Psychology: CUET Mock Test - 1 - CUET MCQ

Talent refers to remarkable ability in a specific field, e.g., social, and are often called prodigies.

The correct answer is It varies from + 1.0 through 0.0 to - 1.0

Key Points

• Correlation means association - more precisely it is a measure of the extent to which two variables are related.
• Correlational studies are quite common in psychology, particularly because some things are impossible to recreate or research in a lab setting.
• Instead of performing an experiment, researchers may collect data to look at possible relationships between variables.
• From the data they collect and its analysis, researchers then make inferences and predictions about the nature of the relationships between variables.
• In terms of the strength of the relationship, the value of the correlation coefficient varies between +1 and -1.
• A value of ± 1 indicates a perfect degree of association between the two variables.
• Strength of association between two variables is varies from + 1.0 through 0.0 to - 1.0.

The correct answer is the Consistency of scores obtained by the students on the two occasions

Key Points

• The term reliability in psychological research refers to the consistency of a research study or measuring test.
• Reliability is the ability of a test or assessment to yield the same results when administered repeatedly.
• A test that is reliable is not necessarily valid or measuring what it is intended to measure. A test can be reliably inaccurate.
• Reliability is one important aspect of assessment quality and something that assessment designers and administrators pay close attention to.
• Reliability Is Consistency
• On different occasions of testing,
• Different editions of the test, containing different questions or problems designed to measure the same general skills or types of knowledge, and
• Different scorings of the test takers’ responses, by different raters.

The correct answer is In a speed test, all the items are of different degrees of difficulty

Key PointsSpeed Test:

• In a speed test, there is a time limit within which the test taker is required to answer all the items.
• Such a test evaluates the individual on the basis of the time taken to answer the item accurately
• In a speed test, all the items are of the same degree of difficulty.
• Speed tests are designed to assess how quickly a test taker is able to complete the items within a set time period.
• The primary objective of speed tests is to measure the person's ability to process information quickly and accurately, while under duress.
• Speed tests contain more items than the vast majority of applicants will be able to answer in the time allotted, and the items are usually not high in difficulty.

The correct answer is 100 billion

Key Points

• Neurons are the basic functional units of the nervous system, and they generate electrical signals called action potentials, which allow them to quickly transmit information over long distances.
• Neurons are excitable cells that chemically transmit electrical signals through connections called synapses.
• There is a consensus that there are roughly about 100 billion neurons total in the human brain.
• Each of these neurons can have up to 15,000 connections with other neurons via synapses.
• Neurons vary in size, shape, and structure depending on their role and location.
  

Additional Information

However, nearly all neurons have three essential parts: a cell body, an axon, and dendrites.

Cell Body: Also known as soma, the cell body is the core section of the neuron. The cell body contains genetic information, maintains the neuron’s structure, and provides energy to drive activities.

Axon: An axon is a long, tail-like structure. It joins the cell body at a specialized junction called the axon hillock. Many axons are insulated with a fatty substance called myelin. Myelin helps axons to conduct an electrical signal.

Dendrites: These are branch-like structures that receive messages from other neurons and allow the transmission of messages to the cell body. Neurons can have more than one set of dendrites, known as dendritic trees.

The correct answer is Temporal lobe

Key Points

• Memory for symbolic sounds and words resides in the Temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex.
• The cerebral cortex, also known as the cerebral mantle, is the outer layer of neural tissue of the cerebrum of the brain in humans and other mammals.

There are four lobes of the cerebral cortex:

Frontal lobe:

• The frontal lobe is mainly concerned with cognitive functions, such as attention, thinking, memory, learning, and reasoning.
• It also exerts inhibitory effects on autonomic and emotional responses.

Parietal lobe:

• The Parietal lobe is mainly concerned with cutaneous sensations and their coordination with visual and auditory sensations.

Temporal lobe:

• The temporal lobe is primarily concerned with the processing of auditory information.
• Memory for symbolic sounds and words resides here.
• Understanding speech and written languages depend on this lobe.

Occipital lobe:

• The occipital lobe is mainly concerned with visual information.
• It is believed that interpretation of visual impulses, memory for visual stimuli, and color visual orientation is performed by this lobe.

The correct answer is Experiment.

Key Points

Assessment is the first step in understanding a psychological attribute.

Assessment Methods

Several methods are used for psychological assessment.

Psychological Test:

• It is an objective and standardised measure of an individual’s mental and/or behavioural characteristics. Objective tests have been developed to measure all the dimensions of psychological attributes (e.g., intelligence, aptitude, etc.) described above.
• These tests are widely used for the purposes of clinical diagnosis, guidance, personnel selection, placement, and training.
• Besides objective tests, psychologists have also developed certain projective tests, especially for the assessment of personality.

An interview:

• It involves seeking information from a person on a one-to-one basis. You may see it being used when a counsellor interacts with a client, a salesperson makes a door-to-door survey regarding the usefulness of a particular product, an employer selects employees for her/his organisation, or a journalist interviews important people on issues of national and international importance.

A case study:

• It is an in-depth study of the individual in terms of her/his psychological attributes, and psychological history in the context of her/his psychosocial and physical environment. Case studies are widely used by clinical psychologists. Case analyses of the lives of great people can also be highly illuminating for those willing to learn from their life experiences. Case studies are based on data generated by different methods, e.g. interviews, observation, questionnaires, psychological tests, etc.

Observation:

• It involves employing systematic, organised, and objective procedures to record behavioural phenomena occurring naturally in real-time. Certain phenomena such as mother-child interactions can be easily studied through observation. The major problems with observational methods are that the observer has little control over the situation and the reports may suffer from subjective interpretations of the observer.

Self-Report:

• It is a method in which a person provides factual information about herself/himself and/or opinions beliefs, etc. that s/he holds. Hence option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is Information-processing approach.

Key Points

• The psychometric approach considers intelligence as an aggregate of abilities.
• It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.
• On the other hand, the information-processing approach describes the processes people use in intellectual reasoning and problem-solving. Hence option 2 is correct.
• Binet’s theory of intelligence was simple as it arose from his interest in differentiating more intelligent from less intelligent individuals. He, therefore, conceptualised intelligence as consisting of one similar set of abilities which can be used for solving any or every problem in an individual’s environment. His theory of intelligence is called Uni or the one-factor theory of intelligence.
• J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions: operations, contents, and products.

The correct answer is Interpretation

Key Points

• Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.
• Gardner studied extremely talented persons, who had shown exceptional abilities in their respective areas, and described eight types of intelligence.
• These are as follows:
  • Linguistic skills: involved in the production and use of language.
  • Logical-Mathematical: skills in scientific thinking and problem-solving.
  • Spatial: skills in forming visual images and patterns.
  • Musical: sensitivity to musical rhythms and patterns
  • Bodily-Kinaesthetic: using whole or portions of the body flexibly and creatively
  • Interpersonal: sensitivity to subtle aspects of others’ behaviours.
  • Intrapersonal: awareness of one’s own feelings, motives, and desires)
  • Naturalistic: sensitivity to the features of the natural world. Hence option 4 is correct.

The corretc answer is Robert Sternberg.

Key Points

• Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence.
• Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select the environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”.
• According to this theory, there are three basic types of intelligence: Componential, Experiential, and Contextual. Hence option 1 is correct.
• J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions: operations, contents, and products.
• Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis.
• Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences.
  • According to him, intelligence is not a single entity.

The correct answer is Three.

Key Points

Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence

• This model has been developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994).
• According to this model, the intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of the brain. Hence option 3 is correct.
• These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning respectively.
  • Arousal/Attention: The state of arousal is basic to any behaviour as it helps us in attending to stimuli.
  • Simultaneous and Successive Processing: You can integrate the information into your knowledge system either simultaneously or successively.
  • Planning: This is an essential feature of intelligence. After the information is attended to and processed, planning is activated.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2
Key Points

• Intellectual Giftedness Intellectually gifted individuals show higher performance because of their outstanding potential. Hence statement 2 is correct.
• The study of gifted individuals began in 1925 when Lewis Terman followed the lives of about 1500 children with IQs of 130 and above to examine how intelligence was related to occupational success and life adjustment. 
• Although the terms ‘talent’ and ‘giftedness’ are often used interchangeably, they mean different things. 
• Giftedness is exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas. Talent is a narrower term and refers to the remarkable ability in a specific field (e.g., spiritual, social, aesthetic, etc.). The highly talented are sometimes called ‘prodigies. Hence statement 1 is correct.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.
Key Points
Group Polarisation 

• We know that important decisions are taken by groups and not by individuals. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• Groups show another tendency referred to as ‘group polarisation’. 
• It has been found that groups are more likely to take extreme decisions than individuals alone. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Hence option 3 is correct.

The correct answer is 1 only.
Key Points

• Culture is a collective system of customs, beliefs, attitudes, and achievements in art and literature. Hence statement 1 is correct.
• A person’s intelligence is likely to be tuned by these cultural parameters.  Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
• Many theorists have regarded intelligence as attributes specific to the person without regard to their cultural background. 
• The unique features of culture now find some representation in theories of intelligence.
• Sternberg’s notion of contextual or practical intelligence implies that intelligence is a product of culture

The correct answer is Neither 1 nor 2
Key Points

• Emotional intelligence is a set of skills that underlie accurate appraisal, expression, and regulation of emotions. It is the feeling side of intelligence. A good IQ and scholastic record are not enough to be successful in life. Hence statement 1 is correct
• Emotional Quotient (EQ) is used to express emotional intelligence in the same way as IQ is used to express intelligence. In simple terms, emotional intelligence refers to the ability to process emotional information accurately and efficiently. Hence statement 2 is correct.

Both 1 and 2 Both 1 and 2

The correct answer is A - 2, B - 3, C - 4, D - 1
Key Points
Phengophobia

• Intense fear of the sunshine/daylight is known as Phengophobia.
• The name originates from the Greek word ‘phengo’ meaning sunshine/light and ‘Phobos’ meaning fear.
• It is a type of a specific phobia with concentrated levels of anxiety.
• Anxiety, if intensified, can also cause full-blown panic attacks.
• Someone suffering from this type of specific phobia is not only fearful of being exposed to the sunshine/daylight, but just the thought of it can induce fear.
• Sufferers are afraid of getting skin cancer, skin allergies, or photo aging.
• Mostly, people who have been treated for skin cancer or hypochondriasis are likely to develop Phengophobia.

The symptoms of Phengophobia are as follows: 

• Extreme anxiety when exposed to sunshine/daylight.
• Extreme anxiety when thinking about being exposed to sunshine/daylight
• Inability to control anxiety
• Full-blown panic attacks
• Avoiding sunshine/daylight 
• Muscle tension
• Increased heartbeat

Ochlophobia

• Ochlophobia refers to the fear of crowds. 
• This phobia is characterized by unreasonable thoughts and behaviors that are out of proportion to the real threat in a situation.
• If you have ochlophobia, you are unable to explain your fear and feel helpless to control it.

Physical Symptoms

• Blacking out, Dilated pupils
• Dizziness, Headache
• Heart palpitations, Increased heart rate
• Muscle tension, Nausea, Panic attack
• The sensation of being suffocated

Cognitive Symptoms

• Brain fog, Depersonalization
• Feeling angry, Feeling desperate
• Negative thoughts

Achluophobia

• Achluophobia is the fear of darkness. 
• This phobia is known by a variety of other names, including nyctophobia and scotophobia.
•  It can cause long-lasting fear of darkness or being in the dark as it's a common phobia for children.
• Sometimes it emerges in response to a specific event or trauma, with the patient fearing a repeat of the event.
•  In other cases, it seems to appear spontaneously, reflecting a subconscious fear which has become more pronounced.

Symptoms of Achluophobia

• Sweating
• Increased heart rate
• Nausea
• High blood pressure, intense fear,
• Confusion

Oneirophobia

• Oneirophobia is the fear of dreams.
• First originated in The Dream Frontier, written by Mark Blechner, a neuro-psychoanalyst at the William Alanson White Institute.
• The fear is suffered commonly due to having nightmares or dreams affecting their normal lives.
• Sufferers would try everything to avoid sleep, like watching television, and movies, playing video games, reading books, newspapers, and magazines, exercising, and making conversations.
• Oneirophobia can be treated by for example talk therapy, which is used to teach that dreams are just elusive images made by the brain while sleeping.

The correct answer is Option 4,
Key Points

• There are four major effects of stress associated with the stressed state, viz. emotional, physiological, cognitive, and behavioural.
• 
  

Hence Option 4 is correct.

The correct answer is Option 2.
Key Points

Hence Option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is option 2.
Key Points

• Alfred Binet: His theory of intelligence is called Uni or one-factor theory of intelligence
• Charles Spearman proposed a two-factor theory of intelligence employing a statistical method called factor analysis.
• J.P. Guilford proposed the structure of intellect model which classifies intellectual traits among three dimensions: operations, contents, and products. Hence option 2 is correct.

The correct answer is option 3.
Key Points

• Howard Gardner proposed the theory of multiple intelligences. 
• According to him, intelligence is not a single entity; rather distinct types of intelligence exist. Each of these intelligence are independent of each other. 
• Robert Sternberg (1985) proposed the triarchic theory of intelligence. Sternberg views intelligence as “the ability to adapt, to shape and select the environment to accomplish one’s goals and those of one’s society and culture”.
• Planning, Attention-arousal, and Simultaneous-successive (PASS) Model of Intelligence This model has been developed by J.P. Das, Jack Naglieri, and Kirby (1994). According to this model, intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of three neurological systems, called the functional units of brain. These units are responsible for arousal/attention, coding or processing, and planning respectively. Hence option 3 is correct.

Experiential intelligence also known as creative intelligence is the one in which an individual uses his/her past experiences in a novel situation in an original manner.

It's Interpersonal as to involve other people. Interpersonal is with oneself. 

Psychometric approach It expresses the individual’s performance in terms of a single index of cognitive abilities.

According to this model, abilities operate at two levels - Level I (Associative learning, output is equal to input, rote memory) and Level II (Cognitive competence, output is more than input).

Aptitude  is not identified as facets of intelligence in the Indian tradition

Giftedness is an exceptional general ability shown in superior performance in a wide variety of areas.

The sub-average intellectual functioning refers to an ID level of less than 70.

According to Friedman and Roesenman, persons like Anupam belong to Type-A personality. Such people, according to them are prone to hypertension and chronic heart diseases.

The defence mechanism defends the ego against the awareness of the instinctual reality. It is normal and adaptive.

Bandura showed that children and adults learned behaviour by observing and imitating others.