CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 5 (Science & Mathematics) - CTET & State TET MCQ

The primary role of the teacher should be to give plenty of opportunities to children to share their own understanding and knowledge. This only can help to realise the aims and objectives of a curriculum.

The suitable leadership style for a teacher for creation of a non-threatening learning environment in the classroom would be democratic because it means relating to or supporting others to make them learn and creating a non-threatening learning environment.

If teacher will ask the students to do right things, then only the students will achieve the right result which is most important.

Classification of students in different groups on the basis of their IQ tends to decrease their self-esteem and decrease their academic performance. Labeling students in this manner can create a fixed mindset, reducing motivation and engagement.

If some students cannot understand a topic because of the wide gap in their previous knowledge, the best approach to help the students is to arrange extra classes, as by only this approach can the wide gaps in their previous knowledge be filled.

Frobel's most important contribution to education was his development of the kindergarten. Frobel's method inspired and informed the work of Maria Montessori, Rudolf Steiner and others, who adopted his ideas and adapted his materials according to their own work.

This strategy might not work in the long run since this might lead to children reading only for getting the certificates. The students will be least interested in developing their reading or comprehensive skills, but would be more interested in increasing their collection of certificates and flaunting them in their friends' group.

The Cephalocaudal Principle states that development proceeds from top to bottom. According to this principle, a child will gain physical control of their head first. After this, physical control will move downward to the arms and lastly to the legs.

The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act, 2009, which represents the consequential legislation envisaged under Article 21A, means that every child has a right to full time elementary education of satisfactory and equitable quality in a formal school which satisfies certain essential norms and standards. So, as per the right, admission cannot be rejected for want of Transfer Certificate.

All of these techniques can be used to motivate the students of a class.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Adolescence marks an important time in the process of human development, the passage between childhood and adulthood. It is a time of tremendous opportunity and promises when adolescents begin to explore their growing individuality and independence and begin to think critically about themselves and the world around them.

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, has made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized into four stages. 

• He observed his children and their process of making sense of the world around them and developed a model of how the mind processes new information encountered.

Diversity means variety. For all practical purposes, it means a variety of groups and cultures. We have such a variety in abundance in India. We have here a variety of races, of religions, languages, castes, and of cultures. For the same reason, India is known for its sociocultural diversity.

Family is one of the most important social institutions. Most of the world’s population lives in family units. The specific form and behavior patterns found within a family have shown variations through time across countries of the world and even within a country.

According to Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development, assimilation, accommodation, and equilibrium are the ways through which children integrate new experiences into already existing cognition structures (schema). 

The National Curriculum Framework (NCF) 2005 is a guideline for school education in India.

• It emphasizes the importance of a child-centric approach to learning that emphasizes the child's holistic development.

Language is a symbolic, rule-governed system, shared by a group of people to express their thoughts and feelings. It provides a bank of memories and symbols inherited from one's fellow speakers and created in one's own lifetime.​

Multilingualism is the knowledge of more than one language by a person or within a social group; it assumes the ability to switch from one language to another in speech, writing, or reading.

• Other terms describing this phenomenon include bilingualism, polylingualism, multilingualism, diglossia, and languages-in-contact. 
• Multilingualism may be personal, social, or intersubjective.
• Personal multilingualism refers to the knowledge and verbal behavior of an individual, not necessarily shared by the whole community.
• Social multilingualism refers to the communicative practices of a nation, tribe, or another social group that sustains two or more languages.

Language development, according to Chomsky (1968), is the result of the child's genetic capability for language unfolding over time. Chomsky's (1976) model of language development attributed an innate understanding of fundamental rules that are activated by the language the child hears and account for the child's rapid and consistent development.

Special education is the practice of educating students in a way that provides accommodations that address their individual differences, disabilities, and special needs. Ideally, this process involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures, adapted equipment and materials, and accessible settings. Special education refers to a range of educational and social services provided by the public school system and other educational institutions to individuals with disabilities who are between three and 21 years of age. Special education is designed to ensure that students with disabilities are provided with an environment that allows them to be educated effectively.

Cultural demand is an environmental factor influencing the learning. 
Learning-centred education focuses on the learning process. Although its primary concern is on the learning of the students, all those involved in the education of students such as teachers are also co-learners with the students in the learning-centred education. It is basically learner-centred but includes teachers in the process of learning in a classroom situation. Learner-related factors affecting learning are:
Following are the factors affecting individual learning:

• Physical health
• Sensation or perception
• Needs
• Emotional conditions
• Mental health
• Willingness to learn
• Learning time
• Readiness to learn
• Student's basic ability
• Intelligence level
• Interest
• Motivation level

Progressive education focuses on learning that is both experiential and collaborative.
Some of the progressive educations qualities are:-

• Emphasis on learning by doing
• Integrated curriculum focused on thematic units
• Strong emphasis on problem solving and critical thinking
• Group work and development of social skills
• Collaborative and cooperative learning projects
• Education for social responsibility and democracy
• Emphasis of lifelong process and social skills

According to the theories of motivation, a teacher can enhance learning by setting realistic expectation from students. This is because a teacher’s expectation have a strong effect on the performance of his/her students. The expectation of a teacher from his/her students works as a motivational force for them which in turns results of better performance.

In a class individual learners differ from each other in terms of rate of development.
The rate of development of an individual child is different from that of another child. This principle is known as the ‘principle of individual differences’. For instance, some children may learn to walk in 8 months, while some may take more than a year to start walking. 
It is important for teachers to know variables such as physical characteristics, intelligence, perception, gender, ability, learning styles, which are individual differences of learners. An effective and productive learning-teaching process can be planned by considering these individual differences of students.

• Assertion: Correct. The development of children typically follows a predictable and orderly sequence.
• Reason: Incorrect. The reason states a fact about the development of infants' motor skills but does not directly explain the assertion.
• Explanation: While the assertion is true in outlining the predictable sequence of child development, the reason, although factual, does not provide a direct explanation for the assertion. Thus, Option C is the correct answer.

- Assertion is true: Children indeed start learning from various sources before formal schooling.

- Reason is true: It is crucial for teachers to instill values that promote critical thinking in children.

- The Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion.

- The assertion is correct as children in the two-word stage naturally start following some grammatical rules in their sentences subconsciously.

- The reason is correct as children in the two-word stage begin to enhance their sound production capability.

- The reason is the correct explanation of the assertion because the development of sound production capability enables children to articulate and follow grammatical rules more effectively.

- Assertion is true as emotions and thinking often operate in opposite directions.

- Reason is also true as emotions can stem from both direct perception and indirect perception.

- However, the Reason is not the correct explanation of the Assertion as the inverse relationship between emotions and thinking is not solely based on the origin of emotions.

• The assertion that the Discussion Method is effective for higher-level cognitive and affective objectives is accurate as this method encourages oral interaction and develops thinking and communication skills.
• The reason that the Discussion Method fosters leadership qualities in students and encourages oral interaction is also true.
• Hence, both the assertion and reason are correct, and the reason appropriately explains why the Discussion Method is effective for higher-level cognitive and affective objectives.