, there is a P-trap installed under the sinks in the bathroom and kitchens. A P-trap is a plumbing fixture that has several purposes. It traps debris that has drained from the sink and prevents it from forming a clog deep within the plumbing system and to stops sewer gases from passing in to the home. The slope of the outlet of “P trap” below the horizontal is kept at 14°.

Volume of excavation= perimeter × area

Perimeter = 4 + 4 + 2(6 - 2 × 0.8) = 16.8 m

Area = 0.8 × 0.6 = 0.48 m²; Hence volume = 16.8 × 0.48 = 8.064 m³.

Tender is an offer to execute some specified work or to supply some specified article at certain rates. While inviting tender the bill of quantities, detailed specifications, conditions of contract and plans and drawings are supplied.

Schedule of rates is a list of rates of various items of works to facilitate the preparation of estimates and to serve as a guide in setting rates in connection with contract agreement. 

Co-efficient of annual sinking is

Nominal size (Modular brick) = 20 cm × 10 cm × 10 cm

Actual size (Modular brick) = 19 cm × 9 cm × 9 cm

Mortar required for 1 m³ brickwork =

= 0.2305 m³

Volume of Mortar lost b/w joints = 30%

Volume (set Mortar) 

Actual volume of brickwork = 1 – 0.29655 = 0.70035 m³

No. of modular bricks

Correct Answer :- a

Explanation : Plywood is obtained by gluing wooden sheets at a pressure of 100 to 150 N/cm^2.

Plywood is formed through the bonding of three or more layers of wood using an adhesive. The layers are very thin and the bonding is done at a temperature of 100 to 130 °C. Each layer has grains on it that are perpendicular to the layer below it. This lessens the extent to which the plywood shrinks and also increases the strength of the final product.