General Knowledge Mock Test - 4 - CDS

Balance of Payments
The Balance of Payment is an organized record of an overall economic transaction between the
Residents of the country and the rest of the world during the particular time period. It
comprises of Current account payments and Capital account payments.
There are two key accounts in the Balance of Payment. They are:
• Current Account: The current account registers exports and imports in goods, trade in
services and transfer payments.
• Capital Account: The capital account registers entire international procurements and sales
of assets such as money, bonds, etc.

Any currency may be current account or capital account convertible or both.Current account convertibility implies that the Indian rupee can be converted to any foreigncurrency at existing market rates for trade purposes for any amount. It allows easy financialtransactions for the export and import of goods and services. Any individual involved in tradecan get foreign currency converted at designated banks or dealers.

The Department of Economic Affairs , Finance Ministry of India presents the EconomicSurvey in the parliament every year, just before the Union Budget . It is prepared under theguidance of the Chief Economic Adviser , Finance Ministry.

The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO) is a Eurasian political, economic, and securityorganisation, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by theleaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the ShanghaiCooperation Organisation Charter was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19September 2003. The Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS), headquartered in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, is a permanent organ of the SCO which serves to promote cooperation of member states against terrorism, separatism and extremism.

The human rights records of more than ninety countries and territories are put into perspectivein Human Rights Watch’s signature yearly report. Reflecting extensive investigative workundertaken in 2016 by Human Rights Watch staff, in close partnership with domestic humanrights activists, the annual World Report is an invaluable resource for journalists, diplomats,and citizens, and is a must-read for anyone interested in the fight to protect human rights inevery corner of the globe.

India’s Foreign Trade Policy
The Government of India, Ministry of Commerce and Industry announced New Foreign Trade
Policy on 01st April 2015 for the period 2015-2020, earlier this policy known as Export Import
(Exim) Policy.
• All export and import-related activities are governed by the Foreign Trade Policy (FTP), which
is aimed at enhancing the country's exports and use trade expansion as an effective instrument
of economic growth and employment generation.
• The Department of Commerce has announced increased support for export of various products
and included some additional items under the Merchandise Exports from India Scheme (MEIS)
in order to help exporters to overcome the challenges faced by them.
• The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) has developed an 'integrated declaration'
process leading to the creation of a single window which will provide the importers and
exporters a single point interface for customs clearance of import and export goods.

Asia-Africa Growth CorridorThe Asia-Africa Growth Corridor or AAGC is an economic cooperation agreement betweenthe governments of India and Japan .India on 25 May 2017 launched a vision document for Asia-Africa Growth Corridor or AAGC atthe African Development Bank meeting in Gujarat. The Research and Information System forDeveloping Countries (RIS), New Delhi, the Economic Research Institute for ASEAN and EastAsia (ERIA), Jakarta, and Institute of Developing Economies (IDE-JETRO), Tokyo, havedeveloped the Vision Document based on consultations with Asian and African think-tanks.It aims for Indo-Japanese collaboration to develop quality infrastructure in Africa,complemented by digital connectivity, which would undertake the realization of the idea ofcreating free and open Indo-Pacific Region.

India's external debt accounts for commercial borrowings, short term trade credits, and rupee denominated Non-resident Indian deposits. External debt includes both the government and private debt. The strategy of the government in external debt management consists of emphasis on raising sovereign loans on concessional terms with longer maturities, regulating the levels of commercial borrowing and their end-use, rationalizing interest rates on NRI deposits, monitoring short term debt and encouraging non-debt creating capital flows. External debt payment can be done in USD, INR, YEN and EURO, not in SDR. Internal debt includes loans raised by the government in the open market through treasury bills and government securities, special securities issued to the RBI and most importantly various bonds like the oil bonds, fertilizer bonds etc.

The divergence between the statutory tax rate and effective tax rate (defined as the ratio oftotal tax revenue collected to the aggregate tax base) is mainly on account of tax exemptions.Tax expenditure is also termed as ‘revenue forgone’, but it does not necessarily imply that thisquantum of revenue has been waived by the government.

FRBM Act had the objective of ensuring prudence in fiscal management by eliminating revenuedeficit, reducing fiscal deficit, establishing improved debt management and improvingtransparency in a medium-term framework with quantitative targets to be adhered by the statewith regard to deficit measures and debt management. The act was also expected to givenecessary flexibility to Reserve Bank of India (RBI) for managing inflation in India.

Reduction in private investment due to increase in interest rate which is due to fiscal deficit iscalled crowding out. If the interest rate increases due to monetary policy, then it is notcrowding out. It increases the vulnerability of the domestic economy from economic shockswhich adversely affects business or economic activity of the country.

Phytoremediation is the direct use of living green plants for removal, degradation, orcontainment of contaminants in soils, sludges, sediments, surface water and groundwater. It can be used both in-situ (by using these plants at the site of contamination) and ex-situ (bytransferring contamination to these plants e.g. contaminated groundwater can be pumped toirrigate these plants which in turn will trap the contamination).

A Judge of the Supreme Court shall not be removed from his office except by an order of thePresident passed after an address by each House of Parliament supported by a majority of thetotal membership of that House and by a majority of not less than two third of the members ofthe House present and voting has been presented to the President in the same session for suchremoval on the ground of proved misbehaviour or incapacitySpecial majority: As per article 368(2), it requires a majority of not less than two-thirds of themembers of the House present and voting supported by a majority of the total membership ofthat House. This type of majority is used for most of the Constitutional amendment bills.‘Violation of the Constitution’ is the basis for impeachment of President

The National Leprosy Eradication Programme is a centrally sponsored Health Scheme of theMinistry of Health and Family Welfare, Govt. of India with the objective to arrest the diseaseactivity in all the known cases of leprosy through early diagnosis and treatment.The country achieved the goal of elimination of leprosy as a public health problem, defined asless than 1 case per 10,000 population, at the National Level in the month of December, 2005.However, while the country as whole has eliminated leprosy, few pockets like state ofChhattisgarh and union territories like Delhi, Dadra & Nagar Haveli have remained to achieveelimination.South-East Asia region (SEAR) currently has highest prevalence of leprosy cases and highestnew case detection rate. India alone accounts for more than half of the global leprosy burden.

The World Economic Forum has launched a new Global Centre for Cybersecurity to help build asafe and secure global cyberspace. The centre will be based in Geneva, Switzerland, and willfunction as an autonomous organization under the auspices of the World Economic Forum.The aim of the centre is to establish the first global platform for governments, businesses,experts and law enforcement agencies to collaborate on cybersecurity challenges.

The Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act was enacted in 1958 to bring under control what thegovernment of India considered ‘disturbed’ areas.According to The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act, 1976 once declared ‘disturbed’, the area has to maintain status quo for a minimum of 3 months.In most cases, for example during elections, when the local police may be stretched too thin tosimultaneously handle day-to-day tasks, the central government obliges by sending in the BSF and the CRPF. Such cases do not come under the purview of AFSPA. AFSPA is confined tobe enacted only when a state, or part of it, is declared a 'disturbed area'. Continuedunrest, like in the cases of militancy and insurgency, and especially when borders arethreatened, are situations where AFSPA is resorted to.

Ind AS or Indian Accounting Standards govern the accounting and recording of financialtransactions as well as the presentation of statements such as profit and loss account andbalance sheet of a company. For long, there has been a heated debate about Indian companies moving to the globally accepted International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for their accounts.But firms have resisted this shift, stating that this will lead too many changes in the capture andreporting of their numbers. Ind AS has been evolved as a compromise formula that triesto harmonise Indian accounting rules with the IFRS. The Ind AS are named and numberedin the same way as the corresponding IFRS. These are issued under the supervision and control of Accounting Standards Board (ASB), which is a committee under Institute of Chartered Accountants of India (ICAI).

ASER stands for Annual Status of Education Report. This is an annual survey that aims toprovide reliable estimates of children’s enrolment and basic learning levels for each district andstate in India. ASER has been conducted every year since 2005 in all rural districts ofIndia by NGO (non-governmental organization) named Pratham.Unlike most other large-scale learning assessments, ASER is a household-based rather thanschool-based survey. This design enables all children to be included – those who have neverbeen to school or have dropped out, as well as those who are in government schools, privateschools, religious schools or anywhere else.

India is all set to have its own automated ocean pollution observation system, called automatedmoorings, this year that will help keep a tab on ocean pollution levels apart from offeringinsights on how the marine system is changing.It will do away with the present practice of collecting water samples from sea and studying their pollution levels thereafter. It will help in monitoring the pollution level of the ocean water and the impact of climate change in light of the reports that the water is becoming anoxic and it could change the marine system.

The Union government is set to come up with India’s first National Urban Policy framework thisyear. With urban development being a state subject until now, there has never been acomprehensive national policy that spells out the country’s plan for urbanisation.The policy is meant to align with the ‘New Urban Agenda’, agreed to at Habitat III, whichdefines what nations are expected to do towards the cause of sustainable urban development inthe period 2016-30.

NeSL is India’s first Information Utility and is registered with the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Board of India (IBBI) under the aegis of the Insolvency and Bankruptcy Code, 2016 (IBC). The company has been set up by leading banks and public institutions and is incorporated as a union government company. The primary role of NeSL is to serve as a repository of legal evidence holding the information pertaining to any debt/claim, as submitted by the financial or operational creditor and verified and authenticated by the other parties to the debt.

The Ro-Ro ferry services are vessels made to carry wheeled cargo such as cars, trucks, semi-trailer trucks, trailers, and railroad cars.First of this kind of service started between between Ghogha in Bhavnagar district and Dahej in Bharuch district.

Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas launched Start-up Sangam initiative to develop new business models, marketing plans, technology and innovations in heavy oil and gas industry sector by supporting 30 start-ups.

Ministry of Power, Government of India has launched Deen Dayal Upadhyaya Gram Jyoti Yojana for rural areas having following objectives:

(i) To provide electrification to all villages

(ii) Feeder separation to ensure sufficient power to farmers and regular supply to other consumers

(iii)Improvement of Sub-transmission and distribution network to improve the quality and reliability of the supply

(iv) Metering to reduce the losses

Unnat Chulah Abhiyan (UCA) is a programme of the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India.

(i)To develop and deploy improved biomass cook - stoves for providing cleaner cooking energy solutions in rural, semi - urban and urban areas using biomass as fuel for cooking.

(ii)To mitigate drudgery of women and children using traditional chulha for cooking.

(iii)To mitigate climate change by reducing the black carbon and other emissions resulting from burning biomass for cooking.

MCA 21 is an ambitious e-Governance project of Ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India . The core objective of this project is to transform the Ministry’s mode of working from traditional paper to paperless format. This initiative was launched to deliver over 100 services to citizens electronically covering almost completely the Companies Act of 1956. These services are provided in easy and secured manner via Ministry of Corporate Affairs portal. The MCA 21 is also the first portal under the Government to use the Digital Identity of the Users.

The inner core is in solid state and the outer core is in the liquid state (or semi-liquid). The asthenosphere (in between 80-200km) is a highly viscous, mechanically weak and ductile, deforming region of the upper mantle which lies just below the lithosphere. Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which constitute the hard and rigid outer layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is subdivided into tectonic plates.

Except President and Governor all other given dignitaries shall take oath 'to uphold sovereignty & integrity of India' in their Oath before entering the office. The office of speaker and deputy speaker of Loksabha, and Chairman and Vice Chairman of Rajya Sabha are not required to take Oath before entering their office. They take Oath before taking membership of parliament.

Statement 1 is not correct as it is part of Constitution under article 136.
Statement 2 is not correct because Special Leave petition has no jurisdiction over military tribunal & court martial. Only President has power to pardon sentence inflicted by court martial & military court.
Statement 3 is correct because it is a discretionary power of SC and hence, cannot be claimed as matter of right. Because being an exceptional & overriding power it has to be exercised sparingly & with caution and only in special extraordinary situations.

Ministry of Culture has taken up a project named as JATAN in collaboration with C-DAC, Pune for creating an online digital repository of museum collections on national portal for the museums under the administrative control of this Ministry. It is launched with the twin purpose of making effective utilization of technology in museum management and bringing the collections of these museums closer to the public by making them available for online viewing over the internet.Till now, 1,08,881 art objects have been digitized and uploaded on the portal.

A new central sector scheme namely ―Integrated Management of Public Distribution System (IM-PDS)‖ has been approved for implementation during 2018-19 and 2019-20 with the key objectives of:-
•To integrate PDS System / Portals of States / UTs with portals of Central Govt. / System.
•Introduction of National Portability to remove restriction on purchase of food grains from the selected cities / districts.
•De-duplication of Ration Cards and beneficiaries.
The new scheme will bring more transparency and efficiency in distribution of foodgrains as it will improve the mechanism to identify fake/duplicate ration cards .

The provision for setting up an Inter-State Council is mentioned in Article 263 of the constitution. It also mentions certain duties and authorises President to define the nature of duties and its organisation and procedure.
Statement 1 is correct: The Sarkaria Commission on Centre-State Relations (1983-87) made a strong case for the establishment of a permanent Inter-State Council U/A 263 of the constitution.
Statement 2 is incorrect: Prime Minister is the Chairman of Inter-State Council.
Statement 3 is incorrect: The Council is a recommendatory body i.e. its decisions are not binding on any member.

Recently the Government of Sikkim came up with a unique way of preserving trees by encouraging people to forge a relationship of brotherhood or sisterhood with trees through a practice locally known as Mith/Mit or Mitini.

Statement 1 is correct: In the Government of India (Allocation of Business) Rules, 1961Cabinet Secretariatfinds a place in the First Schedule to the Rules. The Cabinet Secretariat is under the direct charge of the Prime Minister.
Statement 2 is correct: The administrative head of the Secretariat is the Cabinet Secretary who is also the ex-officio Chairman of the Civil Services Board.

LEED, or Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design, is the most widely used green building rating system in the world. Available for virtually all building, community and home project types, LEED provides a framework to create healthy, highly efficient and cost-saving green buildings. LEED certification is a globally recognized symbol of sustainability achievement. Recently, WashingtonD.C was the first to receive the top ―platinum‖ certification under the global sustainability programme called LEED for Cities, which tracks performance on energy use, waste management, water, transport and even quality of life.

The Integrated Guided Missile Development Plan was envisioned by former President Dr. A P J Abdul Kalam to help India attain self-sufficiency in the field of missile technology. Five missile systems have been developed under this programme:
Intermediate range surface-to-surface ballistic missile - Agni
Medium range surface-to-air missile - Akash
Short range low-level surface-to-air missile - Trishul
Short range surface-to-surface missile - Prithvi
Third generation anti-tank missile – Nag

Article 153: It says that there shall be Governor for each state of India. 7th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1956 had facilitated the appointment of of the same person as a Governor for two or more states.

Departments of Finance ministry are
Department of Expenditure
Department of Revenue
Department of Financial Services
Department of Investment and Public Asset Management
Department of Economic Affair

DPSP - Art. 45: Provision for free and compulsory education for children till the age of 14 years.Fundamental right: The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education Act or Right to Education Act (RTE), is an Act of the Parliament of India enacted on 4 August 2009, which describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14 in India under Article 21a of the Indian Constitution

At present, there are 25 High Courts in India, three having charge over more than one State. Amongst the Union Territories Delhi has a High Court of its own.T

The GANHRI (Global Alliance of National Human Rights Institutions)is an international association affiliated to the United Nations comprises of national humans rights institutions (NHRIs) from all parts of the globe. Paris principle is adopted by in 1993 by UNGA to set the the minimum International standards for National human right institutions.

Under the Ayushman Bharat Scheme, the government aims to open 1.5 lakh health and wellness centre by 2022, which would be equipped to treat host of diseases, including blood pressure, diabetes, cancer and old-age illness. It will cover 5 lakh per family and Ayushman Bharat National Health Protection Mission Council (AB-NHPMC) at apex level Chaired by Union Health and Family Welfare Minister.

Both the options are correct about CRISPR-Cas9 technology.

Ministry of Commerce has implemented the National Programme for Organic Production(NPOP) since 2001. The objectives of NPOP are as under:

(i) To provide the means of evaluation of certification programme for organic agriculture andproducts (including wild harvest, aquaculture, livestock products) as per the approved criteria.

(ii) To accredit certification programmes of Certification Bodies seeking accreditation.

(iii) To facilitate certification of organic products in conformity with the prescribed standards.

(iv) To facilitate certification of organic products in conformity with the importing countriesorganic standards as per equivalence agreement between the two countries or as per importingcountry requirements.

(v) To encourage the development of organic farming and organic processing.

Cholera-Bacteria

Typhoid- Bacteria

Chicken Pox-virus

Hepatitis B- virus

Coal gas contains a variety of calorific gases including hydrogen, carbon monoxide,methane and volatile hydrocarbons together with small quantities of non-calorific gases such ascarbon dioxide and nitrogen.Coal gas is a flammable gaseous fuel made from coal and supplied to the user via a pipeddistribution system.The gas obtained when coal is heated strongly in the absence of air is called coal gas.

The world’s longest sandstone cave named Krem Puri was discovered near Laitsohum village in Mawsynram area in East Khasi Hills district of Meghalaya. The cave is 24,583 metres (24.5 km) in length and is known for its complex cave systems hidden under its undulating hills. It hosts the fossils of some of the oldest reptiles on earth.

World Environment Day is held each year on June 5. It is one of the principal vehicles through which the United Nations (UN) stimulates worldwide awareness of the environment and enhances political attention and action. World Environment Day was established by the United Nations General Assembly in 1972 to mark the opening of the Stockholm Conference on the Human Environment. Another resolution, adopted by the General Assembly the same day, led to the creation of UNEP.

Vulnerable - Most children speak the language, but it may be restricted to certain domains (e.g. home)
Definitely Endangered - Children no longer learn the language as mother tongue in the home
Severely Endangered - Language is spoken by grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves.
Critically Endangered - The youngest speakers are grandparents and older generations; while the parent generation may understand it, they do not speak it to children or among themselves.

The Indian National Army trials (INA trials), which are also called the Red Fort trials. After World War Two, the British captured some 23, 000 INA soldiers and charged them with treason. In November 1945, the INA trials began at the Red Fort. SN Khan, PK Sahgal and GS Dhillon, the first three senior INA officers became symbols of India fighting for her Independence. The defence of INA prisoners was taken up by Bhulabhai Desai, K N Katju, J L Nehru and Asaf Ali led by TejBahadurSapru. The RashtriyaSwayamsewakSangh (RSS), the Hindu Mahasabha and the Sikh League supported the INA cause.

According to Jaina doctrine, the surest way of annihilating Karma is to practice penance and karma is the bane of the soul and must be ended. Every object, even the smallest particle has a soul.

G S Kharpade, Mohammad Ali Jinnah and JawaharLal Nehru were among those who left Congress after the declaration of non-cooperation programme because they still believed in the lawful struggle.

Samudra gupta was the fourth ruler of the Gupta Empire and the son and successor of Chandragupta I.The main source of Samudragupta's history is an inscription engraved on the Allahabad pillar known as PrayagPrashasti and composed by his court poet Harisena. He also performed an Asvamedha sacrifice.

The Kena Upanishad is a Vedic Sanskrit text classified as one of the primary or Mukhya Upanishads that is embedded inside the last section of the Talavakara Brahmanam of the Samaveda. The Katha Upanishad is one of the mukhya (primary) Upanishads, embedded in the last short eight sections of the Kaṭha school of the Krishna Yajurveda.The Prashna Upanishad is an ancient Sanskrit text, embedded inside Atharva Veda.The Maṇḍukya Upaniṣad is the shortest of all the Upanishads, and is assigned to Atharvaveda

The age of Guptas in the Indian History is described as Golden Age of Indian History because of all given reasons.

Qanungos was responsible for surveying land in pargana.The Qanungos, who were hereditary holders of land as well as local officials conversant with local conditions, were ordered to report on the actual produce, state of cultivation, local prices, etc.It is said that, in every area, the Qanungos were considered as the most faithful and loyal officials towards their Mughal rulers.

In terms of temple archietecture, during Vijayanagara period certain new features were in evidence which included structures of immense scale that must have been a mark of imperial authority, best exemplified by the raya-gopurams.Other distinctive features include mandapas or pavilions and long, pillared corridors that often ran around the shrines within the temple complex.

The term "Rihla" was especially attributed to the written account of the adventures of the Islamic traveler and scholar, Ibn Battuta. Ibn Battuta traveled throughout most of the Islamic world during 1304-1369 C.E., later dictating his account as the Rihla.

The early Muslim invaders (Ghori, Slaves, Khalji, Tughlaq, Sayyid& Lodi) were not able to establish a stable and efficient government in India. This was because they had very limited resources at their disposal and they could not establish cooperation with Hindus.

Lord Dufferin initially called Congress as representative of “microscopic minority of India”.

Ranthambhore National Park is the fortieth largest national park in northern India, covering 392 km².It is situated in the SawaiMadhopur district of southeastern Rajasthan. Ranthambhore National Park lies at the edge of a plateau and is bounded to the north by the Banas River and to the south by the Chambal River.

The Mahanadi is one of the largest Indian peninsular rivers that drains into the Bay of Bengal. The 857 km long river originates in Raipur district of the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh and flows through the eastern state of Orissa before meeting the sea. The major tributaries of Mahanadi are Seonath, Jonk, Hasdo, Mand, Ib, Ong, Tel etc. Brahmani and Baitarni are not tributaries of the Mahanadi river.

Meteorological drought happens when dry weather patterns dominate an area. Hydrological drought occurs when low water supply becomes evident, especially in streams, reservoirs, and groundwater levels, usually after many months of meteorological drought. Agricultural drought happens when crops become affected.

Crop rotation and Application of Bio-fertilizers are two important strategies of soil health management.

In Southern hemisphere, Summer Solstice occurs on 22-23 December and Winter Solstice on 21 June. In Northern hemisphere, Autumnal Equinox falls on 23 September and in Southern hemisphere on 21 March.

Turkey is situated between Black Sea on one side and Mediterranean Sea on other side.

The Pachmarhi Biosphere Reserve is located in the biogeographical region of the Deccan Peninsula and the Biotic Province of Central India. The Satpura mountain ranges cross India from west to east and Pachmarhi lies directly in its centre. The highest peak is the Dhoopgarh, which reaches 1,352 metres above sea level. The eastern boundary of the biosphere reserve lies along the Dudhi River, while the southern boundary borders the Tawa plateau. Son river does not flow through Panchmarhi.

The Battle of Raichur was a battle fought between the Vijayanagar Empire and the Sultanate of Bijapur in 1520 CE in the town of Raichur lying between the Krishna River and its tributary, the Tungabhadra River.

Tanzania, Brunei, Timur and Seychelles share their boundary with Indian Ocean. Eritrea is situated near Red Sea and not Indian Ocean.

Teraiare ill drained marshy lands marked by the re-emergence of underground streams of the Bhabharbelt.Terai belt lies to the south of Bhabhar. Terai is more marked in eastern part than in west because eastern parts of the plain receive higher rainfall as compared to their western counterparts.

The Barren Island and Narcondam Island in north of Port Blair, are volcanic islands. They are also only active volcanoes in India.

Aravalis are one of the oldest fold mountains of the world and the oldest in India. After its formation in Archaean Era, its summits were nourishing glaciers and several summits were probably higher than the present day Himalayas. Today, they are relict (after severe weathering and erosion) of the mountain formed as a result of folding (Archaean Era). Indian drainage system may be divided into the Arabian and the Bay of Bengal on the basis of discharge of water. They are separated from each other through the Delhi ridge, the Aravalis and the Sahyadris, thus acting as a water divide. Malwa plateau lies between Aravali and Vindhyan ranges.

Coriolis force is an apparent force caused by the earth‘s rotation. The Coriolis force is responsible for deflecting winds towards the right in the northern hemisphere and towards the left in the southern hemisphere. The Coriolis force is directly proportional to the angle of latitude. It is maximum at the poles and is absent at the equator. So, at the equator, the Coriolis force is zero and the wind blows perpendicular to the isobars. The low pressure gets filled instead of getting intensified. That is the reason why tropical cyclones are not formed near the equator.