Test: Disorders of the Excretory System (August 25) - NEET MCQ

Threshold value of a substance is its highest concentration in the blood upto which it is totally reabsorbed from the glomerular filtrate. Substances like glucose and amino acids are those substances that are reabsorbed actively into the blood by the active transport and therefore they do not appear in the urine. The threshold value of glucose is about 180 mg per 100 ml of blood. When this value is exceeded, glucose begins to appear in the urine.
Counter current mechanism in loop of Henle and vasa recta helps to concentrate the urine. Haemodialyser does not remove glucose and plasma proteins. In glomerulus, plasma proteins are not filtered out.

Dialysis is of two types : haemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Peritoneal dialysis uses a natural filter inside the body i.e. peritoneal membrane to remove wastes and extra fluid from the body. The dialysis fluid fills the belly and pulls out wastes and extra fluid from the body. Blood is not removed from the body as in the case of haemodialysis.

K⁺, H⁺, NH₃ and HCO₃^- ions a re secreted by active transport into the filtrate in the DCT. Juxtaglomerular apparatus is a sensitive region formed by cellular modifications in the DCT and the afferent arteriole at their contact location. Juxtaglomerular apparatus consists of juxtaglomerular cells, macula densa and lacis cells. Presence of glucose in the urine is called glycosuria. ANF can cause vasodilation when blood flow is high to the atria of the heart.

Haemodialysis is done in the patients whose kidneys become completely non-functional. Haemodialysis is the process of diffusion across a semipermeable membrane to remove unwanted substances from the blood while adding derivable components. The dialysis unit consists of a coiled cellophane tube kept in the dialysing fluid. The membrane of the tube is impermeable to blood cells and proteins but permeable to urea, uric acid, creatinine and mineral ions.

If one kidney is removed, the other kidney will take over the work of the removed kidney and thus nothing will happen to the person and he will survive.

Haemoglobin is not normally excreted in urine. If haemoglobin gets excreted in urine, the condition is known as haemoglobinuria.

Under fasting conditions, liver produces large amount of ketone bodies which are associated with high rate of fatty acid oxidation. Presence of excess ketone bodies in urine is termed as ketonuria.

• Anuria and Haematuria: Anuria, which is the absence of urine production, and haematuria, which is the presence of blood in the urine, are common symptoms of ureteric calculi. The presence of a stone in the ureter can cause blockage, leading to these symptoms.

• Acute Renal Failure (ARF): While ureteric calculi can potentially lead to ARF if left untreated, it is not a specific symptom of ureteric calculi. ARF is a condition where the kidneys suddenly lose their ability to filter waste from the blood.


• Motor Aphasia: Motor aphasia is a condition that affects the ability to speak or write due to damage in specific areas of the brain, not related to ureteric calculi.


• Chronic Renal Failure (CRF): CRF is a gradual loss of kidney function over time and is not a typical symptom of ureteric calculi. Ureteric calculi can cause acute kidney injury but not necessarily lead to chronic renal failure.

Therefore, based on the given options and the symptoms associated with ureteric calculi, the most likely clinical symptom would be anuria and haematuria, making answer choice B the correct option.