CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 10 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

Motivation cycle is a transition of states within an organism that propels the organism towards the satisfaction of a particular need, where motivation itself is considered a hypothesised state. Option (4) is the correct answer.

Freud believed that unconscious sexual conflicts rooted in childhood experiences cause most personality disturbances. According to him, early years shape the personality of a person.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a condition in which a person has trouble paying attention and focusing on tasks, tends to act without thinking, and has trouble sitting still. It may begin in early childhood and can continue into adulthood. Reducing the time allotted to complete an assignment to make it coincide with time of attention and increasing this time in a phased manner will be best suited to deal with ADHD children.

Industry versus Inferiority Stage is emphasised by psycho social theory.

Cognitive abilities speak about the social expectations for every stage of development. These are the brain based skills that we need to carry out any task from the simplest to the more complex.

Discussion is that students have considerable agency in the construction of knowledge, understanding, or interpretation. Students have fair chance to put their different ideas in front of everyone.

Stage 2: Instrumental Relativist Orientation
Lawrence Kohlberg: Right action is "that which instrumentally satisfies one's own needs and occasionally the needs of others". "Human relations are viewed in terms like those of the marketplace; elements of fairness, reciprocity and equal sharing are present, but they are always interpreted in a physical or pragmatic way. Reciprocity is a matter of 'you scratch my back and I'll scratch yours', and not of loyalty, gratitude or justice."

PSRN refers to Problem Solving, Reasoning and Numeracy.

Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative ideas by exploring many possible solutions.

Assessment plays a significant role in the teaching-learning process. Assessment of learning helps a teacher to design his/her teaching in a better way and to know the attainment level of learners in the subject content. Assessment for learning directly influences student learning by reinforcing the connections between assessment and instruction.

Learner motivation is frequently classified as intrinsic, where students are motivated by course content, or extrinsic, where students are motivated by a course grade or credit.

Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was the most well-known and influential theorist of cognitive development.

• In his theory of cognitive development, he discussed about the four distinct universal stages, each characterized by increasingly sophisticated and abstract levels of thoughts which always occur in the same order and each build on what has been learned in the previous stage.
• These stages are the sensorimotor stage, pre-operational stage, concrete operational stage and formal operational stage.

A good educational institution is one in which every student feels welcomed and cared for, where a safe and stimulating learning environment exists, where a wide range of learning experiences are offered, and where good physical infrastructure and appropriate resources conducive to learning are available to all students.

Intelligence is a key construct employed to know how individuals differ from one another. It also provides an understanding of how people adapt their behaviour according to the environment they live in. Intelligence as the ability to judge well, understand well, and reason well.

What did you eat in dinner yesterday? What is the name of your best friend? Do you know how to drive a car or ride a cycle? How did you feel when you got highest marks in your class? The mental process you used to answer all of these questions is known as memory.

• Memory refers to the ability to retain information and reproduce it over a period of time when required to perform a cognitive task. 
• Woodsworth says that “Memory consists in remembering what has previously been learned.”
• He regards memory as involving learning, retention, recall, and recognition of objects, events, or things.

​Thus, from the above-mentioned points, it is clear that the learning and experiences are stored in the brain by an individual for a period is called memory.

Jean Piaget, a swiss psychologist, is famous for his work on child development. He made a systematic study of cognitive development in his theory that is categorized in four stages.

Social skills refer to the abilities required to interact effectively with others. Developing social skills is an important aspect of education as it helps students in personal and professional growth.

Children with special needs have unique learning requirements and it is the responsibility of the teacher to respond to these needs in a positive manner.

Lev Vygotsky focused on socio-culture development of the child. Lev Vygotsky emphasized the effects of social and cultural context in cognitive development. His view included a focus on the process of development, collective activities, and the importance of making sense of development in the context of the cultural and historical context of the child.

Learning disability refers to a neurological disorder that causes cognitive impairment. Dyslexia, dysgraphia, dyscalculia, etc are the most common learning disability.

Child development involves the study of the patterns of growth, change and stability that occurs from conception through adolescence and therefore its emphasis on internal and external factors for its growth. The role of environment, experience and intelligence play a major role in the development of a child.

If the teacher comes to know that a student is absent in the class, in such a case, instead of expelling/punishing/preventing him/her from attending the class, the teacher should know the reason for his/her negligence and find out the appropriate remedy.
Improving Teacher Preparation in Classroom Management

• Provide teacher candidates with instructional approaches for classroom management through coursework and guided practice with feedback, and
• Address the challenges facing teacher candidates and new teachers in creating a positive classroom context

According to the Right to Education Act 2009, the school management committee is prepared. This committee monitors the utilization of grants, prepares the school development plan, and monitors the working of schools. School management committees have 50% women members from the disadvantaged groups of the community.

A child sees that a classmate has gotten into trouble by hitting another child. They learn by observing this interaction that they should not kill others. This is a classic example of learning by observation.
Learning style refers to a range of principles that aim to take into account differences in individuals' learning. Many theories share the proposition that humans can be classified according to their 'style' of learning, but differ in how the proposed styles should be defined, classified and assessed. A general concept is that individuals differ in the way they learn.

The adolescence stage of cognitive development is termed the formal operational stage; in this stage, an individual has the ability to think and reason from concrete visible events to an ability to think hypothetically. An individual can solve problems through abstract concepts and utilize them hypothetically.

- Assertion is correct. The challenges hindering inclusive education implementation in India have been persistent despite governmental efforts.

- Reason is correct. Initiatives like Sarba Siksha Abhijan (SSA) and Rastriya Madyamik Siksha Abhijan (RMSA) have indeed not produced significant outcomes.

- The reason is the correct explanation of the assertion because the lack of substantial results from these initiatives contributes to the challenges faced in implementing inclusive education policies.

• Assertion: Encouraging self-recognition is crucial for a child's problem-solving skills.
• Reason: Understanding one's strengths and weaknesses helps in effectively addressing challenges.
• Explanation: Self-recognition allows a child to identify areas for improvement and leverage strengths in problem-solving. Understanding oneself enhances the problem-solving process, making the Reason a correct explanation for the Assertion.

- The assertion that emotional factors significantly influence a child's development is correct.

- The reason that balanced emotional development helps children understand and respond to emotions effectively is also correct.

- The reason statement provides a logical explanation for how emotional factors influence a child's overall development, making it the correct explanation for the assertion.

- The assertion holds true as heredity can impact an individual's learning motivation and potential.
- However, the reason provided is not entirely accurate since heredity encompasses broader factors beyond just family background, making Option C the correct choice.

- Assertion is true as both Educational Technology (ET) and Computer Literacy were indeed major schemes under the National Policy on Education.
- The Reason is also true as the NCF 2005 aimed to align education with constitutional principles and foster holistic development in children.
- The Reason provides a valid explanation for why the schemes were introduced, linking back to the aims of the NCF 2005.