RRB JE EC CBT Test 1

We know, μ = tan i_p
Where i_p = Polarization or Brewster’s angle
∴ i_p = tan^-1 μ = tan-1(1.732) = 60°

An Op-Amp should have
i) High Bandwidth
ii) High input impedance
iii) Low output impedance
iv) High Gain
v) High CMRR
vi) High slew rate

• Residual resistivity is the resistivity of material at 0 kelvin
• It depends on the imperfections in the lattice
• It is independent of temperature

• Nitrogen is the most electronegative among Arsenic, Nitrogen and Phosphorus.
• As per the periodic table, Nitrogen has an atomic number of 7 and hence its electron configuration is 1s² 2s² 2p³.
• Amongst all the others nitrogen has the highest tendency to attract a shared pair of electrons towards itself.

Truth Table of NAND gate is shown

If one of the inputs is ‘1’ then the output is an inversion of other input.
The NAND based latch truth table is shown

The output will retain its previous state.

The output error voltage of the phase detector is proportional to the phase difference between the reference frequency and VCO signal

Proof:
Let the reference signal be = A_ccos(ωt+θ)
And VCO signal be = A_Vsin(ωt+ϕ)A
The phase detector is a multiplier circuit followed by LPF
Thus, the output of the multiplier is

Let the case and junction temperature be T₁ and T₂. The thermal resistance θ_R = 1^∘C/W. Then power dissipated P_D is given by,

Thus, the case temperature should be, T₁ = 100^∘C

8257 : DMA Controller
8255 : PPI (Programmable Peripheral Interface)
8251 : USART (Universal Synchronous and Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter)
8259 : PIC(Programmable Interrupt Controller)
8253, 8254 : Programmable Timers

Rectifier instrument has the highest frequency range with accuracy within reasonable limits. These instruments are nothing but permanent magnet moving coil instruments used in conjunction with rectifying device for AC measurements (current and voltage) from about 20 Hz to 20 kHz.

The gates required to build a half adder are EX-OR gate and AND gate.

The programming language, scanf is the short form of scan formatted. It is a keyword used as a control parameter meant for reading a string. The string is picked up from the standard input device itself.

The Man Booker Prize for Fiction is a literary prize awarded each year for the best original novel written in the English language and published in the UK.

For Half wave rectifier, Efficiency 
For Full wave rectifier, Efficiency 

The strength of an electromagnet can be increased by introducing a soft iron core inside the coil. We can make the electromagnet stronger by adding more turns to the coil.

For sustained oscillations in an oscillator, there are two conditions that are required to be met:

1. Loop gain Aβ = 1
2. Positive feedback

In the case of positive feedback, the phase difference between input and feedback is 0° or 360°.

The characteristic impedance of a wave travelling in a lossy medium is given by

Put σ = 0 (free space and lossless medium)

• The quantum number defines an electron completely in an atom. 
• There are four types of quantum number - Principal Quantum Number, Azimuthal Quantum Number, Magnetic Quantum Number and Spin Quantum Number. 
• Principal Quantum Number describes the size, shape and energy of the shell to which an electron belongs whereas Azimuthal Quantum Number determines the shape of the electron cloud and the number of sub-shells in a shell. 
• Magnetic Quantum Number determines the orientation of sub-shells whereas the spin quantum number represents the direction of the electron spin. 

A database schema is the skeleton structure that represents the logical view of the entire database. SQL commands can be used to create a database schema.

SQL commands are divided into four subgroups, DDL, DML, DCL, and TCL.

DDL (Data Definition Language) statements are used for creating and defining the Database Schema.

Examples: CREATE, ALTER, DROP statements

While DML (Data Manipulation Language) statements are used for managing data within the Database.

Examples: SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT statements

DCL (Data Control Language) which includes commands that are mostly concerned with rights, permissions and other controls of the database system.

Example: GRANT, REVOKE

TCL (Transaction Control Language) deals with a transaction within a database.

Example: COMMIT, ROLLBACK

Greenhouse effect

• It occurs due to the increase in the percentage of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
• It absorbs the solar rays and energy of the sun due to which the temperature on the earth increases and natures balance gets disturbed
• Our vehicles and industries are continuously increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

Global Warming

• Increase in average temperature of the earth surface due to the greenhouse effect is called global warming
• It also refers to the increase in average temperature of the air and sea at earth's surface

Green House Gases (GHG):
The major greenhouse gases are

• Water vapour - causes about 36% - 70% of the greenhouse effect
• Carbon dioxide (CO₂) which causes 9 - 26%
• Methane (CH₄) causes 4 - 9% and ozone (O₃)

So Ethane is not a greenhouse gas

Web browser: A browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and display content of Web pages, images, video and other files. The browser contacts the Web server and requests information and Web server sends the information back to the Web browser which displays the results on the computer.

Some commonly used web browsers are:

• Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer (IE) is a web browser from Microsoft
• Firefox: Firefox is a free, open-source web browser from Mozilla
• Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a free, open source web browser developed by Google
• Opera: Opera is a free, fast, small and standard - compliant web browser developed by the Opera Software company
• Netscape: Netscape was the first commercial web browser

A Threat is any circumstance or event with the potential to cause harm to the system or activity in the form of destruction, disclosure, and modification of data, or denial of service. A threat is a potential for harm. 

Some of the common terms associated with threats and their description are as follows:

• Malware: A collective term for malicious software, such as viruses, worms and trojans; designed to infiltrate systems and information for criminal, commercial or destructive purposes.
• Phishing: A form of social engineering, involving the sending of legitimate-looking emails aimed at fraudulently extracting sensitive information from recipients, usually to gain access to systems or for identity theft.
• Spam: Unsolicited email sent in bulk to many individuals, usually for commercial gain, but increasingly for spreading malware.

Spoofing: A spoofing attack is when a malicious party impersonates another device or user on a network in order to launch attacks against network hosts, steal data, spread malware, or bypass access controls. There are several different types of spoofing attacks that malicious parties can use to accomplish this. They are IP Address Spoofing Attacks, ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) Spoofing Attacks, DNS Server Spoofing Attacks, etc.

A software bug is an error, flaw, failure or fault in a computer program or system that causes it to produce an incorrect or unexpected result, or to behave in unintended ways.

The function of different materials in an optical fibre are:

• Adhesive aluminium foil:

Protect cable jacket from damage during shrinking of heat shrink sleeves.

• Stainless steel channel under clip:

The stainless-steel channel and under clip is used to close the heat shrink sleeves before shrinking.

• Aluminium canister – Finger coated:

Provide adequate structural strength to avoid collapsing during installation.

• Emery strip

The emery strip is used for surface preparation of cable with PVC/Polyethylene sheath.

• In controlled rectifiers, the nature of load current, i.e. whether load current is continuous or discontinuous depends both on the type of load and firing angle delay
• Highly inductive load makes load current continuous and ripple free
• The average load current supplied by a thyristor depends on firing angle

• The second India-Myanmar bilateral Army exercise named 'IMBEX 2018-19' commenced at Chandimandir military station in Haryana on 14 January 2019.
• The aim of this joint training event is to train the Myanmar delegation for participation in UN peacekeeping operations.
• The exercise includes participation of 15 officers from Myanmar Army and 15 officers from Indian Army

Properties of Diamagnetic, Paramagnetic and ferromagnetic materials placed in the magnetic field is shown in the table

Due to the Class B operation, their collector efficiency is quite high.

• They give more AC output power per device
• Distortion free output is obtained
• Output Transformer used for push-pull amplifier circuit are lighter, smaller and less expensive than the transformers of comparable quality that are used in single-ended circuits
• In the core of the output transformer, the DC components for output currents of the two devices oppose each other magnetically which eliminates the tendency of the core to saturate

In telecommunications, a repeater is an electronic device that receives a signal and retransmits it. Repeaters are used to extend transmissions so that the signal can cover longer distances or be received on the other side of an obstruction.

The C Library functions are inbuilt functions in C programming.

The prototype and data definitions of the functions are present in their respective header files and must be included in the program to access them.

Predefined functions:

hello() is a user-defined function.

Power factor: It is the ratio between true power and apparent power
Power factor = kW/kVA

Form factor: It is the ratio of the RMS (root mean square) value to the average value.

Load factor: It is defined as the ratio of the average load over a given period to the maximum demand (peak load) occurring in that period.

Diversity factor: It is the ratio of sum of individual maximum demand to maximum demand on power station

A computer mouse is an input device that is most often used with a personal computer. Moving a mouse along a flat surface can move the on-screen cursor to different items on the screen. Items can be moved or selected by pressing the mouse buttons (called clicking). The mouse has two buttons, the left button, and right button, with a scroll wheel in between the two.

Use of a mouse:

• Move the mouse cursor - The primary function is to move the mouse pointer on the screen.
• Open or execute a program - Once you've moved the pointer to an icon, folder, or other object clicking or double-clicking that object opens the document or executes the program.
• Select - A mouse also allows you to select text or a file or highlight and select multiple files at once.
• Drag-and-drop - Once something is selected, it can also be moved using the drag-and-drop method.
• Hover - Moving the mouse cursor over objects with additional hover information can help discover the function of each object on the screen. For example, hover the mouse over the hover link to see an example.
• Scroll - When working with a long document, or viewing a long web page, you may need to scroll up or down. To scroll, use the mouse wheel, or click and drag the scroll bar.

A virus is a program that can infect other programs by modifying them to include a possibly evolved copy of itself.

Some of the common types of viruses are:

• Boot Sector Virus: A boot sector virus displaces the boot record and copies itself to the boot sector i.e. where the program to boot the machine is stored. 
• File Virus: A file virus generally attacks executable files. 
• Macro Virus: The virus infects an important file of MS word. As soon as the application is opened the virus gets activated. It damages the formatting of documents and may not even allow the editing or saving of documents 
• Trojan Horse: It is a code hidden in games or spreadsheets. Its main objective is to cause harm to the data. They can create a bad sector on the disk, destroy file allocation tables and cause the system to hang.
• Worm: It is a program capable of replicating itself on a computer network. It travels from one computer to another across communication links. They generally disrupt the routine services. 

In Bipolar transistor, saturation mode occurs when
1. Collector – base (CB) is forward biased.
2. Base-emitter (BE) is also forward biased.
Hence, for the saturation condition, bath the junction should be in forward-bias, as shown in the figure below.

The Zeroth law of thermodynamics defines temperature. It states that “If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with the third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium with each other.”

Zeroth law – concept of temperature
First law – concept of internal energy
Second law – concept of entropy

• Jamshedpur is known as the Steel City of India or Pittsburgh of India for being rich in minerals.
• It is a home to many industries like Tata Motors, Tata Steels, Usha Martin Industries, Steel & Wire Products, Tata Pigments, Tayo Rolls Limited, and many other assets.
• This city is also known as the Tatanagar.

• The two liquids that can't dissolve in each other or the two liquids in which diffusion can't takes place are called immiscible liquids. They can’t form homogeneous mixtures.For example- Water and oil.
• When two liquids can be mixed to form homogeneous mixtures they are called miscible liquids.

For example- Alcohol and water.
Extra Information:

XYZ + XY’Z + XYZ’
XZ (Y + Y’) + XYZ’
XZ + XYZ’
X (Z + Y Z’)
X (Z + Y) (Z + Z’)
X (Z + Y)

The truth table is shown below:

Thus, in case of NAND and EX OR gates when one input is connected to logic High, the other input is inverted.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.

A wide area network (WAN) is a telecommunications network or computer network that extends over a large geographical area, generally having a radius of more than 1 km. Wide area networks are often established with leased telecommunication circuits.

A Uniform Resource Locator (URL), colloquially termed a web address, is a reference to a web resource that specifies its location on a computer network and a mechanism for retrieving it. A URL is a specific type of Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), although many people use the two terms interchangeably. URLs occur most commonly to reference web pages (http), but are also used for file transfer (ftp), email (mailto), database access (JDBC), and many other applications.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) is an Internet standard for electronic mail (email) transmission.

JavaScript is a high - level, dynamic, untyped, interpreted run - time language. Alongside HTML and CSS, JavaScript is one of the three core technologies of World Wide Web content production.

• The functions of connecting a resistor in series with a gate-cathode circuit to protect the gate circuit from overcurrent
• The functions of connecting a Zener diode across the gate-cathode circuit to protect the gate circuit from overvoltage

• In the US Open Tennis, Novak Djokovic of Serbia won the Men's singles final.
• He defeated Juan Martin del Potro of Argentina. It was Djokovic's 14th Grand Slam title and the third US Open title.
• With this win, he has equaled Pete Sampras's mark of 14 Grand Slams.

Minimum dimension of copper earth plate = 60 cm × 60 cm × 3.18 mm
Minimum dimension of G.I earth plate = 60 cm × 60 cm × 6.38 mm

ROM is a non-volatile memory. Its contents are retained even after the power is switched off. ROM stores the program required to initially boot the computer. It only allows for reading.

Web browser

• A browser is a software application used to enable computers users to locate and access web pages
• Browser translates the basic HTML code that allows us to see image, text video and listen to audios on the website, along with hyperlinks that let us travel to different web pages
• The Web utilizes browsers, such as Internet Explorer or Firefox, to access web documents called web pages that are linked to each other via hyperlinks

Some commonly used web browsers are:

• Internet Explorer: Internet Explorer (IE) is a web browser from Microsoft
• Firefox: Firefox is a free, open-source web browser from Mozilla
• Google Chrome: Google Chrome is a free, open source web browser developed by Google
• Opera: Opera is a free, fast, small and standard - compliant web browser developed by the Opera Software company
• Netscape: Netscape was the first commercial web browser

The unity follower circuit is the circuit having unit gain.

In the above circuit, V^- = V⁺ = V_i
Hence V_o = V_i (which is voltage follower)

In computing, the Trash (also known as the Recycle Bin in Windows) is the temporary storage for files that have been deleted in a file manager by the user, but not yet permanently erased from the file system.

Typically, a recycle bin is presented as a special file directory to the user, allowing the user to browse deleted files, undelete those that were deleted by mistake, or delete them permanently (either one by one, or by the "Empty Trash" function).

To convert octal to decimal, multiply each position by its weight and add:
126₈ = 1 × 8² + 2 × 8¹ + 6 × 8⁰ = 86

• Gujarati poet Sitanshu Yashashchandra was awarded 'Saraswati Samman 2017' on 22 January 2019.
• He was awarded for his poetry collection in Gujarati named 'Vakhar'.
• The award was instituted by K.K.Birla foundation.
• The award is given every year to an outstanding work of an Indian citizen published during the last 10 years in any of the languages mentioned in Schedule 8 of the constitution.

1^st Generation – used FDMA/FDD techniques
Voice only signals
Analogue Cellular Phones

NMT, AMPS

2^nd Generation- used TDMA/FDD and CDMA/FDD
- Voice and data signals
- GSM CDMA TDMA
2.5 Generation – Enhance 2 G
- Higher data rates
- GPRS, EDGE

3^rd Generation – Voice, Data and Video Signals
Video, Telephony/Internet surfing
3 G, W-CDMA, UMTS

4^th Generation – Enhanced 3G/Interoperability protocol

• High speed and IP based
• 4G, Mobile IP

For a RADAR the duty cycle is given by:
Duty cycle = Pulse width × pulse repetition frequency
D = 1 × 10^-6 × 1500 = 0.0015

When the quantity of acids in the raining water is more than the average, then such rain is called 'Acid rain'.

We are aware that normally rainwater has a pH of 5.6.  When the pH of the rainwater drops below 5.6, it is called acid rain.

Acid rain refers to the ways in which acid from the atmosphere is deposited on the earth’s surface. Oxides of nitrogen and sulphur which are acidic in nature can be blown by wind along with solid particles in the atmosphere and finally settle down either on the ground as dry deposition or in water, fog and snow as wet deposition.

Acid rain is a byproduct of a variety of human activities that emit the oxides of sulphur and nitrogen in the atmosphere. As mentioned earlier, burning of fossil fuels (which contain sulphur and nitrogenous matter) such as coal and oil in power stations and furnaces or petrol and diesel in motor engines produce sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides.

SO₂ and NO₂ after oxidation and reaction with water are major contributors to acid rain because polluted air usually contains particulate matter that catalyses the oxidation.

2SO₂ (g) + O₂ (g) + 2H₂O (l) → 2H₂SO₄ (aq)
4NO₂ (g) + O₂ (g)+ 2H₂O (l) → 4HNO₃ (aq)

The bad effects of acid rain

• When acid rain falls and flows as groundwater to reach rivers, lakes etc, it affects plants and animal life in the aquatic ecosystem
• Acid rain is harmful to agriculture, trees and plants as it dissolves and washes away nutrients needed for their growth
• It causes respiratory ailments in human beings and animal
• It may also cause corrosion in many buildings bridges, monuments, fencing etc
• It causes irritation in the eyes and skin of human beings
• This rain reduces the lustre of the metals too
• Acid rain damages buildings and other structures made of stone or metal
• The Taj Mahal in India has been affected by acid rain

Hydrogen fuel is a zero-emission fuel when burned with oxygen (if one considers water not as an emission) or used in a contained cell (allowing to react galvanically) also capable of 'reversing' the reaction if needed.

8085 microprocessor contains,

When microprocessors receive interrupt signals through pins (hardware) of the microprocessor, they are known as Hardware Interrupts

Five hardware interrupts: TRAP, RST 5.5, RST 6.5, RST 7.5 and INTR

Software Interrupts are those which are inserted in between the program, these are mnemonics of the microprocessor.

Eight software interrupts: RST 0 to RST 7

• Crooked Glass can cut off the UV rays.
• It is a special type of glass which contains Cerium Oxide [CeO₂].
• It is used in making sunglasses.

As a result of the greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the earth’s atmosphere is gradually increasing. This is called Global warming. The exchange of incoming and outgoing radiation that warms the surface of Earth is known as the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse gases include carbon dioxide, methane, water vapors, nitrous oxide, and other gases.

Physical layer (Layer 1): Hubs, Repeaters

Data-link layer (Layer 2): Bridges, Modems, Network cards, 2-layer switches.

Network layer (Layer 3): Routers, 3-layer switches.

Transport layer (Layer 4): Gateways, Firewalls.

Session layer (Layer 5): Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.

Presentation layer (Layer 6): Gateways, Firewalls, PC’s.

Application layer (Layer 7): Gateways, Firewalls, all end devices

In computing, a device driver (commonly referred to simply as a driver) is a computer program that operates or controls a particular type of device that is attached to a computer. A driver provides a software interface to hardware devices, enabling operating systems and other computer programs to access hardware functions without needing to know precise details of the hardware being used.

In constant current charging method, the battery is supplied with constant current throughout its charging period. Through this method, the charging is fast initially but slows down near high values of battery charge.

For 8085 microprocessor,
Data or word size = 8bit
Address = 16 bit
For 8086 microprocessor,
Data or word size = 16bit
Address = 20 bits

In C++, clrscr() used to clear the console screen. It is a predefined function which clears the data from console.

In C++, getch() is used to catch a character from the keyboard. The getch() function reads a single character from the keyboard but does not show on the screen.

clrscr() and getch()  both are predefined function in conio.h.

The generations of computers are characterized by a major technological development that fundamentally changed the way computers operate, resulting in smaller, cheaper, more powerful and more efficient and reliable devices.

The various generations of computers are listed below:

• The IUPAC name of sec-Butyl chloride is 2-Chlorobutane.​

The time during which the output increases linearly is called as sweep time (T_S) and the time taken for the signal to get back to its initial value is called as restoration time or fly-back time or retrace time (T_r). For ideal sawtooth waveform retrace period should be zero seconds.

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus etc.

LANs can span over a limited range i.e. of 1 km in radius.

WLAN, which stands for 'Wireless Local Area Network', is when a mobile user connects to a local area network via a wireless connection.

In C, &variable_name will hold the address of a variable in the memory, where & is commonly called the reference operator.
e.g. for int p, &p stores its address in the memory.

Pointers is a variable that stores or points the address of another variable. It is used to allocate memory dynamically i.e. at run time.

& symbol is used to get the address of the variable while the * symbol is used to get the value of the variable that the pointer is pointing to.

According to nature, pollutants can be classified into Non-degradable pollutants and Bio - degradable pollutants.

Non-degradable pollutants

Those pollutants which cannot be broken down into simpler, harmless substances in nature.

DDT, plastics, polythene, bags, insecticides, pesticides, mercury, lead, arsenic, metal articles like aluminium cans, synthetic fibres, glass objects, iron products and silver foils are nonbiodegradable pollutants. (Tables)

Bio-degradable pollutants

Those pollutants which can be broken down into simpler, harmless substances in nature.

Sewage waste, domestic waste, etc. are the bio-degradable waste.

• When horizontal deflection plates and vertical deflection plates of CRO (Cathode Ray Oscilloscope) are connected to two sinusoidal voltages, the patterns appear at CRO screen are called the Lissajous pattern
• The Lissajous pattern obtained in a CRO depends upon frequency, amplitude and phase relationship
• The patterns used to measure phase and frequency with a cathode ray oscilloscope are called Lissajous pattern

‘Agha Khan Cup’ is associated with the game of Hockey whereas Agha Khan Gold Cup is associated with Football.

The Bhil are an indigenous tribe in the Kolarian group and were the earliest settlers in India. According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe in Madhya Pradesh with a total population of 4,618,068, constituting 37.7 per cent of the total ST population.

• At equilibrium, the Fermi level of p and n semiconductor regions are perfectly aligned
• There is no variation of Fermi level and no net flow of current

Incineration is a waste treatment process that involves the combustion of organic substances contained in waste materials. Incineration and other high-temperature waste treatment systems are described as "thermal treatment". Incineration of waste materials converts the waste into ash, flue gas and heat means in the presence of air.

• The 8085/8080A has six general-purpose registers to store 8-bit data
• These are identified as B, C, D, E, H, and L
• They can be combined as register pairs - BC, DE, and HL - to perform some 16-bit operations

The unijunction transistor is a solid-state three-terminal device that can be used in gate pulse, timing circuits and trigger generator applications to switch and control both thyristors and triacs for AC power control type applications. When a UJT is used for triggering an SCR, the wave shape of the voltage obtained from the UJT circuit is a saw-tooth wave.

Structure of the atmosphere
The atmosphere is divided into five layers starting from the earth's surface:

1. Troposphere (0 - 18 km): This is the most important layer of the atmosphere. The air breath exists here. All the weather changes like rainfall, fog, and hailstorm occur in this layer.
2. Stratosphere (18 - 50 km): It is free from clouds which makes it the most ideal layer for flying Aeroplanes. It contains a layer of ozone gas which protects from the harmful effect of the sun rays.
3. Mesosphere (50 - 85 km): It is the third layer of the atmosphere. Temperature drops to about -95°C.
4. Thermosphere (85 - 500 km): In this layer, the temperature rises very rapidly with increasing height. The ionosphere is a part of this layer. It helps in radio transmission.
5. Exosphere (500 - 1600 km): The uppermost layer of the atmosphere is called exosphere. It is very thin air. Temperature is very high due to direct solar radiation. Light gases like Helium and Hydrogen float into space from here.

The Exosphere is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.

For n-bit ADC of different type the conversion times are as follows -
Counter type (T_A) = 2ⁿ T_CLK
Dual slop (T_B) = 2ⁿ⁺¹ T_CLK
SAR type (T_C) = n T_CLK
Flash type (T_D) = T_CLK

We have, carrier power, P_C = 9kW
Modulated signal power, P_T = 10.125kW
For modulation index, 

A transmission line is distortionless if  R/L = G/C
Rewriting this we have, LG = RC
Note:
If R/L = G/C then phase velocity is given by 
the phase velocity is independent of frequency hence the transmission line is distortionless.

• Virtual ground concept is valid for only Negative feedback systems
• Negative feedback systems decrease the differential input voltage between and non-inverting terminals

When difference becomes zero, the voltage at two terminals become equal, which is a virtual ground concept

When V_i = -1 V then using a virtual ground

V_- = -1 V

This will turn off the diode, hence there will be no negative feedback and no virtual ground
Thus V_o = 0 V

• Annealing is one of the major processes in the manufacture of glass.
• It is a controlled slow cooling process of heat treatment of glass.
• It helps in strengthening the glass and relieving the stress.

When warm air rises up and cold air from the surrounding areas rushes in to fill its place then this sets up convection in air.

• When warm air rises, the air pressure at that place gets lowered. The cold air from the surrounding areas rushes in to fill its place. This sets up convection currents in the air.
• Wind currents are generated due to uneven heating on the earth.
• Convection is the process by which the transmission of heat takes place through a substance from one point to another due to actual bodily movement of heated particles of the substance.

 (using the relation 
  (using the relation 
= A+B+C

A data structure is a data organization, management and storage format that enables efficient access and modification.

A data structure can be divided into two categories:

1. Linear data structure

A data structure is said to be linear if its elements form a sequence or a linear list.
Examples: Array, Linked List, Stacks, Queue

On a linear data structure, one can do insertion, deletion, Traversal, Sorting, merging, Search.​

2. Nonlinear data structure

It arranges the data in sorted order and there exists a relationship between the data elements.
Examples: Tree, Graph

• Light can travel in a vacuum because the light is electromagnetic in nature which requires no medium as electric fields and magnetic fields constantly generate each other as the wave propagates.
• Sound waves require a medium to travel. The speed of sound is faster in solid materials, slower in liquids and slowest in gases.
• The speed of light in a vacuum is commonly given the symbol c. It is a universal constant that has the value c = 3 x 10⁸ m/second.

A transponder receives and transmits radio signals at a prescribed frequency range. After receiving the signal a transponder will at the same time broadcast the signal at a different frequency. The term is a combination of the words transmitter and responder.

Helsinki is the capital of Finland.

For FM, modulation index  

At f = 0 → X_L = 2πf_L = 0 → inductor is short circuited
  the capacitor is open circuited

∴ circuit passes low frequencies
At f = ∞ inductor is open circuited and the capacitor is short-circuited → V_out = 0
∴ the circuit does not pass high frequencies. So the given circuit acts as a low pass filter

A data structure is a data organization, management and storage format that enables efficient access and modification.

A data structure can be divided into two categories:

1. Linear data structure

A data structure is said to be linear if its elements form a sequence or a linear list.
Examples: Array, Linked List, Stacks, Queue

2. Nonlinear data structure

It arranges the data in sorted order and there exists a relationship between the data elements.
Examples: Tree, Graph

An Internet standard is a thoroughly tested specification that is useful to and adhered to by those who work with the Internet. It is a formalized regulation that must be followed. There is a strict procedure by which a specification attains Internet standard status. A specification begins as an Internet draft. An Internet draft is a working document (a work in progress) with no official status and a 6month lifetime. Upon recommendation from the Internet authorities, a draft may be published as a Request for Comment (RFC). Each RFC is edited, assigned a number, and made available to all interested parties. RFCs go through maturity levels and are categorized according to their required level.

• INR and DCR instructions affect all flags except carry flag
• ADI instruction affects all flags
• No flags are affected by INX and DCX instructions

a. without illumination, under normal operation the current is dark current
b. under illumination, under no-load operation, the voltage is open circuit voltage V_oc
Under short circuit operation, the current shown is the short circuit current.

Given that, differential voltage gain (A_d) = 2000
Common mode gain (A_c) = 0.2
Common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) is given by,

• If the two plates are brought closer to each other, the capacitance of the system will increase.
• This can be proved from the expression, C = (ε₀A)/d 
• Where ε0 is the electric constant, A is area of plate and d is distance between the plates.
• Hence the distance is inversely proportional to the capacitance and bringing the plates closer will mean reducing the distance and in effect increasing the capacitance of the system.

The data type of a variable is an attribute that tells what kind of data that variable can have.

Data types can be divided into two major categories:
1. Primitive data type (predefined)
2. Non - primitive data type (user defined)

Primitive data type:
It is predefined types of data, which are supported by the programming language. For example, int, char, double, string etc. are all primitive data types.

Non - primitive data type:
They are not defined by the programming language but are instead created by the programmer.
For example, objects, interfaces etc.

• Kirchhoff's second law is called loop law.
• According to Kirchhoff's first law, the sum of currents which are meeting at a point (junction) in a circuit is always 0. It is therefore also called junction law.
• According to the sign convention adopted for this law, the current flowing towards the junction is taken as positive and the current leaving the junction is taken as negative.
• These two laws were given by Kirchhoff in 1842.

The time for which output remains high in the monostable multivibrator circuit is:
τ = 1.1 RC

Noise pollution may cause or contribute to the following adverse effects:

• anxiety, stress, nervousness, nausea, headache,
• emotional instability,
• argumentativeness,
• increase in social conflicts
• depression and fatigue
• Insomnia as a result of lack of undisturbed and refreshing sleep

Remove the inductor, Now Total resistance across the terminals is 1 + (1||1) = 3/2 Ω
The time constant is given by 

Power swings refer to oscillation in active and reactive power flows on a transmission line consequent to a large disturbance like a fault. The oscillation in the apparent power and bus voltages is seen by the relay as an impedance swing on the R-X plane. If the impedance trajectory enters a relay zone and if stays there for sufficiently long time, then the relay will issue a trip decision on power swing.

Invar is an alloy composed of Iron, nickel, and Carbon where Iron is a major component with 63%, nickel with 36% and Carbon with 1%. Invar is an alloy used for making clocks and scientific instruments because of its property of negligible coefficient of expansion.

• Strait of Malacca is a narrow stretch of water which separates the Malay Peninsula and Indonesian Island of Sumatra.
• It was named after the Malacca Sultanate which ruled between 1400 and 1511 over a group of islands.

IP is a set of rules governing the format of data sent over the Internet or other network. Its routing function enables internet working, and essentially establishes the Internet. It was invented in 1974 by Vint Cerf.

• A 3-bit full adder is a combinational circuit
• Output depends only on the present input bits
• Hence there is no memory in a 3-bit full adder

Various frequency bands and their uplink and downlink frequencies used in satellite communication are shown in the table below

Anode:

• An anode is an electrode where the oxidation reaction occurs
• An anode is reducing agent
• Anode should have high conductivity
• Anodes have negative redox potentials

Cathode:

• A cathode is an electrode where reduction occurs
• A cathode is an oxidizing agent
• Cathodes have positive redox potentials

• Air blast circuit breakers employ a high-pressure air blast as an arc quenching medium. Under normal condition, the contacts are closed
• When a fault occurs contacts are opened and an arc is struck between them
• Auto-reclosing is used in case of air blast C.B.
• Reclose is a circuit breaker along with protection system for overhead power lines & designed to reclose on to a fault
• It detects a fault and opens for a pre-programmed time, before closing again automatically. This cycle can be repeated 4 times

The slew rate of the op-amp is given by:

A maximum value of change of output voltage is AViω
If the slew rate is 1V/sec
Then AV_iω ≤ 1
The maximum value of the rate of change of output is a function of input frequency ω
Hence slew rate limits the maximum frequency of operation in an op-amp

To realize a J-K flip flop an S-R flip flop, we should have-

So, we have to use two additional AND gate.

FORTRAN and PASCAL both are procedural/imperative compiled third generation languages.

They allocate memory space for arrays during program compilation so the size of the array is fixed.

The linear modulator is the one that satisfies the principle of superposition:

The linear modulator techniques are:

• DSC SC
• Conventional AM
• SSB
• VSB

Non-linear modulation techniques are:

• FM
• PM

The hysteresis diagram of the Schmitt Trigger is shown in the figure

From the Figure:
Hysteresis width is given by the difference of upper threshold point and the lower threshold point
UTP - LTP = βV_sat – (- βV_sat) = 2βV_sat

Initially A = 00110101, Carry = 1
After RLC A = 01101010, Carry = 0
After RLC A = 11010100, Carry = 0
ADD B → Add A = D4H and B = 35 H
Now A = (D4 + 35)H = 09 H, Carry = 1

• Fundamental rights in the Indian constitution has been taken from the US constitution.
• The other features that have been borrowed from the US Constitution are:

1. Impeachment of the president
2. Functions of president and vice-president
3. Removal of Supreme Court and High court judges
4. Judicial review
5. Independence of judiciary
6. The preamble of the constitution

• The dual beam oscilloscope has two separate electron beams, and therefore two completely separate vertical channels
• The two channels may have a common time base system or they have an independent time base system
• An independent time base allows different sweeps rates for the two channels but increase the size and weight of the oscilloscope

• The internet is a globally connected network system that transmits data via various types of media; Sometimes it is referred to as a ‘network of networks’
• The World Wide Web, or simply web, is a way of accessing information over the medium of the internet
• A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web

Different types of oscillators are:

1. LC Oscillators:

• Colpitts Oscillator
• Clapp's Oscillator
• Hartley Oscillator

2. RC Oscillators

• Wein Bridge Oscillator
• RC Phase shift oscillator

• Clamp-on type and split-core type CTs measure the current in a heavy-current conductor or bus-bar without breaking the current circuit
• The split core of the CT along with the secondary winding is simply clamped around the main conductor, which acts as the primary winding of the CT
• When used with range selectable shunts and a calibrated ammeter, clam on type CTs can be very conveniently used for direct and quick measurement of current

Asthma is a condition in which a person's airways become inflamed, narrow and swell and produce extra mucus, which makes it difficult to breathe. It is caused due to air pollution.

In the given circuit, 50 Ω, 75 Ω and 50 Ω resistors are connected in parallel.
The equivalent resistance of this parallel combination is,


This parallel combination is in series is with 100 Ω.
Equivalent resistance is, R_eq = 18.75 + 100 = 118.75 Ω

Systematic errors:

• Systematic errors occur as a result of a flaw in the experiment design or apparatus
• Systematic errors cause the measured values to be consistently higher or lower than the actual value
• They cannot be reduced by conducting repeat trials

Systematic errors are divided into three part:

• Instrumental error
• Observational error
• Environmental error

• Vice Admiral G Ashok Kumar, AVSM, VSM assumed charge as Vice Chief of the Naval Staff on 30 Jan 2019.
• Kumar has held various Staff and Command assignments during his distinguished naval career spread over more than three decades.
• He is an alumnus of National Defence Academy, Khadakvasla, Pune and was commissioned into the Executive Branch of the Indian Navy on 01 Jul 1982.

The potential of neutral is low and potential of earth is zero.

Control Bus is a group of conducting wires, which is used to generate timing and control signals to control the associated peripherals, the microprocessor uses control bus to process data.

Some control signals are:

• Memory read
• Memory write
• I/O read
• I/O Write
• Opcode fetch

An indifference curve is a graph showing combination of two goods that give the consumer equal satisfaction and utility. Each point on an indifference curve indicates that a consumer is indifferent between the two and all points give him the same utility.

Vaikom Satyagraha was a Satyagraha in Travancore, Kerala against untouchability in Hindu society.

• The movement was cantered at the Shiva temple at Vaikom, near Kottayam.
• The Satyagraha aimed at securing freedom to all sections of society through the public roads leading to the Sri Mahadeva Temple at Vaikom.

Hence, 1 is the correct answer.

• A-Scope:

A-display, shows only the range, not the direction, to targets.

• B-Scope:

provides a 2-D "top-down" representation of space, with the vertical axis typically representing the range and the horizontal axis azimuth (angle)

• C-Scope:

A C-scope displays a "bullseye" view of azimuth vs. elevation

The pipe earthing is better than plate earthing, because it can earth more leakage current, and the possibility of braking in the earth wire is minimum.

• The SI unit of angular frequency is rad/sec.
• It refers to the angular displacement of an object per unit time and is given by:

ω = ν × 2π
where, νν is the frequency.

The Fermi level of an intrinsic semiconductor is unchanged and remains at the center of the forbidden band gap. As temperature increases, both electron and holes are produced in equal number keeping the semiconductor intrinsic and Fermi level stays at the center.

Components of Computer
Input Devices
Input devices are used to enter data or instructions into a computer.

• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Digital camera
• Scanner
• Mic
• Barcode reader
• Joystick

Output Devices:
Output unit receives the information from the processing unit and provides the result in a human-readable form.

• A visual display unit (Monitor, Screen)
• Printer/Plotter
• Multimedia projector
• Speaker

Storage Devices
Storage devices are the computer hardware used to remember/store data.

• Floppy disks
• Hard disks
• CD/DVD

Apply KVL from output terminal V₀ to base terminal of Zener diode:
V₀ + V_BE – V_Z = 0
V₀ = V_Z - V_BE

• Sensitivity is the amount of voltage developed or generated by the microphone for an applied sound pressure at a test frequency of 1000 Hz
• It is generally specified as mV/Microbar
• One‐microbar sound pressure is equal to 1 dyne/cm²
• It is also specified as mV/Pa where Pa is Pascal, which is equal to 10 microbars

• The chemical formula of Hematite is Fe₂O₃, called as ferric oxide. It is a reddish black mineral and an ore of Iron.
• FeO(OH).nH₂O is also an ore of Iron and is the chemical formula of Limonite.
• FeS₂ is the chemical formula of Pyrite.

The gain of the Non-inverting op-amp is given by the relation

Norton’s theorem is applied to the DC circuits, it will result in a current source with resistance in parallel.
Thevenin’s theorem is applied to the DC circuits, it will result in a voltage source with a resistance in series.

Effects of ozone depletion

• It produces a greenhouse effect and also changes the climate
• It results in low production of crops
• It causes damage to the organs of living things
• Ultraviolet rays harm the plants
• It causes to spread the skin cancer disease
• It raises the possibilities of acid rains in urban areas
• It increases the temperature of the environment
• It affects the mental health of man
• It increases the temperature of the atmosphere which has a bad effect on the vegetation
• The UV rays reaching the earth are harmful to the pregnant women and the infant children also

The process of producing chemical decomposition of a compound by passing electricity through the compound is called electrolysis.