CTET Paper 2 Mock Test - 2 (Social Science) - CTET & State TET MCQ

A learning outcome provides a description of what learners should know, understand, and be able to do in a course or program. It provides direction for the design of instructional activities and clearly communicates to learners the end-product of the learning experience.
Learning outcome depends upon the learner, learning material, learning process and teacher.
The learner must have a learning objective and motive. This helps to decide on the learning outcome.
Learning material must be such that it should encourage the learners, as well as must have practical alue. This helps to achieve the learning outcome.
Learning process and teacher determine the design of instructional activities, and hence the learning outcome.

Intrinsic motivation refers to behaviour that is driven by internal rewards. In other words, the motivation to engage in a behaviour arises from within the individual because it is intrinsically rewarding. Thus, extrinsic rewards are not at all needed.

By offering another child a toy, the child is enhancing his bond with that child which is social development and by making him stop crying, child displays his emotional skills which is emotional development.

Scanning is reading a text quickly in order to find specific information, e.g. figures or names. This technique is employed to locate terms and references in an index or thesaurus.

Social development is a result of the environment in which the child moves. The moral, physical and cognitive developments are the functions of heredity and environment both and not the functions of maturation. Cognitive development of the child depends upon the interaction between heredity and environment. Intelligence is a part of the cognitive domain of the child. Due to heredity, a child's nurturance is held in the environment in which he moves. According to the question, in the last few decades, a child's performance is consistently increasing in IQ.

Mastery learning is a term, formulated by John B.Carrol (1971) and Benjamin Bloom (1971). It provides a compact and interesting way of increasing the likelihood that more students will attain a satisfactory level of performance in school subjects. First, all students are taught together in the same way and the method of teaching is equal for all the learners. Then, a mastery test is given to check, if students have mastered the subject. Those students are separated who could not master the subject, and diagnose their difficulty and divide them into various groups according to their problems. They are given mastery learning according to their difficulty requirements and then again they are checked by mastery test.

Language acquired by the children helps in development of children. Since, children hear and learn from the sounds of speech even while they are still in the womb. Language learning accelerates once infants are born. This language learning affects cognitive development. Some effects are more specific to language whereas other are more general. Development is a multiple process which includes various things. And language is one of them.

Self-study habit can be developed in children by citing examples of great people. Encouraging your children to develop good study habits from an early age is one of the most important things.

Bodily-kinesthetic intelligence is the capacity to manipulate objects and use a variety of physical skills. This intelligence also involves a sense of timing and the perfection of skills through mind–body union. Athletes, dancers, surgeons, and craftspeople exhibit well-developed bodily kinesthetic intelligence.

According to Piaget's theory of learning, teachers can ask whether the syllabus subjects are suitable for the level of students or not (i.e. keeping in mind the needs of each and every student).

The learning of language can be understood by the explanations provided above, further understanding of the process of language development is needed. It is clear that language acquisition is not present at birth, but takes place through the development of interaction between the external world and the internal mental processes of the learner.

Inclusive education ensures that children with special needs are taught in regular schools with their age and grade peers with support services provided within the school system. Thus, it reflects the objective of providing quality education to all children by accommodating their needs and learning styles into the general curriculum.

Howard Gardener is a psychologist who believed that Intelligence is not based on a single ability.
He gave a theory based on multiple intelligence.

Intelligence involves a number of abilities together. It is the ability to understand the incoming information and make sense of it. It is the ability to acquire new skills and use the existing knowledge to complete a task or deal with a situation. 

Social deviance, broadly defined, applies to any behavior, belief, or appearance that violates prevailing social norms.

The concept of Zone of Proximal Development is given by  Lev Vygotsky. Zone of Proximal Development or ZPD is the set of skills a child can't do on his own but can do with the help of guidance of a more knowledgeable other. 

Jean Piaget, a Swiss psychologist, proposed that children's cognitive development proceeds through four stages:

• Sensorimotor stage (birth to 2 years): Children use their senses and motor abilities to understand the world around them. They learn through direct experiences with objects and people.
• Preoperational stage (2 to 7 years): Children develop mental symbols to represent objects and ideas. They begin to use language and engage in pretend play.
• Concrete operational stage (7 to 11 years): Children develop the ability to think logically and systematically about concrete objects and events. They become more skilled at solving problems.
• Formal operational stage (11 years and beyond): Children develop abstract thinking skills and are able to reason logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations.

These stages are not fixed and children may move through them at different rates. The stages provide a general framework for understanding children's cognitive development and can help educators tailor their instruction to meet the needs and abilities of their students.

Student-centric approach, also known as the learner-centered approach, encompasses teaching methods that shift focus from teachers to students.

CCE refers to a school-based evaluation, which covers all aspects of school activities related to a child’s development. It emphasizes twofold objectives such as continuity of evaluation and assessment of learning outcomes in a comprehensive manner. It covers all the domains of learning i.e. cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains.

The cognitive process among the options you provided is "thinking." Thinking refers to the mental process of generating thoughts, ideas, and concepts through perception, reasoning, and memory. It involves various cognitive activities such as problem-solving, decision-making, imagination, and planning. Playing and running, on the other hand, are physical activities, while retrograde actions do not describe a specific cognitive process.

A review of a book on government schemes is not appropriate to take knowledge of primary sources.
Primary Sources: A source will be considered as a primary source in case it carries newly generated information, original work of research, or a new interpretation of already known facts. The document is the first and often the only published record of original research. The information contained in primary sources is generally scattered and unorganized.

The stage of creative problem solving in which the individuals do not give attention to the problem is incubation.
Graham Wallas (1926) outlined the creative thinking process into four stages:

• Preparation: It involves collecting information regarding a problem in order to solve it through trial and error, recalling personal experiences, and investigating in all possible directions.
• Incubation: It is a slow process in which the individual sinks into the unconscious and reflects on the problem. In this stage, individuals forget irrelevant information or unsuccessful attempts and engage with the task effectively.
• Illumination: It is the stage the individual is most active and conscious. It is in this stage that an insight to the problem is experienced suddenly and a new idea or solution emerges.
• Verification: This stage might involve modifications to the solution reached in the previous stage by adding or subtracting, or making new connections. The final solution achieved is tested in reality. If the solution does not apply to the problem then the whole process is repeated.

When a child gets bored while doing a task, it is a sign that the task may have become mechanically repetitive.
These activities have the following characteristics to avoid boredom in the classroom:

• It allows vigorous physical activity as children are energetic. Keeping this in mind, plan play activities involving running, jumping, climbing, catching and throwing.
• During the day there should be some indoor and some outdoor play activities. Outdoor play is generally vigorous and indoor activities are usually quieter.
• There must be a balance between structured activities initiated by you and free play initiated by the children. For example, taking the children out on a trip or organizing activities around a particular theme are structured activities. 
• During the day you must organize both group and individual activities. The group activities will foster a spirit of cooperation and social skills, while the individual activities will give the child a chance to be alone and do something on her own, hence children are intelligent enough to do things by their own, and are capable of learning. 
• The schedule of activities should be at a reasonable pace throughout the day. This means that you should allow enough time to children. But it should not be too slow that children begin to repeat it after completing it, else it will make children bored.

Gender:

• Gender is what we make of boys and girls.
• It is about the opportunities we give them to develop.
• It has got to do with their upbringing, socialization, culture and the role models we present for them.
• Gender is what a society and culture make of boys and girls.

Sex:

• Sex of a person indicates a boy or girl, a male or female, a man or woman.
• This distinction is based on the natural differences that exist in the body of males and females.
• These differences are biological and do not generally change.

However, if we talk about it in the Indian context, For three decades gender has been accepted as a category in the formulation of policy and curricula frameworks in India. “Gender”, “Equality” and “Empowerment” of girls have also been used as keywords in educational documents for a long as it is evident from the policy review section. “Gender” has primarily been viewed:

• As concerning only girls and women (a biological category) where
• As an isolated category, not related to other issues
• In terms of provision of equal facilities

So, we conclude that all the above-mentioned statements are correct.

School and media are secondary socializing agencies. 
Socialization is the process where the child learns to associate and relate with others. It refers to the process which transforms a quite helpless human infant into a self-aware, knowledgeable person who is skilled in the ways of their society’s culture. 

Assertion: Cultural factors indeed contribute significantly to the learning process by providing a unique context and perspective for acquiring new knowledge.

Reason: The diversity of rituals, language, and ethical codes within different cultures enriches the learning experience by offering varied insights and approaches.

Explanation: The Reason aligns well with the Assertion as cultural factors, through their distinct attributes, can enhance and shape the learning of new concepts and skills.

- Assertion is correct. Inclusive education is indeed crucial for promoting inclusivity and tolerance in society.

- Reason is correct. Inclusive education does ensure equal opportunities for learning and success for all individuals.

- The reason is the correct explanation of the assertion because promoting equal opportunities and success aligns with fostering an inclusive and tolerant society.

- Assertion is true as Hands-on learning is emphasized in the NCF 2023.

- Reason is true because hands-on learning indeed aids in a better comprehension of concepts through practical engagement.

- The Reason is the correct explanation of the Assertion as it justifies the emphasis on hands-on learning in NCF 2023.

- Assertion is correct: Curiosity is indeed a fundamental trait that plays a crucial role in how children learn scientific concepts.

- Reason is correct: The spirit of inquiry and the feedback from personal experiences are essential for shaping children's understanding of the world.

- Reason is not the correct explanation of Assertion: While both statements are true, the reason does not directly explain why curiosity influences the acquisition and understanding of scientific concepts.

• Assertion: According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, learning is reinforced by satisfying outcomes and weakened by unsatisfying outcomes. This statement accurately reflects the principle of reinforcement in learning.
• Reason: Satisfying responses strengthen learning, while dissatisfying responses are discarded. Although this reason is true, it does not directly explain why learning is reinforced by satisfying outcomes and weakened by unsatisfying ones.
• Explanation: While both statements are correct, the reason does not provide a direct explanation for why satisfying outcomes reinforce learning and unsatisfying outcomes weaken it.