RRB JE EC CBT Test 2

A multipoint (also called multidrop) connection is one in which more than two specific devices share a single link.

In a multipoint environment, the capacity of the channel is shared, either spatially or temporally. If several devices can use the link simultaneously, it is a spatially shared connection. If users must take turns, it is a timeshared connection.

A bus topology describes multipoint connections. In bus topology one long cable act as a backbone to link all the devices in a network.

System software is a type of computer program that is designed to run a computer's hardware and application programs. If we think of the computer system as a layered model, the system software is the interface between the hardware and user applications.

• A web browser is a software application for accessing information on the World Wide Web
• URL is an acronym for Uniform Resource Locator, It is a reference to the resource on the internet
• A client is a computer that connects to and uses the resources of a remote computer, or server
• The server handles the request from the web browser and sends back a response to build a connection to provide web services
• Cookies are messages that web servers pass to the web browser when user visit Internet sites

• The transmission of a signal from the first earth station to satellite through a channel is called uplink

• The transmission of a signal from the satellite to second earth station through a channel is called downlink

• Uplink frequency is the frequency at which, the first earth station is communicating with the satellite

• The satellite transponder converts this signal into another frequency and sends it down to the second earth station

• This frequency is called Downlink frequency; In a similar way, the second earth station can also communicate with the first one

Yakshagana is a popular folk-theatre form of Karnataka with a long history of nearly four hundred years. It is a unique harmony of musical tradition, eye-catching costumes, and authentic styles of dance, improvised gestures and acting with its extemporaneous dialogue appealing to a wide range of the community. It is a vibrant and vigorous living form of theatre art.

Address Bus:

• On address bus lines the CPU sends out the address of the memory location that is to be written to or read from
• The number of address lines determines the number of the memory location that the CPU can address
• Address bus is unidirectional

Data Bus:

• The data bus is bidirectional
• This means CPU can read data in from memory or from a port on these lines or it can send data out to memory or to a port from these lines

System bus

• The system bus is the communication path between bus and peripherals

The input voltage must overcome the junction voltage between the gate and cathode (0.7V) and cause 7 mA to flow through the 220 Ω resistor. According to Kirchhoff’s voltage law, V_in us given by:
V_in = V_GK + I_GR
= 0.7V + (7 mA) (220 Ω) = 2.24 V

A Colpitts oscillator uses two capacitors in place of the two inductors of a Hartley oscillator.
Colpitts oscillator

Hartley oscillator

Images are also represented by bit patterns. In its simplest form, an image is composed of a matrix of pixels (picture elements), where each pixel is a small dot. The size of the pixel depends on the resolution. For example, an image can be divided into 1000 pixels or 10,000 pixels.

• The Gross Domestic Product is defined as the total value of the finished goods and services produced within the boundary of a country in a financial year. 
• The GDP of India has shown a growth of 8.2% in the first quarter of the FY 2018-19. 

Astable Multivibrator shifts between two states thereby generating a square wave. In Bistable Multivibrator, a trigger pulse is needed for change from one stable state to another stable state (from 0 to 1 and 1 to 0) hence can be used to state binary data.

f = PQ (RS + R + 1)
f = PQ (1)
f = PQ

The home page is the first page that we see when a website is opened on the web browser. It is also called the start page or the main page, though home page is a more commonly used name. It is generally made attractive and contains various hyperlinks to different pages within the web site to attract visitors to its site. Some web sites require users to login to the web site to access the home page.

The screen is coated with fluorescent material called phosphor which emits light when bombarded by electrons. Phosphor coating for cathode ray tubes is provided on inside surface only.

• Krishna Sobti was a famous Hindi writer and essayist.
• She had won the Sahitya Akademi Award in 1980 for her novel Zindaginama.
• She was awarded the Jnanpith in 2017 for her contribution to Indian literature.
• Some of her celebrated works include Daar Se Bichhudi, Mitro Marjani, Zindaginama, Dil-o-Danish etc.

WAN is a Wide Area Network, WANs are typically used to connect comparatively large geographical area such as; a state, a country, a continent, the Internet WANs can span over a range of huge area of a 100,000-kilometre radius >WANs have its ownership and management is distributed, it cannot be handled at the individual level

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network that interconnects computers within a limited area such as a residence, school, laboratory, university campus etc.

LANs can span over a limited range i.e. of 1 km in radius MAN is Metropolitan Area Network and is used to connect two or more LANs in a common geographic area: say a city or a group of buildings MANs can span in the range of 5 to 50 kilometres in diameter.

A personal area network, or PAN, is a computer network that enables communication between computer devices near a person. The range of a PAN typically is a few meters. Examples of wireless PAN, devices include cell phone headsets, wireless keyboards, wireless mice, printers, bar code scanners and game consoles.

The natural environment components can be classified into two

1. Abiotic components
2. Biotic components

Abiotic components
These components are not living but can support other living organisms. Some kinds of such organisms are given below:

• Inorganic substances: The elements which are taken up by the plants with the help of sunlight and converted into food. The examples of such inorganic elements are like nitrogen, calcium, phosphorus, hydrogen, carbon dioxide and oxygen.
• Organic substances: The substances which are taken in the form of inorganic materials from the food source and are again sent back to the environment after decomposition by decomposers. E.g. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats etc.
• Physical factors: These factors have a direct effect on living organisms, which are climatic conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind, humidity, soil and light energy which is used by the plants for the preparation of food.
• Lithosphere: The outermost layer of the earth (i.e.) soil or land.
• Hydrosphere: Part of the earth having water resources like oceans, rivers, ponds, and lakes.
• Atmosphere: It is a cover around the earth composed by a variety of gases which protects the living organisms from various harmful cosmic radiations.

Biotic components
The area in which life is possible is called as a biosphere. All living organism in the biosphere depends upon one another and these organisms exist in the biosphere forming the following community.

• Producers: The green plants present on earth surface which produces their own food only once by the process of photosynthesis in sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide forms food for other organisms. E.g. Sugar, carbohydrates etc.
• Consumer: This organisms directly (or) indirectly depend upon the green plants for the source of food. E.g. All animals including man.
• Decomposers: These are micro-organisms which decompose the complex compounds in the dead organic matter of plants and animals and again recycle the elements into the environment. E.g. Bacteria and fungi.

​So for the given conditions:

• Biotic Components – Plants, Animals, Fungi, Insects
• Abiotic Components – Sunlight, Water, Soil.

Grouping in groups of three

Some of the features of 8257 are:

• It has four channels which can be used over four I/O devices
• Each channel has 16-bit address and a 14-bit counter
• Each channel can transfer data up to 64kb
• Each channel can be programmed independently
• Each channel can perform read transfer, write transfer and verify transfer operations
• It generates MARK signal to the peripheral device that 128 bytes have been transferred
• It requires a single-phase clock
• Its frequency ranges from 250Hz to 3MHz
• It operates in 2 modes, i.e., Master mode and Slave mode

The main function of the earth wire is to prevent live wire from overloading and absorbs the excess electrons & flows to the ground. The size of the earth wire is determined by the ampere capacity of the service wires. Minimum size of earth wire for light circuit is 1 mm square for copper and 1.5 mm square for aluminum.

• Acetic acid, commonly named ethanoic acid, is a colorless liquid organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃COOH.
• When undiluted, it is sometimes called glacial acetic acid.

• Avalanche breakdown occurs in lightly-doped p-n junctions where the depletion region is comparatively long
• The doping density controls the breakdown voltage
• The temperature coefficient of the avalanche mechanism is positive; that is, as the temperature increases, so do the reverse breakdown voltage
• The magnitude of the temperature coefficient also increases with an increased breakdown voltage
• For example, the temperature coefficient of an 8.2 V diode is in the range 3 - 6 mV/K while the temperature coefficient of an 18 V diode is in the range of 12 - 18 mV/K

Concatenation operator || Concatenate columns or character strings to other columns is SQL.
eg. SELECT ‘Name’ || enamename FROM emp;

Output will be:
Name = JONES
Name = SMITH
So, one can merge the output of 2 or more columns together using concatenation operator ||.

• If the input frequency is 50 Hz, the output frequency will be 100 Hz
• ripple frequency at the output is two times of input frequency
• timeperiod = 1/f = 1/100 = 10msec

• A large collector base reverse bias is the reason behind early effect manifested by BJTs
• The depletion layer penetrates more into the base as the base is lightly doped increasing the concentration gradient in the base
• As reverse biasing of the collector to base junction increases, depletion region penetrates more into the base, this reduces the effective base width
• This reduction in base width causes less recombination of carriers in the base region
• This is known as an early effect

n-bit Johnson ring counter has 2n states.

Thus, if a Johnson counter has n states then the number of flip flops required are N/2.

The "deflection sensitivity" is defined as the ratio of the deflection of the electron beam at the screen of the CRT to the deflection voltage. Unit of deflection sensitivity of CRO is meter/volt

A toggle key toggles the input from other keys on the keyboard between different input modes.

• The most commonly used toggle key is the caps lock key, which alternates the letter keys between uppercase and lowercase
• Num lock is another toggle key which helps to input numerals from the numeric keyboard and is turned on by default
• Scroll lock key allows arrow keys to scroll through window's contents and allows users to scroll without depending on the scroll bar
• The insert key is another example of a toggle key, and it toggles between overtype mode and insert mode while entering text

• When the object is between the centre of curvature and focus or between focus and pole of a concave mirror, the image formed is virtual, erect and magnified.
• Therefore, doctors use concave mirrors to examine the eyes, ears, nose,and throat from a close range as the image formed is enlarged and provides a better view to the doctor.

Thick wire implies a large area which along with fewer turns provide a low internal resistance to the ammeter. This low internal resistance is required so that complete branch current can pass through the ammeter.

Various instruments and their functions are:

Fusion Splicing Machine:
It melts the two ends of fibre optic cables together to form a continuous cable.

Optical Time Domain Reflectometer (OTDR)

An OTDR may be used for estimating the fibre’s length and over all attenuation, including splice and mated-connector losses.

Cleaver
A perpendicular cut in an optical fibre cable is critical to the success of the splice or joint. A cleaver breaks the glass cable with high precision.

• A duplexer is a device that isolates transmitter while receiving an isolated receiver while transmitting
• A duplexer is basically an electronic switch
• It acts like a transmit/ Receive switch and is also called as TR Switch

• The optical properties of liquid crystals depend on the direction light travels through a layer of the material
• An electric field can change the orientation of molecules in a layer of liquid crystal and thus affect its optical properties

• The Constitution of India was adopted by the Constituent Assembly on 26^th November, 1949 but it came into force on 26^th January, 1950.
• Constitution of India is known as the supreme law of India which consists of fundamental political codes, powers, procedures, structures and the duties of the government institutions, directive principles and the duties of the citizen.
• It is the longest written constitution of any country in the world.
• B.R. Ambedkar was considered to be its chief architect as he was the Chairman of the Drafting Committee. 

The conversion of infix notation to postfix notation is done by using Stack.

Infix Expression is in form <Operand><Operator><Operand>, Eg: A + B

Postfix Expression is in form <Operand><Operand><Operator>, Eg: AB+

The range of bit count specifically in n-bit binary counter consisting of ‘n’ number of flip flops is 0 to 2ⁿ - 1

E.g.
For 1 bit
Range: 0 to 2¹ - 1 = 0 to 1

For 2 bits
Range: 0 to 2² - 1 = 0 to 3 (00, 01, 10, 11)

For 3 bits
Range: 0 to 2³ - 1 = 0 to 7 (000, 001, 010, 011, 100,101, 110, 111)
A n-bit counter count n state from 0 to 2ⁿ - 1

LAN connects computers and workstation in office or home. It covers a local area of 1 km. campus area network (CAN) covers privately owned campus with an area of 5 to 10 kms. MAN covers town or city with an area of 2 to 100 kms. Whereas WAN spans a large geographical area of more than 100 kms.

Transition capacitance is given by 

Where
W = x_n + x_p
Diffusion Capacitance is given by 

Since the depletion region width is more in reverse bias the diffusion capacitance is more than transition capacitance

A Structure creates a data type that can be used to group items of possibly different types into a single type.

Example:

struct Point

{

 int x;

 float y;

} p1;

void main()

{

 /*We can also declare object here as

 Point p1; */

            p1.x = 5;

            p1.y = 5.05;

}

A full adder can be implemented with 2 half adders and one OR gate.
A 4-bit parallel adder can be implemented using 3 full adders and one half adder.
Hence we require 7 half adders and 3 OR gates to implement 4-bit parallel adder.

Ubuntu, Linux, Unix, Microsoft Windows and macOS all fall under the category of operating systems.

An Operating system is basically a low-level system software and an important program that runs on every computer. Its basic function is to perform basic tasks such as controlling peripherals, managing computer software and hardware resources, keeping track of directories and files in the storage drive, sending output to the display and more.

Analog transducers:

• These transducers convert the input quantity into an analog output which is a continuous function of time
• Thus, a strain gauge, an L.V.D.T., a thermocouple or a thermistor may be called as Analog Transducers as they give an output which is a continuous function of time

Digital Transducers:

• These transducers convert the input quantity into an electrical output which is in the form of pulses and its, output is represented by 0 and 1

• Methane and Carbon dioxide are the main constituent of Biogas.
• Methane is produced by the anaerobic bacterial decomposition of vegetable matter under water.
• It is also known as marsh gas or swamp gas.
• Its chemical formula is CH_4.

Time period high of 555 timers is given by
T_High = 0.693(R_A + R_B) C
T_low = 0.693 R_BC
Thus, total time period T is given by
T = T_High + T_low
T = 0.693 (R_A + 2 R_B) C

The various stages of op-amp are shown in the figure:
The last stage/output stage is the Push Pull amplifier

The Battle of Buxarwas fought on 22-23 October 1764 between the forces under the command of the British East India Company led by Hector Munro and the combined armies of Mir Qasim, Nawab of Bengal till 1763; the Nawab of Awadh; and the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam.

• The combined armies of Mughals, Awadh and MirQasim were defeated by the British army.
• Treaty of Allahabad was signed after the battle of Buxar.

The primary parameters of a transmission line are the

• resistance (R)
• inductance (L)
• capacitance (C)
• conductance. (G)

Secondary parameters of the transmission line are:

• Attenuation constant (α)
• Phase constant (β)
• propagation constant (γ)

• The Centripetal force is required to maintain a body in Uniform Circular Motion.
• Centripetal Force acts when a body moves around the other body, the force that causes this acceleration and keeps the body moving along a circular path is acting towards the centre

Various types of internal noise are:

• Shot Noise:

1. These Noises are generally arising in the active devices due to the random behaviour of Charge particles or carries
2. In the case of the electron tube, shot Noise is produced due to the random emission of electron form cathodes

• Partition Noise:

1. When a circuit is to divide in between two or more paths then the noise generated is known as Partition noise
2. The reason for the generation is random fluctuation in the division

• Low- Frequency Noise:

1. They are also known as FLICKER NOISE
2. These types of noise are generally observed at a frequency range below few kHz
3. Power spectral density of these noise increases with the decrease in frequency
4. That's why the name is given Low- Frequency Noise

• High- Frequency Noise:

1. These noises are also known as TRANSIT- TIME Noise
2. They are observed in the semiconductor devices when the transit time of a charge carrier while crossing a junction is compared with the time period of that signal

• Thermal Noise:

1. Thermal Noise is random and often referred to as White Noise or Johnson Noise
2. Thermal noise is generally observed in the resistor or the sensitive resistive components of a complex impedance due to the random and rapid movement of molecules or atoms or electrons

Lower 8 pins of microprocessor pins are multiplexed to act for data or address transfer.

Whether the bus is used to carry data or address is decided by the signal on ALE pin.

When
ALE = 1 address is transferred to bus
ALE = 0 Data transfer to bus 

Direct memory access (DMA) is a method that allows an input/output (I/O) device to send or receive data directly to or from the main memory, bypassing the CPU to speed up memory operations.

The process is managed by a chip known as a DMA controller (DMAC).

Burst Mode

• In burst mode, an entire block of data is transferred in one contiguous sequence
• Once the DMA controller is granted access to the system bus by the CPU, it transfers all bytes of data in the data block before releasing control of the system buses back to the CPU
• This renders the CPU inactive for relatively long periods of time

Cycle Steal Mode

• In DMA's cycle stealing mode of operation, the DMA controller puts the CPU on hold for each byte of data to be transferred.
• The processor thus knows the fact that the DMA controller is using the bus

The electro-optic effect is the phenomenon that the refractive index of a material can be modified with an electric field and it forms the basis for LCDs.

When one of the resistor’s is shorted, all the current flows through the short circuit branch.

The current flowing through each resistor then becomes zero.

• Due to the equatorial bulge, i.e. the equator being more bulged towards the outside, the poles are nearer to the Centre of the earth, as compared to the equatorial region.
• And as the acceleration due to gravity is inversely proportional to the distance from the Centre of the earth, as the distance is less on poles, the acceleration due to gravity(g) is more at the poles.

• Novak Djokovic defeated Rafael Nadal to win his 7^th Australian Open Men’s Singles title at Melbourn.
• The resurgent world No. 1 outplayed the second-ranked Nadal 6-3, 6-2, 6-3 in a largely one-sided match.
• In Women’s Singles, Japan’s Naomi Osaka clinched her maiden Australian Open Grand Slam Singles title in Melbourne.

• The quantum mechanical state of an electron is identified by the following quantum numbers:

1. Denoted by n, the principal quantum number is always an integer and describes the electron's state.
2. The Orbital quantum number / azimuthal quantum number is denoted by l and is associated with the angular momentum (L) of the electron due to its orbital motion. It is given by l = n - 1
3.  The energy of an electron in a hydrogen atom is affected by a strong magnetic field and the quantum number which describes this magnetic effect is called magnetic quantum number. It is denoted by m_l.
4. Denoted by m_s, the spin quantum number is associated with the intrinsic angular momentum of the electron.

• In the SPWM, the modulating signal is sinusoidal
• SPWM output is generated by intersection between sine signal and triangle signal
• Sine signal is the reference waveform and triangle waveform is the carrier waveform
• When value sine signal is large than triangle signal, the pulse will start produce to high

The feedback factor is given by β

100 R₂ = 30 R₁ + 30 R₂
70 R₂ = 30 R₁
7 R₂ = 3 R₁

A computer Virus is a malicious software that, when executed replicates itself by modifying other computer programs.

The full of VIRUS is Vital Information Recourse Under Siege, because they replicate and multiply and use up computer memory processing power with fake repetitive commands. It causes the system to become slow and keeps hanging.

• Stratosphere layer of atmosphere has the maximum concentration of Ozone gas.
• Approximately 10 per cent of Ozone layer is present in Troposphere and rest of the 90 per cent found in Stratosphere layer of atmosphere..
• Ozone layer in Stratosphere atmosphere absorbs most of the ultraviolet radiation from the Sun.
• Stratosphere is the second layer of atmosphere whereas Troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere.
• The Thermosphere is the layer of the Earth's atmosphere is above the Mesosphere.
• There are five layers of atmosphere namely- Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, Thermosphere and Exosphere. 

A local area network (LAN) is a computer network within a small geographical area. A LAN is composed of inter-connected workstations and personal computers which are each capable of accessing and sharing data and devices, such as printers, scanners and data storage devices, anywhere on the LAN.

Green plants are most likely to produce greenhouse gases.

• Greenhouse gases consists gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, water vapour, nitrous oxide and ozone.
• These gases absorbs heat which produced from the Sun.
• A greenhouse is called so because it is a house which contains green things such as plants and beneficial gasses.

The given expression is Y = Σm (1, 2, 4, 7)
This is the expression for the Sum of a full adder

The sum expression is:
S =  A ⊕ B ⊕ C

Note:
Three input EXNOR and EXOR are not always equivalent.
That concept is only applicable when three input ex nor is constructed using 2 input EX OR gate.
EXNOR gate doesnot follow distribute property

i.e
A ⊙ (B ⊙ C) and (A ⊙ B) ⊙ C are not equivalent 

Capacitance (C)

• In a two-wire transmission line, conductors are separated by insulating dielectrics(air) in order to store electric charges, gives rise to the capacitance effect
• The capacitance is distributed in the whole conductor length

Resistance (R)

• The resistance is a primary parameter that is uniformly distributed along the length of the conductor
• It depends on the cross-section area and the length of the conductor

Inductance (L)

• When the conductors in transmission lines carry current, the conductor will be surrounded and linked by magnetic flux
• The flux linkages per ampere of current give rise to the effect of inductance
• It is denoted by L

Conductance (G)

• The dielectrics or insulators of the open wire line may not be perfect, and a leakage current will flow
• This leakage conductance exists between the conductors

When B = 0 then the output is A
When B = 1 then the output is A’
Thus, the output is
Y = A’B + AB’
Y = A ⊕ B

Offset error:
It is defined as a constant difference, over the whole range of the ADC, between the actual output value and the ideal output value.

Gain error:
It is defined as the difference of the slope of the actual output values and the ideal output values.

Non-linearity error
For an ideal ADC, the output is divided into 2n uniform steps each with the width ∆. Any deviation from the ideal step width is the Differential Non-Linearity. (DNL)

The reflection coefficient is given by:

When Z_L = Z₀ the transmission line is said to be perfectly matched
Γ = 0

Substitute Γ = 0
VSWR = 1

Fly ash, also known as "pulverised fuel ash" is a coal combustion product composed of fine particles that are driven out of the boiler with the flue gases in thermal power plant.

• Sarojani Naidu became the first Indian women president of the Congress at the Kanpur session in 1925.
• She was the first woman to become the governor of Uttar Pradesh.
• She began writing at the age of 13. Known as the Nightingale of India, she eulogised India in her poems published in three collections, The Golden Threshold (1905), The Bird of Time (1912) and the Broken Wing (1917).

The voltage across the 4 Ω resistor is 3V
The current flowing through the resistor is given by

Note: Current source is redundant in parallel with the voltage source

When anode is positive w.r.t. cathode, the curve between V and I is called the forward characteristic.

If the supply voltage is increased from zero, a point is reached (point A) when the SCR starts conducting. Under this condition, the voltage across SCR suddenly drops as shown by dotted curve AB and most of supply voltage appears across the load resistance R_L. If proper gate current is made to flow, SCR can close at much smaller supply voltage.

8253 can work in 6 modes which are:

• Mode 0 (000): Interrupt on terminal count
• Mode 1 (001): programmable one-shot
• Mode 2 (X10): rate generator
• Mode 3 (X11): square wave generator
• Mode 4 (100): Software Triggered Strobe
• Mode 5 (101): Hardware Triggered Strobe

Through the 42nd Amendment Act of 1976 five subjects were transferred from State to Concurrent List. They are:
1. Education
2. Forests
3. Weights & Measures
4. Protection of Wild Animals and Birds
5. Administration of Justice

The Low pass filter is shown below

The transfer function is given by

Time constant RC = τ

Data communications are the exchange of data between two devices via some form of transmission medium such as a wire cable. For data communications to occur the communicating devices must be part of a communication system made up of a combination of hardware (physical equipment) and software (programs).

Magnetic permeance is the inverse of reluctance. It is a measure of the quantity of magnetic flux for a number of current-turns.
The SI unit of magnetic permeance is webers per ampere-turn that is H (henry).

• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) are used in Refrigerator, Air conditioner and Aerosol spray.
• Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are nontoxic, nonflammable chemicals containing atoms of carbon, chlorine, and fluorine.

The full form of LCD is Liquid Crystal Display.

• A liquid crystal display (LCD) is a thin, flat panel used for electronically displaying information such as text, images, and moving pictures
• It is an electronically-modulated optical device made up of any number of pixels filled with liquid crystals and arrayed in front of a light source (backlight) or reflector to produce images in color or monochrome

• Metals have a large number of charge carriers, which are free electrons
• As the impurities/dopants are added there is no significant change in the concentration of carriers
• The added impurities tend to scatter electrons in the metals
• This decreases the mobility and hence the conductivity

Modulation index is used to determine the strength and quality of transmitted signal. If the modulation index is small, then the amount of variation in the carrier amplitude is small. Very large values of modulation index (greater than 3.24) lead to a square AC output voltage.

The numerical aperture of an optical fibre is given by

Where
n₁ = refractive index of the core
n₂ = refractive index of cladding

• Acid rain is caused by a chemical reaction that begins when compounds like sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides are released into the air.
• These substances can rise very high into the atmosphere, where they mix and react with water, oxygen, and other chemicals to form more acidic pollutants, known as acid rain.
• Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides dissolve very easily in water and can be carried very far by the wind.
• As a result, the two compounds can travel long distances where they become part of the rain, sleet, snow, and fog that we experience on certain days.

An illness that begins when large amounts of nitrates in water are ingested by an infant and converted to nitrite by the digestive system. The nitrite then reacts with oxy-haemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying blood protein) to form metheglobin, which cannot carry oxygen. If a large enough amount of metheglobin is formed in the blood, body tissues may be deprived of oxygen, causing the infant to develop a blue coloration of their mucous membranes and possibly digestive and respiratory problems. This condition is also known as methemoglobinemia. 

• The Laboratory apparatus are made of pyrex glass. Pyrex glasses are borosilicate glasses.
• Some of the basic laboratory apparatus comprise of a volumetric flask, graduated cylinder, funnel, and beaker.
• Flint glasses are durable and heavy characterized by their high refractive quality, clarity, and brilliance.
• Crookes glasses are those which are designed to diminish the transmission of UV rays.

The Flag Register of 8085 contains

• A data structure is a collection of data values, the relationships among them, and the functions or operations that can be applied to the Program Designs.
• Hence they perform an important role in Program Design. 

• V is, is a representation of the Combined Gas Law.
• This law is obtained by combining Gay-Lussac's Law, Boyles's Law and Charles's Law.
• Boyle's Law is represented as P ₁V₁ = P₂V2, P is pressure and V is the volume. 
• Charles' Law is represented as V₁T₂ = V₂T_1,  V is the volume whereas T is the temperature. 
• Graham's Law states that the rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles. 

An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer, allowing you to interact with and control it.

An output device is any hardware that sends data from a computer to another device mostly in form of audio or video.

• Scanner scans any document and sends it to computer, so it is a input device.
• Speaker gets data from computer in form of audio. So it is a output device.
• Plotter is printer that print vector image. It recieve data from computer and print it on paper. So it is also a output device.

• In γ-emission rays (Gamma rays), no changes occur in the mass/charge.
• Gamma rays are electromagnetic waves of short wavelength and high frequency.
• They are emitted by most radioactive sources along with alpha or beta particles
• Through releasing a gamma photon it reduces to a lower energy state. Hence, Gamma rays have no electrical charge connected with them.
• Alpha rays are released by high mass whereas beta has high energy electrons.

Construction: The microphone consists of a moving diaphragm and a fixed back plate form a parallel-plate capacitor, which is charged with a DC voltage.
Working: The sound waves hitting the microphone make the diaphragm vibrate. As a result, the capacitance varies, which causes voltage variations across the resistor that are proportional to the incident sound signal.

A depolarizer in electrochemistry is a synonym of electroactive substance, i.e., a substance which changes its oxidation state

Oxidizing agents oxidize the hydrogen to water:

• Nitric acid, used in the grove cell and bunsen cell
• Chromic acid, used in the chromic acid cell
• Manganese dioxide, used in the leclanche cell and dry cell

• Richard Southwell Bourke, 6^th Earl of Mayo also known as Lord Mayo in India was the only viceroy to be assassinated in India.
• Sher Ali Afridi on 8^th Feb 1872, assassinated Lord Mayo, the then viceroy of India, in Port Blair.
• TRICK: "Mayo" sounds like "maaro" (to kill) similar to assassination.

Current in the resistor is in phase with the supply voltage
Current in the capacitor leads the supply voltage by 90°

From the below triangle


I_r = 3 A
V = I R
240 = 3 × R
R = 240/3 = 80 Ω

A point-to-point connection provides a dedicated link between two devices. The entire capacity of the link is reserved for transmission between those two devices. Most point-to-point connections use an actual length of wire or cable to connect the two ends, but other options, such as microwave or satellite links are also possible.

All the factors such as Bandwidth, free space loss and radiated power affects the Carrier to Noise ratio:
The Carrier to noise ratio is related to the parameters by the equation:

• Carbon dioxide is the emission/emission from coal combustion at thermal power plants.
• Along with carbon dioxide, sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide are also gaseous emissions which leads to global warming and acid rain.
• These emissions are formed due to the combustion process when coal is burned to produce heat.
• However, emissions depend on the quantity of coal used and the amount of sulphur present in the coal.

For a class B power amplifier maximum theoretical maximum efficiency is 78.5 %

• The optical properties of liquid crystals depend on the direction of light travels through a layer of the material
• In LCD, the electric field is induced by a small electric voltage applied across it; Due to which the orientation of molecules in a layer of liquid crystals can be changed

(30- 5.8) mA = 0.5 mA + I_Lmax
∴ I_Lmax = 23.7 mA

A file is identified by its path through the file system beginning from the root node.

Relative Path:

Absolute Path: It always contains the root element and the complete directory list required to locate the file.

Relative Path: it needs to be combined with another path in order to access a file. This path does not start from the root node.

When no voltage is applied to these deflection plates, the electron beam produces a spot of light at the center as shown by point O in fig below on the screen.

The intensity of the light spot on the screen can be controlled by changing the negative potential on the control grid.

The main function of the earth wire is to prevent live wire from overloading and absorbs the excess electrons & flows to the ground. Earthing is necessary to give protection against danger of electric shock

• Ammonium chloride and zinc chloride is used in the form of an electrolyte of the dry cell (battery).
• Ammonium chloride is mixed with Plaster of Paris to form a paste, with a small amount of zinc chloride added to increase the shelf life of the battery.
• Ammonium chloride paste allows current to flow.
• Zinc chloride paste allows a dry-cell to conduct the electricity and provide electrical power to various substances.
• Zinc chloride paste used between the space of anode and cathode electrodes in a dry cell along with moist paste of ammonium chloride where zinc chloride acts as an electrolyte.

The internet connects to different systems on the network and allows the users to send Emails, browse websites and share information on the server.

TRAP is nothing but RST 4.5

Address location of TRAP is given by 4.5 × 8 = 36₁₀ = 0024H
Hence control is transferred to 0024H
Different interrupts and their address are shown in the table:

The output of the gate is
Y = AB + A + B
Y = A (B + 1) + B
Y = A + B

• Moment of Force is defined as the rotational effect of a force on a body about an axis of rotation and its unit is Newton metre. 
• Centripetal Force acts towards the centre of the circular path in which a body is moving. 
• Impulse is the product of force and time since it is the reaction when a large force acts on a body for a very small time. 

Different magnetic materials and their properties are shown in the Table:

• When two or more celestial bodies arrange themselves in a straight line due to their own revolution it is known as a syzygy.
• All eclipses are syzygy but, not all syzygy are eclipses.
• For example, the full moon and new moon are syzygy involving the lining up of the Sun, Earth and Moon so, lunar and solar eclipses are syzygy.

Solid grounding is adopted for voltages below 600 V because of the higher point-of-fault energy levels. A power system is said to be effectively grounded or solidly grounded when the neutral of a generator, power transformer or grounding transformer are directly connected to the ground through a conductor of negligible resistance and reactance.

The NAND gate truth table is shown:

Both the inputs of the NAND gate are opposite
i.e. they are either (0, 1) or (1, 0)
Thus, the output is 1

• The non-uniform distribution of energy due to the superposition of light waves in a media is called the interference of light.
• Constructive interference occurs when the crest of one wave falls on the crest of other wave or the trough of one wave falls on the trough of the other wave.
• The resultant intensity due to constructive interference is, therefore, maximum.

In simplex mode, the communication is unidirectional. Only one of the two devices on a link can transmit: the other can only receive.

Keyboards and traditional monitors are examples of simplex devices. The keyboard can only introduce input; the monitor can only accept output. The simplex mode can use the entire capacity of the channel to send data in one direction.

In an SCR circuit, the angle of conduction can be changed by the variation in firing angle or variation of conduction of SCR by delaying the application of gate current.

It can be done by two way:

Phase Shifting Gate control: It causes 0 to 180⁰ delay of conduction. The phase angle of the gate voltage is changed with respect to the anode cathode voltage.

Pulse Triggering: The gate voltage can also be applied by giving pulses to the Gate terminal. The duty cycle of the pulses can be varied to provide variation in the conduction.

• Burzail Pass connects the Kashmir valley with Deosai Plains of Ladakh.
• It remains covered in snow during the winter.

USB root hub is the software driver that connects multiple USB peripherals to the computer. Root hub is connected to the processor through Bus.

FDM transmitter:

• The available bandwidth of a single physical medium is divided into a number of smaller, independent frequency channels
• Using modulation, independent message signals are translated into different frequency bands

FDM Receiver:

• At the receiving end, the signal is applied to a bank of band-pass filters, which separates individual frequency channels
• The bandpass filter outputs are then demodulated and distributed to different output channels

The effective of a data communications system depends on four fundamental characteristics:

delivery, accuracy. timeliness, and jitter.

• Delivery: The system must deliver data to the correct destination; Data must be received by the intended device or user
• Accuracy: The system must deliver the data accurately; Data that have been altered in transmission and left uncorrected are unusable
• Timeliness: The system must deliver data in a timely manner; Data delivered late are useless
• Jitter: Jitter refers to the variation in the packet arrival time; It is the uneven delay in the delivery of audio or video packets

The basic latch circuit can be constructed using 2 NOT gates.

• The problem with circular cells is, that they cannot cover the entire geographical location without leaving gaps or without overlapping with the adjacent cells
• Hexagon cells on the other hand are able to cover the entire area without overlapping or leaving gaps

Extensible syntax programming language means the source language to be compiled must not be closed, fixed, or static.

It must be possible to add new keywords, concepts, and structures to the source language.

While it is acceptable for some fundamental and intrinsic language features to be immutable, the system must not rely solely on those language features.

It must be possible to add new ones.

• Malaysia has become the 124th member of the International Criminal Court (ICC).
• The ICC is the world's only permanent war crimes court and aims to prosecute the worst abuses when national courts are unable or unwilling.
• The headquarters of International Criminal Court is in The Hague, Netherlands.
• Malaysia's capital is Kuala Lumpur and its currency is Malaysian Ringgit.

• Candela (Cd) is the SI unit of luminous intensity.
• Luminous intensity is a measure of the amount of visible light emitted from a point source per unit time per unit solid angle.

Skin depth is given by

Kawal Tiger Reserve is located at Jannaram mandal of Mancherial District in Telangana state of India.

There are 7 LEDs used in a 7-segment display.

The lissajous pattern of eight, on an oscilloscope, keeps on changing the shape when the ratio of exactly 2 : 1

Silicon, Germanium are indirect bandgap semiconductors in which recombination is done in two steps

Whereas Ga As, In P and Ga-In-P are direct bandgap semiconductors in which recombination is done in a single step

• Carbon dioxide is responsible for trapping heat energy from the Sun within the Earth's atmosphere by preventing the rays of the Sun from escaping into the atmosphere. 
• This leads to an increase in the overall temperature and this phenomenon is called global warming.

• Message: The message is the information (data) to be communicated; Popular forms of information include text, numbers, pictures, audio, and video
• Sender: The sender is the device that sends the data message; It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, video camera, and so on
• Receiver: The receiver is the device that receives the message; It can be a computer, workstation, telephone handset, television, and so on
• Transmission medium: The transmission medium is the physical path by which a message travels from sender to receiver; Some examples of transmission media include twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable and radio waves
• Protocol: A protocol is a set of rules that govern data communication

Fire walls in computing are used to safeguard the network from malicious threats and are part of the security system to monitor network traffic. They monitor incoming and outgoing requests and establish a secure barricade between the trusted local area network and the generally un-trusted external network. Every network has at least one such firewall as part of its design.

• The Ramon Magsaysay Award is an annual award established to perpetuate former Philippine President Ramon Magsaysay's example of integrity in governance, courageous service to the people, and pragmatic idealism within a democratic society.
• The prize was established in April 1957 by the trustees of the Rockefeller Brothers Fund based in New York City with the concurrence of the Philippine government.

When a process calls another process, it stores its run time environment into stack before passing the control to called function.

Hence stack is used in recursive and nested function call.

Various transistor configurations and their characteristics are shown in the table

• Duralumin alloy consists of Mg, Mn, Al, and Cu.
• Duralumin is a lightweight, strong, and hard alloy of aluminium, used widely in aircraft construction.
• It is workable, ductile, and relatable in the normal state and can be drawn and rolled into a variety of shapes.

For metals we have positive temperature coefficient of resistance

For semiconductors we have negative temperature coefficient of resistance i.e. as temperature increases then conductivity increases and resistance decreases.

This is primarily because increase in the carrier concentration (electrons in conductivity and holes in valence band) caused by excitation of electrons from valence band to conduction band

A full binary tree with N leaves contains 2N - 1 node.

Fifth Generation (Present and Future):

• 5th generation computers use ULSI (Ultra-Large Scale Integration) chips
• Millions of transistors are placed in a single IC in ULSI chips
• 64-bit microprocessors have been developed during this period
• Memory chips and flash memory up to 1 GB, hard disks up to 600 GB & optical disks up to 50 GB have been developed
• Fifth generation computing devices, based on Artificial Intelligence, are still in development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition, that is being used today

Notes:

In differential mode the phase difference between the two input terminals is 180°

In common mode the two inputs are in phase

Common mode voltage is given by

Whereas the differential mode voltage is given by

For AM
the Modulation index is given by

The modulation index is independent of frequency

For PM
the Modulation index is given by

The modulation index is independent of frequency

For FM,
modulation index

Modulation index is dependent on message signal frequency.

Energy resources can be classified into two categories:

1. Renewable source (Non-conventional energy)
2. Non-Renewable source (Conventional energy)

Renewable energy resources are natural resources which can be regenerated continuously and are inexhaustible. They can be used again and again in an endless manner. Examples are Wood, Solar energy, wind energy, hydropower, tidal energy, geothermal energy, Biomass Energy etc.

• Biomass Energy: Energy produced by organic matter like plants and animals are called Biomass Energy
• Examples of biomass are wood, crop residues, seeds, cattle dung, sewage, agricultural wastes etc
• Biogas and biofuel are examples of biomass energy

Non-Renewable energy resources are natural resources which cannot be regenerated once they are exhausted. They cannot be used again. Examples are Oil, Coal, petroleum, natural gas, nuclear fuels etc.

• “More Crop per Drop” is the tagline for ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana’.
• The policy was launched in the year 2015-2016 to promote farming and irrigation.
• The main objective of the scheme is to converge the investments in irrigation at the farm level and provide end to end solutions to the farmers.

• Kevlar is used for making bulletproof jackets.
• Kevlar is a synthetic fiber and heat-resistant.
• It absorbs the energy of a bullet and extends it over a larger area.
• It consists of many application which includes racing sails, bicycle tyres, bulletproof jackets, and vests.
• It was developed by an American scientist Stephanie Kwolek in the year 1965.

• In insulators, band gap is large typically greater than 3 eV
• Thermal energy is not sufficient to excite electrons from valence band to conduction band
• Thus, the valence band is completely filled and conduction band is completely empty