Test: Sources & Conduits For Water Supply

Darcy-Weisbach formula is used to compute head loss in certain section of a pipe length.

The internal pressure within a pipe is caused by the water head to which the pipe can be subjected and the additional transient pressures. The maximum internal pressure under worst circumstances is sum of full static pressure and the water hammer pressure.

Check values or Reflux valves: Check valves are sometimes called non-return valves because they prevent water to flow back in the opposite direction. They may be installed on the delivery side of the pumping set, so as to prevent the back flow of stored or pumped water, when the pump is stopped.

Sluice valves are used to regulate the flow of water through the pipes. They are usually placed at the summits.

In order to remove the entire water from within a pipe (after closing the supply), small gated offtakes are provided at low points. These valves are known as blow off valves or drain valves or scour valves. These valves, are necessary at low level points for completely emptying the pipe for inspection, repairs, etc.

This type of a joint is used when it is required to join the plain ends of cast iron pipes. The joints are strong and rigid. They can withstand vibrations and are, therefore, useful for pipes to be carried over bridges or below bridges in hangers.

Cast iron pipes can be used for both-water pipes and sewer pipes. However the basic difference is pressure flow in water pipe and suspended solids carried in sewage.

If diameter > Economical dia

• Less cost of Pumping
• High cost of pipe material 

If diameter < economical dia

• Less cost of pipe material
• High cost of pumping

Higher pH means presence of alkali in water which sets at the surface of pipe leading to incrustation, sediment deposits and tuberculation.
However, discharge depends on the volume of water/ sewage carried by pipe in a given time and is independent of pH.