Geography: CUET Mock Test - 5 - CUET MCQ

Circular villages develop around lakes, tanks and sometimes a village is planned in such a way that the central part remains open and is used for keeping the animals to protect them from wild animals.

The correct option is: 'A - III, B - IV, C - I, D - II'.

Key Points

• ASEAN's headquarters is located in Jakarta, Indonesia.
  • ASEAN, or the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, is a regional intergovernmental organization comprising ten Southeast Asian countries.
  • Its headquarters in Jakarta symbolizes its central role in coordinating and integrating the region's economic and political strategies.
• OPEC's headquarters is located in Vienna, Austria.
  • The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is an intergovernmental organization of 13 oil-exporting developing nations.
  • Vienna, as the host city for OPEC, plays a pivotal role in global oil market discussions and decisions.
• The EU's headquarters is located in Brussels, Belgium.
  • The European Union (EU) is a political and economic union of 27 member states located primarily in Europe.
  • Brussels is often considered the de facto capital of the EU, hosting its major institutions.
• LAIA's headquarters is located in Montevideo, Uruguay.
  • The Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) aims to establish a common market among the countries of Latin America.
  • Montevideo serves as the base for its operations, promoting regional economic integration.

Therefore, the correct pairing is:
A - III: ASEAN - Indonesia
B - IV: OPEC - Austria
C - I: EU - Belgium
D - II: LAIA - Uruguay

The correct answer is '(b) and (e) only'.

Key Points

• Ample rainfall (Statement A) is incorrect
  • The success of the Green Revolution in the North Western part of India, particularly in states like Punjab and Haryana, is not primarily due to ample rainfall; these areas rely heavily on irrigation for water supply rather than rainfall.
• Use of high yielding varieties of seeds (Statement B) is correct.
  • One of the key factors for the success of the Green Revolution was the introduction and use of high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds, which significantly increased crop production.
• Easily available local labour (Statement C) is incorrect
  • The availability of local labour is not a distinctive reason for the success of the Green Revolution, which was more technologically driven, focusing on irrigation, fertilizers, and HYV seeds.
• More employment pressure on agriculture (Statement D) is incorrect
  • Employment pressure is a socioeconomic issue and not a direct contributing factor to the agricultural success brought about by the Green Revolution, which was mainly due to technological and infrastructural advancements.
• 85% net sown area is cultivated through irrigation (Statement E) is correct.
  • The high percentage of area under irrigation is a critical factor in the success of the Green Revolution in North Western India, ensuring that crops receive adequate water supply irrespective of rainfall patterns.

Additional Information

• The Green Revolution, initiated in the 1960s, transformed agriculture in India, making the country self-sufficient in food grains and reducing dependence on imports.
• It involved extensive use of modern agricultural techniques and practices, including the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and the development of irrigation infrastructure.

Concept:

• Industries are classified in a number of ways.
• They can be primary, secondary, tertiary or quaternary depending on the type of raw material used.
• On the basis of size, capital investment and labour force employed, industries are classified as large, medium, small scale, and cottage industries.
• On the basis of ownership, industries are categorised as (i) public sector, (ii) private sector, and (iii) joint and cooperative sector.

Explanation:

• The location of industries is influenced by several factors like access to raw materials, power, market, capital, transport and labour, etc.

• The raw materials used in iron and steel industries are iron ore, coal/petroleum for fuel, and water.
• These industries are thus located around mines of these raw materials as well as a place that has a reliable water source.
• Availability of the market in the region is another requisite.
• The Odisha-Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh region is known for the mines of coal, iron, copper etc.
• The Subarnarekha and Damodar rivers provide water.
• Kolkata is an industrial centre located close to these two cities.

∴​ In India iron and steel industries are located in Jamshedpur and Durgapur.

Additional Information

• Barauni and Trombay are known for the petrochemical industries.

• There are 3 major crop seasons in India, which are Rabi, Kharif, and Zaid.
• The crops grown in the Rabi season include wheat, mustard, and gram. The Rabi crops are sown between October and December and harvested in the month of April and May.
• Kharif crops are sown in the monsoon in June and July and harvested in September and October. rice, jowar, cotton, maize are kharif crops
• Zaid crops are sown in the summer season, which includes rice, maize, groundnut, and vegetables.

The correct answer is All the aboveKey PointsSettlements:

• Clustered Rural Settlement:
  • It is a compact or closely built-up area of houses.
  • In this type of village, the general living area is distinct and separated from the surrounding farms, barns and pastures. Hence Statement 1 is correct
• Semi-Clustered or Fragmented Settlements:
  • It may result from the tendency of clustering in a restricted area of dispersed settlement.
  • More often such a pattern may also result from the segregation or fragmentation of a large compact village.
  • In this case, one or more sections of the village society choose or are forced to live a little away from the main cluster or village. Hence Statement 2 is correct
• Urban Settlement:
  • Unlike rural settlements, Urban settlements are generally compact and larger in size.
  • They are engaged in a variety of nonagricultural, economic and administrative functions. Hence Statement 3 is correct

Additional Information Dispersed Settlements:

• Dispersed or isolated settlement pattern in India appears in the form of isolated huts or hamlets of a few huts in remote jungles, or on small hills with farms or pasture on the slopes.
• Extreme dispersion of settlement is often caused by the extremely fragmented nature of the terrain and land resource base of habitable areas.
• Many areas of Meghalaya, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Kerala have this type of settlement.

The correct answer is Option 1.

• The polluter pays principle is enacted to make the party responsible for producing pollution responsible for paying for the damage done to the natural environment. Hence Statement A is correct.
• It is regarded as a regional custom because of the strong support it has received in most Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) and European Union countries.
• This principle is considered the most efficient way of allocating costs of pollution prevention and control measures introduced by the public authorities to encourage rationale use of scarce environmental resources. Hence Statement C is correct.

The correct answer is Option 3.
Groundwater pollution:

• Groundwater is the water present below the earth’s surface and is a vast resource of water.
• Groundwater that is polluted is less visible and difficult to clean up than lakes and rivers.
• Most often groundwater pollution results from the disposal of wastes improperly including household and industrial chemicals, wastewater from mines, leaking underground oil storage, oil field brine pits, garbage landfills, and sewage systems.
• Groundwater pollution occurs due to high concentrations of heavy/toxic metals, fluoride and nitrates at different parts of the country. Hence Option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 3.
In the given paragraph to address the environmental issue, people involved were:

• Resident of Daurala, near Meerut.
• NGO- The NGO conducted a door to door survey of the health status of the residents and came out with a report.
• The organisation, the village community and people's representatives sat together to find out sustainable solutions to the health problem.
• Daurala Industries officials, NGOs, Government  officials and other stakeholders- The industrialists showed a keen interest towards checking the deteriorating ecology

Few measures were adopted to address the issue are as follows:

• The overhead water tank's capacity in the village was enhanced and a 900m extra pipeline was laid to supply potable water to the community.
• The silted pond of the village was cleaned and recharged by silting it.
• Large quantity of silt was removed paving way to large quantity of water so that it recharged the aquifers.
• Rainwater harvesting structures have been constructed at different places which has helped in diluting the contaminants of the groundwater after the monsoons.
• 1000 trees have also been planted which have improved the environment.
• Based on the paragraph, one can say, that to address environmental issues anywhere all stakeholders - civil society, industry, community and the government have to work together. Hence Option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 3.
To find a sustainable solution to the problems of Daurala, few measures were adopted by the NGO and civic authorities are as follows:

• The overhead water tank's capacity in the village was enhanced and a 900m extra pipeline was laid to supply potable water to the community.
• The silted pond of the village was cleaned and recharged by silting it.
• Large quantity of silt was removed paving way to large quantity of water so that it recharged the aquifers.
• Rainwater harvesting structures have been constructed at different places which has helped in diluting the contaminants of the groundwater after the monsoons.
• 1000 trees have also been planted which have improved the environment. Hence Option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 2.
To find a sustainable solution to the problems of Daurala, few measures were adopted by the NGO and civic authorities are as follows:

• The overhead water tank's capacity in the village was enhanced and a 900m extra pipeline was laid to supply potable water to the community.
• The silted pond of the village was cleaned and recharged by silting it.
• Large quantity of silt was removed paving way to large quantity of water so that it recharged the aquifers.
• Rainwater harvesting structures have been constructed at different places which has helped in diluting the contaminants of the groundwater after the monsoons.
• 1000 (not 10,000 as said in 1st statement) trees have also been planted which have improved the environment. 

Hence Option 2 is correct.

(A) Correct – Human Development is measured using the Human Development Index (HDI), which ranks countries based on overall well-being.
(B) Incorrect – HDI considers health, education, and income, not just economic factors.
(C) Correct – Life expectancy at birth is used as an indicator of health in HDI.
(D) Incorrect – A country with high HDI may or may not have high economic growth, as human development includes social and educational factors.
(E) Correct – Education is a key dimension in HDI, measured by mean and expected years of schooling.

Welfare Approach (A): Focuses on government-led aid and welfare programs (e.g., subsidies, healthcare), matching (i).
Capabilities Approach (B): Proposed by Amartya Sen, it emphasizes expanding opportunities in education, health, and income, aligning with (ii).
Basic Needs Approach (C): Ensures access to essentials like food, shelter, health, and education for all, fitting (iii).
Income Approach (D): Views economic growth and income generation as the primary driver of development, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct match is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

Very High Human Development (A): HDI of 0.800 and above, seen in countries like Norway or Switzerland, matching (i).
High Human Development (B): HDI between 0.700 and 0.799, e.g., Brazil or China, aligning with (ii).
Medium Human Development (C): HDI between 0.550 and 0.699, e.g., India or Bangladesh, fitting (iii).
Low Human Development (D): HDI below 0.550, e.g., Chad or Niger, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

Human Development Report (A): Published by UNDP, it ranks countries based on HDI, matching (i).
World Happiness Report (B): Released by SDSN, it measures well-being and happiness globally, aligning with (ii).
Global Gender Gap Report (C): Published by WEF, it assesses gender equality across nations, fitting (iii).
Human Capital Index (D): Released by the World Bank, it evaluates workforce potential, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct match is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer

Social Factors (A): Include education (literacy rate) and healthcare access, which shape human development, matching (i).
Economic Factors (B): Relate to employment opportunities and GDP per capita, reflecting economic well-being, aligning with (ii).
Political Factors (C): Involve government policies and political stability, which influence development, fitting (iii).
Environmental Factors (D): Include climate conditions and natural disasters, impacting living conditions, corresponding to (iv).
Thus, the correct pairing is (A)-i, (B)-ii, (C)-iii, (D)-iv, making option b) the correct answer.

• Overlap: The boundaries between sub-fields of human geography often overlap because different sub-fields share common interests, theories, and methodologies.


• Interdisciplinary nature: Human geography is an interdisciplinary field that draws from various disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, economics, and political science. This interdisciplinary nature leads to overlaps between sub-fields.


• Complexity of human interactions: Human geography deals with the complex interactions between humans and their environment, which often requires a multi-faceted approach. This complexity can result in overlapping boundaries between sub-fields.


• Evolution of sub-fields: As sub-fields of human geography evolve and new theories emerge, they may incorporate concepts and ideas from other sub-fields, leading to overlaps in boundaries.


• Dynamic nature of the field: Human geography is a dynamic field that continuously evolves in response to changing social, economic, and environmental conditions. This dynamic nature can blur the boundaries between sub-fields.

• Areal Differentiation: This approach focused on understanding the differences in geographical areas and their impacts on the colonial settlements.


• Regional and Areal Analysis: This approach involved analyzing both regional and areal characteristics to better comprehend the colonial landscape.


• Exploration and Description: Early colonial scholars explored and described the newly discovered territories to document their findings and understand the new environments.


• None: This option indicates that there were no specific approaches followed during the Early Colonial Period.

- The approach to human development associated with Prof. Amartya Sen is the Capability Approach.
- This approach focuses on enhancing individuals' freedoms and capabilities to lead the kind of lives they value.
- It emphasizes the importance of providing opportunities and removing barriers to achieve well-being.
- Unlike the Welfare or Income Approach, it considers economic resources as means rather than ends.
- Sen's approach has influenced global policies on human development, notably the Human Development Index.

Topic in NCERT: Human Development

Line in NCERT: "This approach is associated with Prof. Amartya Sen."

- Basic Needs Approach (Option C) is the correct answer.
- This approach emphasizes that government expenditures should prioritize essential human needs.
- Focus areas include:
- Food: Ensuring access to adequate nutrition.
- Water: Providing safe and clean water supplies.
- Housing: Facilitating affordable and safe living conditions.
- It aims at reducing poverty and improving quality of life by meeting these fundamental requirements.
- The approach is often associated with development strategies in low-income countries.

Topic in NCERT: BASIC NEEDS APPROACH

Line in NCERT: "This approach was initially proposed by the International Labour Organisation (ILO). Six basic needs i.e.: health, education, food, water supply, sanitation, and housing were identified."

- Growth is primarily quantitative, referring to measurable physical changes such as an increase in size or number. It is generally value-neutral as it concerns physical aspects, like height or weight.
- Development is qualitative and involves improvements in complexity or functions, such as cognitive abilities or emotional maturity. It is often seen as value-positive since it reflects progression in skills or capabilities.
- Therefore, the correct statement is B: Growth is quantitative and value-neutral, while development is qualitative and value-positive.

Topic in NCERT: GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

Line in NCERT: "Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. The difference is that growth is quantitative and value neutral. Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive."

According to Ratzel, “Human geography is the synthetic study of the relationship between human societies and earth’s_________.”

• Definition of Human Geography: Human geography is the study of the spatial organization of human activity and of people's relationships with their environments.


• Relationship Between Human Societies and Earth's Surface: Ratzel emphasizes the importance of understanding how human societies interact with the physical environment of the earth's surface.


• Synthetic Study: Human geography integrates various disciplines such as anthropology, sociology, economics, and environmental studies to analyze the complex relationship between humans and their surroundings.


• Importance of Earth's Surface: The earth's surface provides the physical setting for human activities, shaping patterns of settlement, land use, resource distribution, and cultural practices.


• Interdisciplinary Approach: Human geography involves studying the ways in which human societies adapt to and transform the earth's surface, as well as the impact of these interactions on the environment.

• Definition: Electoral Geography is a sub-field of geography that focuses on the spatial aspects of voting behavior, political parties, and electoral systems.


• Scope: It examines how geography influences voting patterns, electoral outcomes, and political representation.


• Key Concepts: Electoral geography looks at factors such as gerrymandering, voting demographics, political geography, and the impact of geography on election results.


• Methods: Researchers in this field use a variety of methods including mapping, spatial analysis, and statistical techniques to study electoral phenomena.


• Importance: Understanding electoral geography is crucial for analyzing political trends, predicting election outcomes, and ensuring fair representation in democracies.

People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport network and, hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development.

Most of India's foreign trade is carried through sea and air routes. However, a small portion is also carried through land route to neighbouring countries like Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh and Pakistan.

The main roads which are constructed and maintained by the Central Government are known as the National Highways. These roads are meant for inter-state transport and movement of defence men and material in strategic areas. These also connect the state capitals, major cities, important ports, railway junctions. The National Highways Authority of India was operationalised in 1995. It is an autonomous body under the Ministry of Surface Transport.