CBT CE Full Test - 1

Fineness modulus of an aggregate is an indicator of the mean size of particles. The coarser the particle, the higher the fineness modulus.

• In γ-emission rays ( Gamma rays), no changes occur in the mass/charge.
• Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves of short wavelength and high frequency.
• They are emitted by most radioactive sources along with alpha or beta particles
• Through releasing a gamma photon it reduces to a lower energy state. Hence, Gamma rays have no electrical charge connected with them.
• Alpha rays are released by high mass whereas beta has high energy electrons.

Overtaking zones are provided when OSD cannot be provided throughout the length of the highway. These are zones dedicated for overtaking operation, marked with wide roads.

The desirable length of overtaking zones is 5 times OSD and the minimum is three times OSD.

• The Centripetal force is required to maintain a body in Uniform Circular Motion.
• Centripetal Force acts when a body moves around the other body, the force that causes this acceleration and keeps the body moving along a circular path is acting towards the centre

Basic capacity: The basic capacity is the maximum numbers of passenger cars that can pass a given point on a lane or a roadway during one hour under the most ideal roadway and traffic conditions that can possibly be attained.

Possible capacity: It is the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

Practical Capacity: It is the maximum number of vehicles that can pass a given point on a lane or roadway during one hour with creating unreasonable delay under the prevailing roadway and traffic conditions.

Design capacity: it is the practical capacity or a smaller value determined for use in designing the highway to accommodate the design hourly volume.

Theoretical Capacity: It is the number of vehicles passing any point in one hour per lane.

• The quantum mechanical state of an electron is identified by the following quantum numbers:

1. Denoted by n, the principal quantum number is always an integer and describes the electron's state.
2. The Orbital quantum number / azimuthal quantum number is denoted by l and is associated with the angular momentum (L) of the electron due to its orbital motion. It is given by

           l = n - 1

     3.  The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is affected by a strong magnetic field and the quantum number which describes this magnetic effect is called magnetic quantum number. It is denoted by m_l.

     4.   Denoted by m_s, the spin quantum number is associated with the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.

In order to convert pan evaporation value into lake evaporation value a pan coefficient is used.

Lake evaporation = Pan Coefficient (C_p) × Pan Evaporation

A maximum number of vehicles can be parked at 90^o parking angle.

This 90^o parking angle causes obstruction to the road traffic particularly if the road width is less. But, it can accommodate the maximum number of vehicles for a given kerb length.

Fifth Generation (Present and Future):

• 5th generation computers use ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips
• Millions of transistors are placed in a single IC in ULSI chips
• 64-bit microprocessors have been developed during this period
• Memory chips and flash memory up to 1 GB, hard disks up to 600 GB & optical disks up to 50 GB have been developed
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that is being used today

Notes:

Energy resources can be classified into two categories:

1. Renewable source (Non-conventional energy)
2. Non-Renewable source (Conventional energy)

Renewable energy resources are natural resources which can be regenerated continuously and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless manner. Examples are Wood, Solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, tidal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass Energy etc.

• Biomass Energy: Energy produced by organic matter like plants and animals are called Biomass Energy
• Examples of biomass are wood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural wastes etc
• Biogas and biofuel are examples of biomass energy

Non-Renewable energy resources are natural resources which cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted. They cannot be used again. Examples are Oil, Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fuels etc.

• Sarojani Naidu became the first Indian women president of the Congress at the Kanpur session in 1925.
• She was the first woman to become the governor of Uttar Pradesh.
• She began writing at the age of 13. Known as the Nightingale of India, she eulogised India in her poems published in three collections, The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of Time (1912) and the Broken Wing (1917).

Newton’s law of gravitation states that each body in this universe attracts every other body with a force, which is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres. The direction of the force is along the line joining the particles.

Incineration is a method in which disposal of refuse is carried out by burning it at high temperature either in presence of oxygen.

Composting is the method of disposal of refuse, in which decomposition can be carried out either in presence or absence of oxygen.

Pyrolysis is a method in which the disposal of refuse is carried out by burning it at high temperature either in absence of oxygen.

Pulverization refers to the action of crushing and grinding of heavier solids into the lighter solids.

Shredding refers to the action of cutting and tearing of heavier solids into the lighter solids.

Adjustment of Tilting Level:

Principal line:

1. The line of sight
2. The axis of the level tube

Adjustment of WYE Level:

1. The line of sight and
2. The axis of the level tube
3. The axis of collars
4. The vertical axis through the spindle of the level

Magnesia:

A good brick earth should contain a small quantity of magnesia (about 1%)

Magnesium in brick earth imparts yellow tint to the brick.

It is responsible for reducing shrinkage

Excess of magnesia leads to the decay of bricks.

• Carbon dioxide is the emission/emission from coal combustion at thermal power plants.
• Along with carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are also gaseous emissions which leads to global warming and acid rain.
• These emissions are formed due to the combustion process when coal is burned to produce heat.
• However, emissions depend on the quantity of coal used and the amount of sulphur present in the coal.

Beam overhanging on both side

D_s = 0

Fixed beam

D_s = 3

Continuous beam

D_s = 3

Two – hinged arch

Hence, overhanging beam would be determinate structure.

Screed:

The "floating" screed is free to pivot about its pin connections. This pin connected tow-arm arrangement enables the screed to be self-leveling and gives it the ability to compensate for irregularities in the underlying surface.

Mat thickness, which is controlled by the screed or the screed can be tied to a specified grade using sensor tracing a straight line.

Gross Irrigation Requirement, GIR = 

The gross amount of water to be applied to the field will be 

• Novak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal to win his 7^th Australian Open Men’s Singles title at Melbourn.
• The resurgent world No. 1 outplayed the second-ranked Nadal 6-3, 6-2, 6-3 in a largely one-sided match.
• In Women’s Singles, Japan’s Naomi Osaka clinched her maiden Australian Open Grand Slam Singles title in Melbourne.

• Malaysia has become the 124th member of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• The ICC is the world's only permanent war crimes court and aims to prosecute the worst abuses when national courts are unable or unwilling.
• The headquarters of International Criminal Court is in The Hague, Netherlands.
• Malaysia's capital is Kuala Lumpur and its currency is Malaysian Ringgit.

Coefficient of velocity for mouthpiece, C_v = 
Therefore,
Theoretical velocity = 
Theoretical velocity = 
Theoretical velocity = 10.5 m/s

• Moment of Force is defined as the rotational effect of a force on a body about an axis of rotation and its unit is Newton metre. 
• Centripetal Force acts towards the centre of the circular path in which a body is moving. 
• Impulse is the product of force and time since it is the reaction when a large force acts on a body for a very small time. 

So, shear stress distribution across a circular section is parabolic.

With the increase of y, the shear stress decreases.

At y = R, τ = 0

At y = 0, τ = τ max

So, at neutral axis, the shear stress is maximum.

USB root hub is the software driver that connects multiple USB peripherals to the computer. Root hub is connected to the processor through Bus.

Length of transition curve is given by:

C = rate of change of radial acceleration = 30 m/sec³

Function of Lateral ties-

1. to resist buckling and strengthen bond.

2. to bind longitudinal reinforcement and proper distribution of concrete.

Providing lateral ties at the proper spacing confines concrete (like gripping the concrete enclosed between the lateral ties) thereby preventing pieces of failed concrete from falling away.

The transverse reinforcing bars are provided to ensure that every longitudinal bar nearest to the compression face has effective lateral support against buckling.

In an element the complimentary shear stress is always equal in magnitude but opposite in sign.

Concept:

Consider a rectangular block ABCD as displayed in following figure. Now assume a set of shear stresses (τ) of opposite direction, as displayed in following figure, is applied over the opposite surfaces of rectangular block i.e. AB and CD.

If we consider the effect of this set of shear stresses (τ) of opposite direction, we can easily say that there will be zero net force acting over the rectangular block but there will be one couple acting over the rectangular block in clockwise direction.

In order to balance the rectangular block, there must be one more couple of similar intensity acting over the rectangular block in opposite direction i.e. in anti-clockwise direction. Therefore, there will be one more set of shear stresses (τ’) of same intensity acting over the rest two opposite surfaces of rectangular block and this set of shear stresses will be termed as complementary shear stress.

Benefits of the ribbed slab

These slabs are more flexible, light in weight, floor depth is very thin, excellent vibration control, good thermal insulation can be achieved, durable, acoustically insulated, and fire resistance. These slabs are generally used in a plain ceiling.

Therefore, all of the given options are correct.

Drainage Co-efficient (D.C)

The depth of water drained off from a given area in 24 hours is called the drainage co-efficient or it can be defined as the design capacity of the drainage system and is typically expressed as a depth of water removed in 24 hours.

D.C.= 6.912 × 10^−3m = 6.912mm
Therefore, the drainage coefficient of the land will be 7 mm.

At certain depth, the fibers would have reached the strain of 0.002 and the stress of 0.446f_ck.

On further increasing the load, the strain will ultimately reach to the value of 0.0035.

Beyond this strain, the concrete is believed to fail. So, once the extreme fibers fail, the cracks will develop, which leads to the weakening of the section and leading to failure of the structure.

Newmark's Chart consists of a number of concentric circles and radial lines, which divides the chart into different area units, the influence of which is the same at the centre of that chart.

Since the influence of each area, the unit is the same at the centre, so the influence of each area unit will be = 

where m = number of a concentric circle and n = number of radial lines.
Therefore, Influence factor = 

In terrazzo flooring and cement concrete flooring the base course may be

• 7.5 to 10 cm thick either in lean cement concrete (1 : 3 : 6 to 1 : 5 : 10) or
• lime concrete containing 40% mortar of 1 : 2 lime-sand and 60% coarse aggregate of 40 mm nominal size

The base course is laid over well compacted soil, compacted properly and levelled to rough surface.

Table showing different tests to find different property:

Total station is a combination of an electronic theodolite and an electronic distance meter.

The combination makes it possible to determine the coordinates of a reflector by aligning the instruments cross-hairs on the reflector.

Simultaneously it can measure vertical and horizontal angle and slope distance.

A microprocessor in the instrument take care of the recordings, readings, and other computations.

When one end of the hinged column is fixed and other free. New L_e = 2L

∴ New load

Pan Type Concrete Mixers:

Pan type mixers consists a circular pan in which concrete is mixed. The mixing is done by blades which are arranged in star shape inside the pan.

There are two types of pan mixers are available.

1. The one in which, the circular pan is constant and only star blades rotate about vertical axis of pan.

2. The one in which circular pan rotates while the blades are at static position.

In both the cases, the mixing is efficient and concrete mixture is collected through central hole provided in the pan.

The rotating star blades contains special blades called scrapper blades which will make concrete not to stick to the pan.

• Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.
• These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind.
• As a result, the two compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we experience on certain days.

Concrete in Sea-water (as per IS 456: 2000)

Concrete in sea-water or exposed directly along the sea-coast shall be at least M 20 Grade in the case of plain concrete and M 30 in case of reinforced concrete. The use of slag or pozzolana cement is advantageous under such conditions.

Yakshagana is a popular folk-theatre form of Karnataka with a long history of nearly four hundred years. It is a unique harmony of musical tradition, eye-catching costumes, and authentic styles of dance, improvised gestures and acting with its extemporaneous dialogue appealing to a wide range of the community. It is a vibrant and vigorous living form of theatre art.

• The non-uniform distribution of energy due to the superposition of light waves in a media is called the interference of light.
• Constructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave falls on the crest of other wave or the trough of one wave falls on the trough of the other wave.
• The resultant intensity due to constructive interference is, therefore, maximum.

• Burzail Pass connects the Kashmir valley with Deosai Plains of Ladakh.
• It remains covered in snow during the winter.

A toggle key toggles the input from other keys on the keyboard between different input modes.

• The most commonly used toggle key is the caps lock key, which alternates the letter keys between uppercase and lowercase
• Num lock is another toggle key which helps to input numerals from the numeric keyboard and is turned on by default
• Scroll lock key allows arrow keys to scroll through window's contents and allows users to scroll without depending on the scroll bar
• The insert key is another example of a toggle key, and it toggles between overtype mode and insert mode while entering text

• “More Crop per Drop” is the tagline for ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’.
• The policy was launched in the year 2015-2016 to promote farming and irrigation.
• The main objective of the scheme is to converge the investments in irrigation at the farm level and provide end to end solutions to the farmers.

A computer Virus is a malicious software that, when executed replicates itself by modifying other computer programs.

The full of VIRUS is Vital Information Recourse Under Siege, because they replicate and multiply and use up computer memory processing power with fake repetitive commands. It causes the system to become slow and keeps hanging.

The rate of hydration out of four Bogue's compounds in descending order is given below: C₄AF, C₃A, C₃S, C₂S.

Note: 

This question is about the rate of hydration and not the heat of hydration.

The rate of hydration is highest for C₄AF and heat of hydration is highest for C₃A.

The average crushing strength and tensile strength of hand molded bricks are 60,000 kN/m² and 2000 kN/m² respectively. The shearing strength of bricks is about one-tenth of the crushing strength

A suspension bridge with a two-hinged stiffening girder is statically indeterminate of one degree.

A suspension bridge with a three-hinge stiffening girder is statically determinate.

Shape and size of the plate load test are given below:

• Square or circular in shape
• Thickness >= 25 mm
• Size may vary from 300 to 750 mm
• For clayey and silty soils and for loose to medium dense sandy soils with N<15, 450 mm square plate is used
• For dense sandy or gravelly soils(15< N < 30) three plates of sizes 300 mm to 750 mm is used depending  on reaction loading and maximum grain size
• Side of plate = 4× size of particles

Equivalent stiffness of spring for series combination:

Equivalent stiffness of spring for parallel combination:

S_eq = S₁ + S₂

Generally, three methods are used for making stream flow measurements:

i) Current meter.

ii) Dilution techniques.

iii) Indirect methods.

The new modern techniques for stream flow measurement are:

i) Electromagnetic flow meter

ii) Sounding weight

iii) Echo-depth recorder

Hygrometer is an instrument used for measuring the amount of humidity and water vapour in the atmosphere, soil and in confined spaces.

As per IS : 456-2000, modular ratio is given by

For M30 concrete

σ_cbc = 10 N/mm²

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are used in Refrigerator, Air conditioner and Aerosol spray.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.

Intensity of level of noise is denoted by “Decibel”

Dimensions are measured in meters, centimetres etc.

Force is measured in Newtons

Luminous intensity is measured in candela.

Presence of fluoride in water greater than permissible limit of 1.5 mg/lit causes dental fluorosis. Only children are affected. The fluoride in water greater than 5 mg/lit causes deformation of bones.

Methemoglobinemia (Blue baby disease) is caused by excess of nitrates in water. Nitrate is not harmful as it is fully oxidized. The permissible limit of nitrate is 45 mg/lit. High quantities of copper are likely to affect human lungs and other respiratory organs.

Disinfection with KMnO₄

1. When KMnO₄ is added in water, pink colour appears in the water.
2. If the colour disappear indicates the presence of microorganism and organic matter in it.
3. KMnO₄ is added further up to an extent pink colour remains stable in water.
4. The stand of pink colour in water indicates the removal of microorganism and organic matter from the water.
5. It is advisable not to use water for 48 hours after the treatment with KMnO₄.

According to IS 456:2000, clause 26.5.1.5,

The maximum spacing of shear reinforcement measured along the axis of the member shall not exceed 0.75 d for vertical stirrups where d is the effective depth of the section under consideration. In no case shall the spacing exceed 300 mm.

Conventional concrete is modified by random dispersal of particles of short discrete fibres. These fibres may be of steel, glass, carbon, asbestos etc. Such concrete is known as fibre reinforced concrete. Asbestos cement fibres so far have proved to be commercially successful.

Velocity at which elementary wave can travel upstream (V_u/s) = C – V

Where,

C = celerity =  
y = depth of flow


V_u/s = 3.132 – 2 = 1.132 m/s

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.

An output device is any hardware that sends data from a computer to another device mostly in form of audio or video.

• Scanner scans any document and sends it to computer, so it is a input device.
• Speaker gets data from computer in form of audio. So it is a output device.
• Plotter is printer that print vector image. It recieve data from computer and print it on paper. So it is also a output device.

The electrostatic precipitator is one of the most widely used collection devices for particulates. An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is a particulate collection device that removes particles from a flowing gaseous stream (such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic charge.

ESP can be operated at high temperature and pressures, and its power requirement is low. An electrostatic precipitator is a type of filter (dry scrubber) that uses static electricity to remove soot and ash from exhaust fumes before they exit the smokestacks. 

• Richard Southwell Bourke, 6^th Earl of Mayo also known as Lord Mayo in India was the only viceroy to be assassinated in India.
• Sher Ali Afridi on 8^th Feb 1872, assassinated Lord Mayo, the then viceroy of India, in Port Blair.
• TRICK: "Mayo" sounds like "maaro" (to kill) similar to assassination.

• Ammonium chloride and zinc chloride is used in the form of an electrolyte of the dry cell (battery).
• Ammonium chloride is mixed with Plaster of Paris to form a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added to increase the shelf life of the battery.
• Ammonium chloride paste allows current to flow.
• Zinc chloride paste allows a dry-cell to conduct the electricity and provide electrical power to various substances.
• Zinc chloride paste used between the space of anode and cathode electrodes in a dry cell along with moist paste of ammonium chloride where zinc chloride acts as an electrolyte.

The energy dissipation is given by

= 10.55 m

When high hydraulic gradients exist, there is a possibility that the seeping water may cause internal erosion within the dam, especially if the soil is poorly compacted.

Erosion of soil material can work its way back into the embankment, creating voids in the form of channels or ‘pipes’, and thus impairing the stability of the dam.

This form of erosion of soil material from the foundation of structure is referred to as piping and occurs when water flow upwards resulting in zero effective stress.

It is the phenomenon seen in cohesionless soil which loses its shear strength due to high upward hydraulic gradient.

The piping failure in a hydraulic structure can be prevented by-

i. Increasing the stress due to weight of the structure

ii. Increasing the creep length of the flow of water

iii. By introducing inverted filter on downstream side

Minimum Width Provisions for Stairways

The following minimum width provisions shall be made for each stairway

• Stratosphere layer of atmosphere has the maximum concentration of Ozone gas.
• Approximately 10 per cent of Ozone layer is present in Troposphere and rest of the 90 per cent found in Stratosphere layer of atmosphere..
• Ozone layer in Stratosphere atmosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
• Stratosphere is the second layer of atmosphere whereas Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
• The Thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere is above the Mesosphere.
• There are five layers of atmosphere namely- Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere. 

Mechanical removal of garbage - Screening

Settling of BOD and other wastes due to gravity – Primary Settling

Settling of biomass – Secondary Settling

Biochemical degradation - Activated Sludge

The settling of biomass is generally done in the secondary settling tank.

Given: 

Velocity component can be written as

Therefore, the velocity component will be

u = 4 units

v = 16 units

The increase in moisture of sand increases the volume of sand and is known as bulking of sand.

Reason for the bulking of sand

• The reason is that moisture causes a film of water around sand particles which results in the increase of the volume of sand
• For a moisture content percentage of 5 to 8, there will be an increase in volume up to 20 to 40 per cent depending upon the sand
• If the sand is finer there will be more increase in volume

In order to draw ILD for Reactions at any support, first we have to remove the support and then have to give unit displacement at that support. The corresponding deflected shape of the beam is the ILD for reaction at that support as shown in figure:

Let the unit load moves from the left end A to the right end B of the beam.

Rigging System:

A crane is designed to pick or lift a load by means of a hoisting mechanism using ropes.

The load must be properly attached to the crane by a rigging system.

To properly attach the load, it is necessary to determine the forces that will affect the job.

Then to select and arrange the equipment that will move the load safely.

The forces involved in rigging will vary with the method of connection and the effects of motion.

The rigger must, by proper application of mechanical laws and by resolving load-movement-induced stresses, correctly determine the weight and center of gravity of the load.

W = mg

49 = m × 9.8

m = 5 kg

Net Force = ma = 5 × 0.2 = 1.0 N

The different theory of failures used in designing strength of materials are:

Maximum Principal stress theory (Rankine’s Theory)

Maximum shear stress theory (Guest – Tresca’s Theory)

Maximum Principal strain (Saint Venant’s Theory) Theory

Total strain energy per unit volume (Haigh’s Theory) Theory

Shear strain energy per unit volume Theory (Von – Mises & Hencky’s Theory)

When a tree is felled it contains about 50% or more of its dry weight as water.

So it becomes necessary to remove water from it for engineering use.

The process of drying timber efficiently is known as the seasoning of timber.

Natural Seasoning of Timber:
Natural seasoning is the process in which timber is seasoned by subjecting it to the natural elements such as air or water. 

Natural seasoning takes nearly 4 - 6 months for felled trees. 

SAR = 

The strongest concrete among the given ratio is 1 : 2 : 4, i.e. concrete mix proportion for M15. This is because for 6 bags of sand and coarse aggregate, one bag of cement is used to prepare the mix. Which is stronger than 1 : 5 : 10, 1 : 4 : 8 (M5) and 1 : 3 : 6 (M10) mix.

1 : 5 : 10 – 1 bag of cement for 15 bags of aggregate – weakest

1 : 4 : 8 – 1 bag of cement for 12 bags of aggregate

1 : 3 : 6 – 1 bag of cement for 9 bags of aggregate

1 : 2 : 4 – 1 bag of cement for 6 bags of aggregate – strongest

Aeration of water is employed to remove the various dissolved gases like carbon dioxide and oxidizes metals like iron, manganese, hydrogen sulphide, and volatile organic chemicals (VOCs).

Slump is a test to measure the plasticity of concrete.

Slump test is the most commonly used method of measuring consistency of concrete which can be employed either in laboratory or at site of work.

It is not a suitable method for very wet or very dry concrete.

Velocity in an open channel is given by

where

n = Manning’s Coefficient

R = Hydraulic radius = (Wetted Area/ Wetted Perimeter)

S = Bed Slope

In Froude Model law,

Scale ratio for velocity (V_r = V_m/V_p) = (L_r)^0.5

Scale ratio for time, T_r = (L_r)^0.5

Scale ratio for discharge, Q_r = (L_r)^2.5

Scale ratio for Force, F_r = (L_r)³

Scale ratio for Power, P_r = (L_r)^3.5

The natural environment components can be classified into two

1. Abiotic components
2. Biotic components

Abiotic components

These components are not living but can support other living organisms. Some kinds of such organisms are given below:

• Inorganic substances: The elements which are taken up by the plants with the help of sunlight and converted into food. The examples of such inorganic elements are like nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• Organic substances: The substances which are taken in the form of inorganic materials from the food source and are again sent back to the environment after decomposition by decomposers. E.g. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc.
• Physical factors: These factors have a direct effect on living organisms, which are climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind, humidity, soil and light energy which is used by the plants for the preparation of food.
• Lithosphere: The outermost layer of the earth (i.e.) soil or land.
• Hydrosphere: Part of the earth having water resources like oceans, rivers, ponds, and lakes.
• Atmosphere: It is a cover around the earth composed by a variety of gases which protects the living organisms from various harmful cosmic radiations.

Biotic components

The area in which life is possible is called as a biosphere. All living organism in the biosphere depends upon one another and these organisms exist in the biosphere forming the following community.

• Producers: The green plants present on earth surface which produces their own food only once by the process of photosynthesis in sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide forms food for other organisms. E.g. Sugar, carbohydrates etc.
• Consumer: This organisms directly (or) indirectly depend upon the green plants for the source of food. E.g. All animals including man.
• Decomposers: These are micro-organisms which decompose the complex compounds in the dead organic matter of plants and animals and again recycle the elements into the environment. E.g. Bacteria and fungi.

​So for the given conditions:

• Biotic Components – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Insects
• Abiotic Components – Sunlight, Water, Soil.

Polar moment of inertia of Solid cylinder:

Polar moment of inertia of Hollow Cylinder:

• Kevlar is used for making bulletproof jackets.
• Kevlar is a synthetic fiber and heat-resistant.
• It absorbs the energy of a bullet and extends it over a larger area.
• It consists of many application which includes racing sails, bicycle tyres, bulletproof jackets, and vests.
• It was developed by an American scientist Stephanie Kwolek in the year 1965.

True meridian: Line or plane passing through geographical north pole and geographical south pole.

Magnetic meridian: When the magnetic needle is suspended freely and balanced properly, unaffected by magnetic substances, it indicates a direction. This direction is known as magnetic meridian. The angle between the magnetic meridian and a line is known as magnetic bearing or simple bearing of the line.

Aggregates with minimum surface area require less cement for binding.

Rounded aggregates have the minimum surface area for a given volume.

However, concrete prepared from rounded aggregates is relatively weaker than that prepared from angular aggregates.

Coefficient of Uniformity / Uniformity Coefficient:

It is defined as the ratio of D₆₀ and D₁₀ sieve sizes in sieve analysis of granular material.

Higher is the value of C_u larger is the range of the particle size.

For uniformly graded soil, C_u = 1

For well graded sand, C_u > 6

For well graded gravel C_u > 4

Coefficient of Curvature / Curvature Coefficient:

For well graded soil, 1 < C_c < 3

For gap graded soil, 1 < C_c or C_c > 3

where

D₆₀ = size at 60% finer by weight

D₃₀ = size at 30% finer by weight

D₁₀ = size at 10% finer by weight = Effective size

• Carbon dioxide is responsible for trapping heat energy from the Sun within the Earth's atmosphere by preventing the rays of the Sun from escaping into the atmosphere. 
• This leads to an increase in the overall temperature and this phenomenon is called global warming.

Cavitation in centrifugal pumps

• Cavitation is likely to occur at the inlet to the pump
• Since the pressure there is the minimum and is lower than the atmospheric pressure the formation of bubbles or cavities in liquid, developed in areas of relatively low pressure around an impeller
• The imploding or collapsing of these bubbles trigger intense shockwaves inside the pump, causing significant damage to the impeller and/or the pump housing

To avoid Mud Ball Formation:

To avoid the operational problem of mud ball formation in rapid sand filter, the filter is properly cleaned with caustic soda.

To avoid Air Binding:

Proper cleaning of filter should be done when

1. head loss becomes 2.5 to 3.5 m or
2. Negative head becomes 1.2 m.

• The Gross Domestic Product is defined as the total value of the finished goods and services produced within the boundary of a country in a financial year. 
• The GDP of India has shown a growth of 8.2% in the first quarter of the FY 2018-19. 

​CTRL + D closes the command line shell. This sends an EOF (End of file) marker to shell, and shell exits when it receives this marker. This is similar to running the exit command.

In chain surveying, following lines are used

Base Lines:

It is main and longest line, which passes approximately through the center of the field.

All the other measurements to show the details of the work are taken with respect of this line.

Check Line:

A check line also termed as a proof line is a line joining the apex of a triangle to some fixed points on any two sides of a triangle.

A check line is measured to check the accuracy of the framework. The length of a check line, as measured on the ground should agree with its length on the plan.

Tie or subsidiary lines:

A tie line joints two fixed points on the main survey lines.

It helps to checking the accuracy of surveying and to locate the interior details.

The position of each tie line should be close to some features, such as paths, building etc.

Ubuntu, Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows and macOS all fall under the category of operating systems.

An Operating system is basically a low-level system software and an important program that runs on every computer. Its basic function is to perform basic tasks such as controlling peripherals, managing computer software and hardware resources, keeping track of directories and files in the storage drive, sending output to the display and more.

• The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society.
• The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government.

• The Laboratory apparatus are made of pyrex glass. Pyrex glasses are borosilicate glasses.
• Some of the basic laboratory apparatus comprise of a volumetric flask, graduated cylinder, funnel, and beaker.
• Flint glasses are durable and heavy characterized by their high refractive quality, clarity, and brilliance.
• Crookes glasses are those which are designed to diminish the transmission of UV rays.

Ratio of profit = 15000×12 : 27000×10

= 2:3

Profit of gagan = 2/(2+3) * 5000 = 2000

Kawal Tiger Reserve is located at Jannaram mandal of Mancherial District in Telangana state of India.

Bolt value = 60 kN (minimum value of the design shearing and bearing strength)

Hence, number of bolts required = 360/60 = 6

Rankine’s formula provides the guidance on the minimum depth of foundation based on bearing capacity of the soil.

Therefore, the depth of the foundation can be expressed as

Where, D_f = minimum depth of foundation, q_u= ultimate bearing capacity of the soil, γ = density of soil, φφ = angle of repose or internal friction of soil.

Green plants are most likely to produce greenhouse gases.

• Greenhouse gases consists gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide and ozone.
• These gases absorbs heat which produced from the Sun.
• A greenhouse is called so because it is a house which contains green things such as plants and beneficial gasses.

• Duralumin alloy consists of Mg, Mn, Al, and Cu.
• Duralumin is a lightweight, strong, and hard alloy of aluminium, used widely in aircraft construction.
• It is workable, ductile, and relatable in the normal state and can be drawn and rolled into a variety of shapes.

An illness that begins when large amounts of nitrates in water are ingested by an infant and converted to nitrite by the digestive system. The nitrite then reacts with oxy-haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood protein) to form metheglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. If a large enough amount of metheglobin is formed in the blood, body tissues may be deprived of oxygen, causing the infant to develop a blue coloration of their mucous membranes and possibly digestive and respiratory problems. This condition is also known as methemoglobinemia. 

No deduction is made for following masonry works measurements:

(1) Opening each up to 1000sq cm 0.1 square meter

(2) Ends of beams, post, rafters, etc. up to 500 sq.cm or 0.05 sq.m in section.

(3) Bed plate, wall plate, bearing of balcony (chajja) and the like up to 10 cm depth. Bearing of floor and roof slabs are not deducted from masonry.

The maximum degree of curve permissible is

10° on the broad gauge,

16° on the meter gauge, and

40° on the narrow gauge.

• Methane and Carbon dioxide are the main constituent of Biogas.
• Methane is produced by the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water.
• It is also known as marsh gas or swamp gas.
• Its chemical formula is CH_4.

Maximum camber recommended by IRC is 4% (on the earth surface in heavy rainfall region). If the calculated camber is more than 4% it is limited to the recommended value.

As per IRC-SP:73-2007

• A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web
• URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator, It is a reference to the resource on the internet
• A client is a computer that connects to and uses the resources of a remote computer, or server
• The server handles the request from the web browser and sends back a response to build a connection to provide web services
• Cookies are messages that web servers pass to the web browser when user visit Internet sites

1. Sulphur dioxide is responsible for causing damage to the prestigious monument Taj Mahal.

2. It also gets dull due to mineral impurities present in the marble get oxidised and create brown stains.

3. The Air Pollution Monitoring Laboratory at Agra has found that the level of air pollutants such as Sulphur-di-oxide and Nitrous oxide gases - are generally responsible for turning Taj Mahal yellow.

4. It happens due to a large number of power plants and industries structured around Taj Mahal.

As per IS 4926:2003, clause 6.2

The work ability shall be within the following limits on the specified value as appropriate:

Slump:

+ 25 mm or + 1/3 of the specified value, whichever is less.

Compacting factor:

± 0.03, where the specified value is 0.90 or greater,

± 0.04, where the specified value is less than 0.90 but more than 0.80, and

± 0.05, where the specified value is 0.80 or less.

The compressive strength of wood parallel to grains ranges from 30-75 MPa and tensile strength varies from 85-190 MPa, which is nearly 3 times its compressive strength.

There are two fundamental principles of surveying, these are:

1) To work from whole to the part

2) To fix the positions of new stations by at least two methods

• When two or more celestial bodies arrange themselves in a straight line due to their own revolution it is known as a syzygy.
• All eclipses are syzygy but, not all syzygy are eclipses.
• For example, the full moon and new moon are syzygy involving the lining up of the Sun, Earth and Moon so, lunar and solar eclipses are syzygy.

The home page is the first page that we see when a website is opened on the web browser. It is also called the start page or the main page, though home page is a more commonly used name. It is generally made attractive and contains various hyperlinks to different pages within the web site to attract visitors to its site. Some web sites require users to login to the web site to access the home page.

Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" is a coal combustion product composed of fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the flue gases in thermal power plant.

• Krishna Sobti was a famous Hindi writer and essayist.
• She had won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1980 for her novel Zindaginama.
• She was awarded the Jnanpith in 2017 for her contribution to Indian literature.
• Some of her celebrated works include Daar Se Bichhudi, Mitro Marjani, Zindaginama, Dil-o-Danish etc.

When liquid asphalt is combined with the aggregate for mixing, the temperature of the asphalt should be in the range of 300°F.

Drum and batch plants are the two most common plant types for hot-mixed asphalt. Therefore, both drum mix and batch plants have heating systems to keep the liquid asphalt at the required temperature.

If asphalt is delivered at a cooler temperature, the system must be capable of raising the temperature of the delivered asphalt cement.

The two methods commonly used for heating liquid asphalt are the direct fire and the hot oil processes.

Static Indeterminacy (D_S)

D_S = D_se + D_si

D_se = External static indeterminacy

D_si = Internal static indeterminacy

D_se = R_e – R

Where

R_e = Total number of independent support reaction

R = Total number of available equations of static equilibrium

D_si = 3 × C - R_r

where

C = number of closed loops

R_r = total number of internal reactions released.

Alternative

D_s = 3 × C – R’

Where,

C = number of cuts required to make it cantilever beam.

R’ = number of reactions applied to make all joints rigid and number of restrained required to make the hinged joint rigid (m - 1)

m = number of members meeting at the hinge

C = 7

R’ = 2 × (m - 1)

R’ = 2 × (4 - 1)

R’ = 6

∴ D_s = 3 × 7 – 6

D_s = 15

Alternative

D_se = 3 × 4 – 3

D_se = 9

D_si = 3 × 4 – (2 × 3)

D_si = 12 – 6 = 6

D_s = D_se + D_si

 = 9 + 6

 = 15

Compaction of the soil in the field can be achieved through the action of pressure, impact, vibration or kneading.

Sheepsfoot Rollers:

These are surface rollers that apply the principle of kneading action to affect compaction below the surface.

They are suitable for all types of soil but are preferred for cohesive soil.

Smooth Wheeled Roller:

These are surface rollers that apply the principle of pressure action to affect compaction below the surface.

These are suitable for the compaction of cohesionless soil.

Rammers:

These are equipment that applies the principle of impact action to affect compaction below the surface.

They are suitable for all types of soil but are preferred for cohesionless soil.

Vibrators:

These are surface rollers that apply the principle of vibration action to affect compaction below the surface.

These are suitable for the compaction of cohesionless soil.

It is the best method used for the compaction of the sand.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.

Book value is the value of asset recorded on the accounting books of the firm at a given time period. It is generally calculated at the end of each year. Book value at the end of a given year equals the initial cost less the total depreciation amount till that year.

Salvage value represents estimated market value of the asset at the end of its useful life. It is the expected cash inflow that the owner of the asset will receive by disposing it at the end of useful life.

Useful life represents the expected number of years the asset is useful in terms of generating revenue. The asset may still be in working condition after the useful life but it may not be economical. Useful life is also known as depreciable life. The asset is depreciated over its useful life. Scrap Value implies that the asset has no further useful life.

• Candela (Cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity.
• Luminous intensity is a measure of the amount of visible light emitted from a point source per unit time per unit solid angle.

• Varnish is a nearly homogeneous solution of resin in oil, alcohol or turpentine
• Oil-based varnish is the most durable finish that can be easily applied by the average woodworker
• This varnish surpasses most other finishes in its resistance to
  • water,
  • heat,
  • solvents
  • other chemicals

FB of forward line = FB of backward line + included angle;

If sum is more than 180°, deduct 180°

If sum is more than 540°, deduct 540°

If sum is less than 180°, add 180°

FB of line BC = 50 + 240 = 290°. Sum is more than 180°, hence deducting 180°, we get FB of line BC = 290- 180 = 110°.

In the Centre-line method at the L-joint area will be calculated twice when take-off quantity. So, this area should be deducted once from the measurement when take-off quantity. But there is no reduction in at the L-junction of a wall for the total length of the central line in this method.

• When the object is between the centre of curvature and focus or between focus and pole of a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
• Therefore, doctors use concave mirrors to examine the eyes, ears, nose,and throat from a close range as the image formed is enlarged and provides a better view to the doctor.

Acceleration due to the gravity of the Earth:

When a body is dropped from a certain height above the ground, it begins to fall towards the earth under gravity. The acceleration produced in the body due to gravity is called the acceleration due to gravity. It is denoted by g. Its value close to the Earth’s surface is 9.8 m/s².

Variation in acceleration due to gravity:

The value of g varies from place to place on the surface of the earth.

Variation in g with height or altitude:

G decreases on going up a height h above the surface of the earth.

Variation in g with depth:

Value of g decreases as we go down below the surface of the earth.

The laying of the impervious layer which protects the bed and sides of the canal is called canal lining. The lining of the canal is necessary for the following reasons:

(a) to minimise the seepage losses through the bed and sides of the canal.

(b) to prevent scouring and erosion of bed and sides of the canal due to high velocity of flood water at the time of heavy rainfall.

(c) increase the discharge in the canal section by increasing the velocity.

(d) to prevent the growth of weeds along the bed and sides of the canal.

(e) to increase the command area

Putty is made by mixing a base of whiting (finely ground chalk) with linseed oil in various proportions.

The following are the technical terms commonly used in carpentry

1. Shooting: The art of dressing of edges of timber pieces so as to make them straight and square with the face.
2. Rebating: The process of preparing a rectangular portion on the edge of a timber piece so as to receive another timber piece which is also similarly cut.
3. Sawing: The art of cutting of wood by means of the saws is known as the sawing.
4. Studding: The fixing of small timber battens to the timber walls to which laths and boards are to be nailed.

Sanitary sewage is mostly the spent water of the community draining into the sewer system.

It has been observed that a small portion of spent water is lost in evaporation, seepage in ground, leakage, etc.

Usually 80% of the water supply may be expected to reach the sewers.

Specification for pitch of bolts or rivets

1. Minimum pitch and minimum gauge length

= {2.5 × nominal diameter of the bolt

2. Minimum end and edge distance

3. Maximum end and edge distance

= {12 × t × ϵ,
Where, ϵ = 
 

f_y = yield stress

t = thickness of thinner plate

• V is,  is a representation of the Combined Gas Law.

• This law is obtained by combining Gay-Lussac's Law, Boyles's Law and Charles's Law.
• Boyle's Law is represented as P ₁V₁ = P₂V2, P is pressure and V is the volume. 
• Charles' Law is represented as V₁T₂ = V₂T_1,  V is the volume whereas T is the temperature. 
• Graham's Law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles. 

Permeability (k) =
As we know, with increase in temperature viscosity of fluid decreases (Soil contains water inside its pores), so overall viscosity of soil reduces.

Further, Viscosity of soil is inversely proportional to its permeability from the above relation. Therefore, with decrease in viscosity of soil, permeability increases.

Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are: 1. Education 2. Forests 3. Weights & Measures 4. Protection of Wild Animals and Birds 5. Administration of Justice

• Due to the equatorial bulge, i.e. the equator being more bulged towards the outside, the poles are nearer to the Centre of the earth, as compared to the equatorial region.
• And as the acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the distance from the Centre of the earth, as the distance is less on poles, the acceleration due to gravity(g) is more at the poles.

Drift method of Tunneling:

A drift is a small tunnel measuring 3 m x 3 m, which is driven into the rocks and whose section is expanded in the later processes till it acquire the size of the tunnel.

A number of drill holes are provided all around the drift and these are filled up with explosives and ignited so that the size of the drift expands to become equal to the required cross section of the tunnel.

Advantages:

(a) If the quality of the rock is bad or if it contains excessive water, this is detected in advance and corrective measures can then be taken in time.

(b) A drift assists in the ventilation of tunnels.

(c) The quantity of explosives required is less.

(d) A side drift allows the use of timber to support the roof.

Disadvantages:

(a) It is a time-consuming process, as the excavation of the main tunnel gets delayed till the drift is completed.

(b) The cost of drilling and removing the muck from the drift is high, as the work has to be done using manually operated power-driven equipment.

Given:

Porosity, η = 40%

Void, Ratio, e = 

Ductility is the ability of material to deform under stress. With increase in carbon content the strength, hardness and brittleness increases but the ductility and toughness decreases.

• The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26^th November, 1949 but it came into force on 26^th January, 1950.
• Constitution of India is known as the supreme law of India which consists of fundamental political codes, powers, procedures, structures and the duties of the government institutions, directive principles and the duties of the citizen.
• It is the longest written constitution of any country in the world.
• B.R. Ambedkar was considered to be its chief architect as he was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee.