Test: Blood (NCERT) - NEET MCQ

When plain dwellers move to high altitudes, the red blood cell production increases. This is in response to the low oxygen content of the air at high altitudes and thus more RBCs (and hence more Hb) are needed to absorb the required amount of O₂ from the air. Breathing rate also increases so that the required amount of O₂ reaches all the tissues of the body.

Heparin is a glycosaminoglycan with anticoagulant properties, occurring in the blood. Therefore blood does not clot inside blood vessels.

The correct option is C The recipient’s serum should not contain the antibodies against the RBCs of the donor
“A” and “B” are the two surface antigens that are present on the surface of the RBCs. If antigen “A” is found on the RBCs, then anti-B antibodies are developed in the plasma of that individual. If antigen “B” is found on the RBCs, then that individual tends to develop anti-A antibodies in the plasma. The blood transfusion should be done in such a way that the recipient’s serum (plasma without the clotting factors) does not contain antibodies against the antigens present on the surface of the RBCs of the donor. The blood of the donor should properly match with the blood of the recipient. Otherwise, it will result in the destruction or clumping of the red blood cells.

The correct answer is blood serum.

Explanation:

• Blood serum is the liquid part of the blood that remains after coagulation has occurred, meaning the clotting factors (like fibrinogen) have been removed. Because serum lacks these clotting factors, it does not coagulate.

• Blood from the pulmonary artery, whole blood from the pulmonary vein, and blood plasma all contain clotting factors and can coagulate under the right conditions.

Therefore, the substance that will not coagulate is blood serum.

Final Answer: 1 (Blood serum)

• Plasma, which is an element of blood, constitutes 55% of it.
• The rest 45% consists of the formed elements-the RBCs, the WBCs and the blood platelets.
• Plasma is straw colored and a viscous fluid.

During first pregnancy, Rh antigens of the foetus do not get exposed to the Rh -ve blood of the mother as the two bloods are well separated by placenta. However, at the time of delivery, there are chances of exposure of the maternal blood to small amounts of Rh +ve blood of the foetus. Thus mother's body starts preparing antibodies against Rh antigens in her blood. In case of subsequent pregnancies, the Rh antbodies from the mother can leak into the blood of the Rh +ve foetus and destroy the foetal RBCS This could be fatal for the foetus or could cause severe anaemia and jaundice. This condition is called erythroblastosis foetalis.

Prothrombin is essential for blood clotting and is synthesized in the liver in the presence of vitamin K. 

• Serum is composed of plasma which is devoid of clotting factors.
• Normally, plasma contains 6-8% of proteins and 90-92% of water.
• It also contains minerals, biomolecules and clotting factors.

The diagram shows the different types of blood cells.
The label A refers to eosinophils. The nucleus of these cells is bilobed. They are involved in allergic and inflammatory reactions.
The label B refers to monocytes. They have a kidney-shaped nucleus.
The label C refers to neutrophils. They have a multilobed nucleus. the monocytes and neutrophils are involved in phagocytosis.
The label D refers to lymphocytes. They have a large circular nucleus. They form the immune T cells and B cells.

The structure given in option 'b' is of basophil. Basophils secrete histamine, serotonin, heparin, etc. and are involved in inflammatory reactions. The structure given in option'a is of neutrophil. Its percentage is 40-70%. The structure given in option 'cis of eosinophil. Its percentage is 1-6%. The structure given in option 'd' is of monocyte. Its percentage is 2-10% and is phagocytic in function.

Plasma contains small amounts of minerals like Na⁺,Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, HCO₃^- Cl^- etc.

(i) for O blood group the antigens are absent on the RBCs, III) the plasma therefore contains antibodies for both antigen A and antigen B, 
(ii) for AB blood group the surface of RBC has both antigen A and B, therefore no antibodies in the plasma. 
(iv) the donor group of O is only O group.
So, the correct answer is 'i - Nil, ii - Nil, iii - Anti-A, B, iv - O'

Neutrophils (40-70%) + Lymphocytes (20-40%) → Monocytes (2-10%) → Acidophils (1-6%) → Basophils (0-1%).

Correct option is C. 

Blood platelets are cell fragments rather than true cells, they are formed from megakaryocytes (very large cells of bone marrow).

Persons with blood group 'O' (with no antigens on RBCs) are known as universal donors as they can donate Bblood to any person of any blood group of ABO system.
Thus the blood group of the donor must be 'O' which can be safely donated to the patient as the patient's body will not produce any antibody against the persons's blood.

The RBC membrane contains either antigen A or antigen B, or both Antigen A and B or no antigen at all, accordingly the blood is classified as blood group A , B , AB and O respectively. The blood plasma of blood group A will have antibodies for B, that of B will have antibodies for A,  that of AB will have non, while that of O will have both the antibodies. If blood is transfused at random this will lead to antigen-antibody reaction - like if A is the blood group of the recipient while the blood group of the donor happens to be B, this will lead to clumping of the RBCs.
So, the correct answer is 'Antigen-antibody reaction'

The lifespan of white blood cells ranges from 8-10 days, after which time they are destroyed in the lymphatic system. When immature WBCs are first released from the bone marrow into the peripheral blood, they are called "bands" or "stabs." Leukocytes fight infection through a process known as phagocytosis.
 So the correct answer is 'Less than 10 days'

WBC’s can change their shape and are capable of amoeboid movement . This enables them to squeeze out of blood capillaries into the tissues. this process is known as diapedesis.

Persons having blood group AB, do not have antibodies in their plasma, therefore, they are universal recipients.

In humans, blood oozes out from a cut or injury and forms a semi-solid or solid clump, which is called a blood clot and this process is called blood clotting. Blood clotting is necessary to prevent excessive loss of blood.

Prothrombin is an inactive plasma portion that is converted into active protein called thrombin by the enzyme prothrombinase. Vitamin K help in the synthesis of prothrombin in liver.

Thrombocytes are involved in blood clotting. Their life span is 3-7 days.

In order for the blood to clot, fibrinogen must be converted to fibrin by the action of an enzyme called thrombin, Fibrin then forms long filaments, which trap blood cells to form a solid clot.

Lymphocytes are the smallest (6-10 nm) and the most common (20-40% of total leucocytes) leucocytes after neutrophils (40-70% of total leucocytes).

• Out of all the different types of leukocytes present in blood, neutrophils are the most abundant in blood.
• They constitute 60-65% of the total number of white blood cells.
• They are phagocytic cells.

Rh factor was discovered by Landsteiner and Weiner in 1940 in Rhesus monkey. Rh factor is a protein named rhesus antigen and is present on the surface of RBCS in
many persons. Persons who have this antigen are called Rh⁺. Others, who do not have this antigen are called Rh^-.

Christmas factor (factor IX) is a plasma thromboplastin component i.e., a thromboplastin activator present in blood plasma. Its deficiency causes congenital disease called hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease).

• Monocytes and neutrophils are phagocytic white blood cells or leukocytes.
• These cells engulf and destroy foreign particles and various pathogenic organisms by the process of phagocytosis.

All the fluids outside the cells are collectively called the extracellular fluid. The extracellular fluid is mainly present as interstitial fluid and plasma. The interstitial fluid surrounds each cell. The plasma is the noncellular part of the blood and communicates continuously with the interstitial fluid through the pores of the capillary mombranes.