Important Questions (1 mark): Constitutional Design - Class 9

Explanation:
The correct statement regarding the meaning of the Preamble of the Constitution is:
A: A short statement of Constitution's basic values
Here is a detailed explanation of why this statement is correct:
- The Preamble of the Constitution is an introductory statement that sets forth the goals and purposes of the Constitution.
- It is a concise summary of the fundamental principles and values that the Constitution aims to uphold.
- The Preamble declares the intentions of the framers of the Constitution and serves as a guiding principle for the interpretation and application of the Constitution.
- It outlines the objectives of the Constitution, such as establishing justice, ensuring domestic tranquility, providing for the common defense, promoting the general welfare, and securing the blessings of liberty.
- The Preamble is not a legally enforceable provision but provides a broad framework for the interpretation of the Constitution.
- It serves as a statement of the fundamental values and aspirations of the nation.
- It reflects the ideals of the framers of the Constitution and their vision for a just and democratic society.
In conclusion, the Preamble of the Constitution is a short statement that encapsulates the basic values and principles of the Constitution and sets the tone for the rest of the document.

Answer:
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution starts with the words "We, the people of India."
Explanation:
The Preamble is an introductory statement that outlines the ideals and objectives of the Constitution. It reflects the aspirations and values of the people of India. The opening words of the Preamble, "We, the people of India," signify the collective will and sovereignty of the Indian citizens.
The Preamble of the Indian Constitution declares India to be a sovereign, socialist, secular, and democratic republic. It also highlights the commitment to justice, liberty, equality, and fraternity. The Preamble serves as a guiding principle for the interpretation and implementation of the Constitution.
The other options mentioned, such as "We the Indians," "We the citizens of India," and "We the members of the Constituent Assembly," are not the correct starting words of the Preamble.
Overall, the Preamble of the Indian Constitution begins with the words "We, the people of India," reflecting the inclusive and democratic nature of the Constitution.

Full Form of ANC: African National Congress
ANC stands for the African National Congress. It is a political party in South Africa that was founded in 1912. The ANC played a crucial role in the fight against apartheid and has been the ruling party in South Africa since the end of apartheid in 1994.
Key Points:
- The ANC was formed on January 8, 1912, in Bloemfontein, South Africa.
- It was initially established as a political organization to represent the interests of the African people who were marginalized and oppressed under colonial rule.
- The ANC has a long history of activism and resistance against racial segregation and discrimination.
- Many prominent leaders of the anti-apartheid movement, such as Nelson Mandela and Oliver Tambo, were members of the ANC.
- The ANC's main goal has been to achieve a non-racial, democratic South Africa where all citizens have equal rights and opportunities.
- Through its efforts and the sacrifices of its members, the ANC played a pivotal role in the dismantling of apartheid and the establishment of a democratic government in South Africa.
- Today, the ANC continues to be the ruling party in South Africa, although it has faced criticism and challenges in recent years.
Conclusion:
The full form of ANC is the African National Congress. This political party has had a significant impact on South African history and played a crucial role in the fight against apartheid.

The correct option is Option B,C.

Compromises made by the blacks:

(i) They agreed that majority rule would not be absolute.

(ii) They agreed that the majority would not take away the property of the white minority.

Compromises made by the whites:

(i) They agreed to the principle of majority rule and that of one person one vote.

(ii) They also agreed to accept some basic rights for the poor and the workers.

Answer:
Background:
Jawaharlal Nehru was the first Prime Minister of India and played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement. He gave his famous speech, "Tryst with Destiny," on the eve of India's independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru gave his famous speech, "Tryst with Destiny," on 15th August 1947, at midnight.
Explanation:
The correct answer is option C - 15 August 1947 midnight. Here's a detailed explanation:
- Jawaharlal Nehru gave his famous speech, "Tryst with Destiny," on the night of India's independence.
- The speech was delivered on 15th August 1947, when India gained independence from British rule.
- The speech marked the beginning of a new era for India and outlined the vision for the nation's future.
- Nehru emphasized the ideals of freedom, democracy, and equality for all citizens of India.
- The speech is considered one of the most significant speeches in Indian history and is often referred to as the "Tryst with Destiny" speech.
- Nehru's speech highlighted the challenges and opportunities that lay ahead for India as a newly independent nation.
Therefore, the correct answer is option C - 15 August 1947 midnight.

Most Important Feature of the South Africa Constitution: Preamble
The most important feature of the South Africa Constitution is the Preamble. Here is a detailed explanation of why the Preamble is considered the most important feature:
1. Introduction and Purpose:
- The Preamble provides an introduction to the Constitution and serves as the opening statement.
- It outlines the purpose, values, and principles upon which the Constitution is based.
2. Reflects the Aspirations of the Nation:
- The Preamble reflects the aspirations and ideals of the people of South Africa.
- It acknowledges the injustices of the past and declares the commitment to build a democratic and equitable society.
3. Foundation for a Just Society:
- The Preamble establishes the foundation for a just society by emphasizing the values of human dignity, equality, and freedom.
- It sets the tone for the entire Constitution and guides the interpretation of its provisions.
4. Constitutional Values:
- The Preamble enumerates the constitutional values, including non-racialism, non-sexism, and the advancement of human rights and freedoms.
- These values form the basis for the protection and promotion of individual and collective rights.
5. Social Cohesion and Nation-Building:
- The Preamble promotes social cohesion and nation-building by recognizing the diversity of South African society.
- It encourages the pursuit of unity, reconciliation, and the establishment of a common citizenship.
6. Legal Status:
- The Preamble has legal significance and is considered an integral part of the Constitution.
- It has been relied upon by the courts to interpret and apply the provisions of the Constitution.
Therefore, the Preamble stands out as the most important feature of the South Africa Constitution as it sets the tone, values, and principles for the entire constitutional framework, reflecting the aspirations of the nation and promoting social cohesion and nation-building.

Answer:
The correct combination regarding the ideals of our Constitution is option C: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic. Let's break down each ideal:
Sovereign:
- The Constitution declares India as a sovereign nation, which means it is independent and not under the control of any external authority.
- India has the authority to govern itself and make decisions without interference from other countries.
Socialist:
- The Constitution aims to establish a socialist society in India.
- This means promoting social and economic equality, reducing inequalities in income and wealth, and ensuring equal opportunities for all citizens.
Secular:
- India is a secular nation, which means it does not promote any specific religion or give preferential treatment to any particular religion.
- The State maintains an equal distance from all religions and treats all citizens equally, irrespective of their religion.
Democratic Republic:
- India is a democratic republic, where the power to govern is vested in the hands of the people.
- The citizens have the right to elect their representatives through free and fair elections, and these representatives make decisions on their behalf.
- The President is the head of state, and the Prime Minister is the head of government.
In summary, the correct combination of ideals of our Constitution is C: Sovereign, Socialist, Secular, Democratic Republic.

Charge on which Nelson Mandela was tried:
- Treason
Explanation:
- Nelson Mandela was a South African anti-apartheid revolutionary and political leader.
- He was a prominent member of the African National Congress (ANC) and was actively involved in the struggle against apartheid.
- In 1963, Mandela and several other leaders of the ANC were arrested and charged with various offenses.
- Mandela was charged with treason, along with 10 others, for allegedly plotting to overthrow the government through violent means.
- The trial, known as the Rivonia Trial, lasted for several months and attracted international attention.
- Mandela and his co-accused used the trial as a platform to advocate for their cause and expose the injustices of apartheid.
- In the end, Mandela and seven others were found guilty of sabotage and conspiracy to overthrow the government.
- Mandela was sentenced to life imprisonment and spent 27 years behind bars before being released in 1990.
- His trial and imprisonment made him a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement, and he went on to become the first black president of South Africa in 1994.
Therefore, Nelson Mandela was tried on the charge of treason.

The autobiography of Nelson Mandela is titled "The Long Walk to Freedom."
Some key points to support this answer are:
- Nelson Mandela's autobiography is widely known and acclaimed as "The Long Walk to Freedom."
- The book was first published in 1994, shortly after Mandela became the first democratically elected President of South Africa.
- "The Long Walk to Freedom" chronicles Mandela's life, starting from his childhood and early activism, to his political involvement, imprisonment, and eventual release.
- Mandela's autobiography provides a firsthand account of his experiences as a leader in the anti-apartheid movement and his fight against institutionalized racial segregation in South Africa.
- The book received critical acclaim and has been translated into numerous languages, making it accessible to a global audience.
- "The Long Walk to Freedom" is considered an important historical document, shedding light on the struggle for equality and justice in South Africa and Mandela's role in bringing about change.
- Nelson Mandela's autobiography continues to be widely read and studied, serving as an inspiration to individuals fighting for freedom and human rights around the world.

Answer:
The correct answer is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.
Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, a prominent member of the Constituent Assembly, expressed his anxiety about the Constitution of India in the following manner:
- Quote: "On the 26th of January 1950, we are going to enter a life of contradictions. In politics, we will have equality and in social and economic life, we will have inequality."
Here's a breakdown of the options and why Dr. B.R. Ambedkar is the correct answer:
A. Mr. Somnath Lahiri: There is no evidence or information to suggest that Mr. Somnath Lahiri expressed the given anxiety about the Constitution of India.
B. Smt. Sarojini Naidu: There is no evidence or information to suggest that Smt. Sarojini Naidu expressed the given anxiety about the Constitution of India.
C. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar: Dr. B.R. Ambedkar, the principal architect of the Indian Constitution, made this statement during the Constituent Assembly debates. He highlighted the contradiction between political equality and social/economic inequality that India would face.
D. Mr. K.M. Munshi: There is no evidence or information to suggest that Mr. K.M. Munshi expressed the given anxiety about the Constitution of India.
Therefore, the correct answer is Dr. B.R. Ambedkar.

False
The correct answer is B, False. Nelson Mandela was imprisoned for a total of 27 years, not 38 years. Here is a detailed explanation:
- Nelson Mandela, a prominent anti-apartheid activist and leader of the African National Congress (ANC), was arrested in 1962 and sentenced to imprisonment in 1964.
- He was initially sentenced to five years in prison for incitement and leaving the country without a passport, but his sentence was later extended to life imprisonment in 1964.
- Mandela spent the majority of his imprisonment on Robben Island, a maximum-security prison located off the coast of Cape Town, South Africa.
- During his time in prison, Mandela became a symbol of the anti-apartheid movement and gained international recognition for his fight against racial segregation and injustice.
- In 1990, South African President F.W. de Klerk announced the unbanning of the ANC and other political organizations, and Mandela was released from prison on February 11, 1990, after serving 27 years.
- Mandela's release marked a significant turning point in South Africa's history and paved the way for negotiations that led to the end of apartheid and the country's first multiracial elections in 1994.
- After his release, Mandela continued his political activism and played a crucial role in the transition to democracy in South Africa.
- He became the country's first black president in 1994 and served as the president until 1999.
- Mandela's release from prison after 27 years has been widely celebrated as a symbol of hope, resilience, and the triumph of justice over oppression.

Resolution for the Indian Constitution by Indian National Congress:
The Indian National Congress, one of the major political organizations in India during the colonial period, played a significant role in the struggle for independence. The resolution for the Indian Constitution was adopted by the Indian National Congress in 1931, at the Karachi session. Here is a detailed explanation:
Background:
- The demand for a separate constitution for India had been growing since the early 1920s.
- The Simon Commission, appointed by the British government, had proposed certain constitutional reforms, but it was met with strong opposition as it did not include Indian representation.
Adoption of Resolution:
- The Indian National Congress held its session in Karachi in 1931.
- During this session, the resolution for the Indian Constitution was adopted.
- The resolution aimed to outline the principles and aspirations for an independent India and its constitution.
Key Points of the Resolution:
- The resolution demanded that the constitution of India should be framed by a representative body elected on the basis of adult franchise.
- It emphasized the importance of fundamental rights, including freedom of speech, expression, and religion.
- The resolution called for the abolition of untouchability and equal rights for all citizens.
- It also advocated for the establishment of a decentralized federal structure, with autonomous provinces enjoying self-governance.
Significance:
- The adoption of the resolution was an important step towards the framing of a constitution for independent India.
- It provided a clear vision and direction for the future constitutional development of the country.
- The resolution reflected the aspirations of the Indian National Congress and the Indian people for a democratic and inclusive constitution.
In conclusion, the Indian National Congress adopted the resolution for the Indian Constitution in 1931 at the Karachi session. This resolution laid the foundation for the constitutional development of independent India and emphasized principles such as adult franchise, fundamental rights, and a decentralized federal structure.

Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel - The Iron Man of India
Introduction:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel, born on October 31, 1875, in Nadiad, Gujarat, was one of the prominent leaders of India's freedom struggle. He played a crucial role in uniting the princely states of India and is often referred to as the "Iron Man of India."
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's Contributions:
- Integration of princely states: After India gained independence in 1947, it was divided into multiple princely states. Sardar Patel played a pivotal role in persuading these states to join the Indian Union. He successfully negotiated and convinced over 500 princely states to merge with India, ensuring the unity and integrity of the nation.
- Leadership during partition: Sardar Patel took charge of the Ministry of States and played a significant role in handling the challenges posed by the partition of India. His administrative skills and determination helped in stabilizing the country during this critical period.
- Establishment of administrative framework: As the first Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Home Affairs of independent India, Sardar Patel played a crucial role in setting up the administrative framework of the nation. He played a key role in drafting the Indian Constitution and was instrumental in establishing institutions like the Indian Administrative Service (IAS) and the Indian Police Service (IPS).
- Agricultural reforms: Sardar Patel was deeply committed to the welfare of farmers and implemented several agricultural reforms. He aimed to improve the conditions of farmers, increase agricultural productivity, and alleviate rural poverty.
- Promotion of national unity: Sardar Patel strongly believed in the unity of India. He worked tirelessly to bridge the gap between different communities and promote communal harmony. His efforts played a significant role in fostering a sense of national identity among the diverse population of India.
Conclusion:
Sardar Vallabh Bhai Patel's unwavering determination, leadership qualities, and contributions towards the unity and progress of India earned him the title of the "Iron Man of India." He continues to be an inspiration for generations to come.

Answer:
The countries that begin their constitutions with "We the People" are:
1. India: The Preamble of the Constitution of India starts with the words "We, the people of India".
2. USA: The Preamble to the United States Constitution begins with the phrase "We the People of the United States".
3. South Africa: The Preamble of the Constitution of South Africa also begins with "We, the people of South Africa".
Therefore, the correct answer is A: India, USA, and South Africa.