SBI PO Prelims Mock Test - 22 (28-01-2023)

Directions: Study the pie chart and line graph to answer the following questions.

Percentage profit or loss for following dry fruits is based on the sum of cost price and transportation cost.

Q. What is the difference between the selling price of Raisins and that of Groundnut?

Directions: Study the pie chart and line graph to answer the following questions.

Percentage profit or loss for following dry fruits is based on the sum of cost price and transportation cost.

Q. If the loss on Pista is 10% then its selling price is what percentage less than the selling price of Raisins?

Directions : Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: 

Q. What is the average number of females from all the organizations together? 

Directions : Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: 

Q. The total number of males from organization Vaishali and Vashundhra together is approximately what percent of the total number of females from organization Vaishali, Vashundhra and Model Town together? 

Directions : Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: 

Q. What is the difference between the total number of females and the total number of males from organization Vaishali, Vashundra, Model Town and Ashok Nagar together?  

Directions : Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: 

Q. What is the ratio of the number of females from organization Vashundra to the number of females from organization Pritampura? 

Directions : Study the following graph carefully to answer the questions that follow: 

Q. The number of males from organization Vashundhra is approximately what percent of the total number of males from all the organizations together? 

Mahesh starts working as a sales representative on an annual salary of Rs. 160000. If he receives a 15% pay-rise each year, the number of years he has worked for the company, when his annual salary became Rs. 279841 is:  

Sohan spends 23% of an amount of money on an insurance policy, 33% on food, 19% on children’s education and 16% on recreation. He deposits the remaining amount of Rs. 504 in bank. How much total amount does he spend on food and insurance policy together? 

Fresh grapes contain 80% water, while dry grapes contain 10% water. If the weight of dry grapes is 500 kg, then what was it when grapes were fresh? 

A sells a scooter priced Rs. 36000. He gives a discount of 8% on the first Rs. 20000 and 5% on the next Rs. 10000. How much discount can he afford on the remaining Rs. 6000 if he is to get as much as when 7% discount is allowed on the total? 

The cost price of two dozen bananas is Rs. 32. After selling 18 bananas at the rate of Rs. 12 per dozen, the shopkeeper reduced the rate by Rs. 4 per dozen. The percent loss is 

The simple interest on a certain sum for 8 months at 4% per annum is Rs. 129 less than the simple interest on the same sum for 15 months at 5% per annum. The sum is: 

The base of a triangluar field is three times of its altitude. If the cost of cultivating the field at Rs 50 per hectare be Rs 675, find its base and height. (1 hectare = 10000 m²)

A and B can separately complete a piece of work in 20 days and 30 days respectively. They worked together for some time, then B left the work. If A completed the rest of the work in 10 days, then B worked for 

The work done by a woman in 8 hours is equal to the work done by a man in 6 hours and by a boy in 12 hours. If working 6 hours per day 9 men can complete a work in 6 days, then in how many days can 12 men, 12 women and 12 boys together finished the same working 8 hours per day? 

Two trains start from the station A and B and travel towards each other at speeds of 50 kmph and 60 kmph respectively. At the time of their meeting the second train has traveled 100 km more than the first. The distance between A and B is: 

Directions : What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following number series?

3, 52, 88, 113, 129, ?

Directions : What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following number series? 

2, 3, 8, ?, 112, 565

Directions : What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following number series?  

6, 4, 8, 23, ?, 385.25

Directions : What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following number series? 

 8, 64, 216, 512, ?, 1728

Directions : What should come in place of the question mark (?) in the following number series? 

1,     1,     2,     6,     24,     120,     720,     ?

Directions: Find the approximate value of the following questions.

 21 + 4.9 × 7.9 + 9.88 = ? 

Directions: Find the approximate value of the following questions.

138% of 3781 + 38.74% of 141 = ? 

Directions: Find the approximate value of the following questions.

(340 × 9.98) ÷ 6.4001 + 1245.15 = ? 

Directions: Find the approximate value of the following questions.

Directions: Find the approximate value of the following questions.

Direction: In the following questions, there are two equations in x and y are given. Solve the following equations and give answer

Direction: In the following questions, there are two equations in x and y are given. Solve the following equations and give answer

Direction: In the following questions, there are two equations in x and y are given. Solve the following equations and give answer

Direction: In the following questions, there are two equations in x and y are given. Solve the following equations and give answer

Direction: In the following questions, there are two equations in x and y are given. Solve the following equations and give answer

Directions : Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions:

Eight persons, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other (but not necessarily in the same order). Each one of them is also related to N in some way or the other.

K sits third to the left of N. Only one person’s sits between N and Q. N’s sister sits to the immediate right of Q. Only two persons sit between N’s sister and N’s mother. J sits to the immediate right of N’s mother. P sits immediate right of M. N’s brother sits third to the right of P. N’s wife sits second to the left of N’s brother.Only three persons sit between N’s wife and L. N’s son sits second to the right of N’s father. Only two persons sit between N’s father and N’s daughter. 

Q. Who among the following is the son of N?

Directions : Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions:

Eight persons, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other (but not necessarily in the same order). Each one of them is also related to N in some way or the other.

K sits third to the left of N. Only one person’s sits between N and Q. N’s sister sits to the immediate right of Q. Only two persons sit between N’s sister and N’s mother. J sits to the immediate right of N’s mother. P sits immediate right of M. N’s brother sits third to the right of P. N’s wife sits second to the left of N’s brother.Only three persons sit between N’s wife and L. N’s son sits second to the right of N’s father. Only two persons sit between N’s father and N’s daughter. 

Q. How many persons sit between N and K, when counted from the left of K?

Directions : Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions:

Eight persons, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other (but not necessarily in the same order). Each one of them is also related to N in some way or the other.

K sits third to the left of N. Only one person’s sits between N and Q. N’s sister sits to the immediate right of Q. Only two persons sit between N’s sister and N’s mother. J sits to the immediate right of N’s mother. P sits immediate right of M. N’s brother sits third to the right of P. N’s wife sits second to the left of N’s brother.Only three persons sit between N’s wife and L. N’s son sits second to the right of N’s father. Only two persons sit between N’s father and N’s daughter. 

Q. Who sits to the immediate right of Q?

Directions : Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions:

Eight persons, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other (but not necessarily in the same order). Each one of them is also related to N in some way or the other.

K sits third to the left of N. Only one person’s sits between N and Q. N’s sister sits to the immediate right of Q. Only two persons sit between N’s sister and N’s mother. J sits to the immediate right of N’s mother. P sits immediate right of M. N’s brother sits third to the right of P. N’s wife sits second to the left of N’s brother.Only three persons sit between N’s wife and L. N’s son sits second to the right of N’s father. Only two persons sit between N’s father and N’s daughter. 

Q. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the given information?

Directions : Study the given information carefully to answer the given questions:

Eight persons, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, and Q are sitting around a circular table facing the centre with equal distances between each other (but not necessarily in the same order). Each one of them is also related to N in some way or the other.

K sits third to the left of N. Only one person’s sits between N and Q. N’s sister sits to the immediate right of Q. Only two persons sit between N’s sister and N’s mother. J sits to the immediate right of N’s mother. P sits immediate right of M. N’s brother sits third to the right of P. N’s wife sits second to the left of N’s brother.Only three persons sit between N’s wife and L. N’s son sits second to the right of N’s father. Only two persons sit between N’s father and N’s daughter. 

Q. How is J related to K?

Directions : In these questions, relationship between different elements are shown in the statements. These statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answer  

Q. Statements: W>R>K=S, R≥N=P
Conclusions: I.W>P II. R=S

Directions : In these questions, relationship between different elements are shown in the statements. These statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answer  

Q. Statements: T>K≤R=M
Conclusions: I.T>R II. K≤M

Directions : In these questions, relationship between different elements are shown in the statements. These statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answer  

Q. Statements: V≥M, A>M, R≤V
Conclusions: I.V>A II. M=V

Directions : In these questions, relationship between different elements are shown in the statements. These statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answer  

Q. Statements: P<Q<C≤M=F
Conclusions: I.Q≤F II.Q<F

Directions : In these questions, relationship between different elements are shown in the statements. These statements are followed by two conclusions. Give answer  

Q. Statements: W≤Y>Z=X>P>J
Conclusions: I.Y>P II. Z<W

Directions : In each of the questions given below, a group of digits is given followed by four combinations of letter/symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the four combinations correctly represents the group of digits based on the letter/symbol codes and the conditions given below. If none of the four combinations represents the group of digits correctly, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Conditions:
(i) If the first digit is odd and last digit is even, the codes for the first and the last digits are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded by the code for last digit.
(iii) If the first as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X.
(iv) If the first digit is even and last digit is odd, both are to be coded by the code for the first digit.
(v) If 0 is preceded and followed by odd number then 0 is coded as ^.
(vi) 0 is neither odd number nor even number.

Q. 8135246

Directions : In each of the questions given below, a group of digits is given followed by four combinations of letter/symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the four combinations correctly represents the group of digits based on the letter/symbol codes and the conditions given below. If none of the four combinations represents the group of digits correctly, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Conditions:
(i) If the first digit is odd and last digit is even, the codes for the first and the last digits are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded by the code for last digit.
(iii) If the first as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X.
(iv) If the first digit is even and last digit is odd, both are to be coded by the code for the first digit.
(v) If 0 is preceded and followed by odd number then 0 is coded as ^.
(vi) 0 is neither odd number nor even number.

Q. 4307058

​Directions : In each of the questions given below, a group of digits is given followed by four combinations of letter/symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the four combinations correctly represents the group of digits based on the letter/symbol codes and the conditions given below. If none of the four combinations represents the group of digits correctly, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Conditions:
(i) If the first digit is odd and last digit is even, the codes for the first and the last digits are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded by the code for last digit.
(iii) If the first as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X.
(iv) If the first digit is even and last digit is odd, both are to be coded by the code for the first digit.
(v) If 0 is preceded and followed by odd number then 0 is coded as ^.
(vi) 0 is neither odd number nor even number.

Q. 7503608

​Directions : In each of the questions given below, a group of digits is given followed by four combinations of letter/symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the four combinations correctly represents the group of digits based on the letter/symbol codes and the conditions given below. If none of the four combinations represents the group of digits correctly, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Conditions:
(i) If the first digit is odd and last digit is even, the codes for the first and the last digits are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded by the code for last digit.
(iii) If the first as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X.
(iv) If the first digit is even and last digit is odd, both are to be coded by the code for the first digit.
(v) If 0 is preceded and followed by odd number then 0 is coded as ^.
(vi) 0 is neither odd number nor even number.

Q. 9256473

Directions : In each of the questions given below, a group of digits is given followed by four combinations of letter/symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the four combinations correctly represents the group of digits based on the letter/symbol codes and the conditions given below. If none of the four combinations represents the group of digits correctly, give (e) i.e. ‘None of these’ as the answer.

Conditions:
(i) If the first digit is odd and last digit is even, the codes for the first and the last digits are to be interchanged.
(ii) If the first as well as the last digit is even, both are to be coded by the code for last digit.
(iii) If the first as well as the last digit is odd, both are to be coded as X.
(iv) If the first digit is even and last digit is odd, both are to be coded by the code for the first digit.
(v) If 0 is preceded and followed by odd number then 0 is coded as ^.
(vi) 0 is neither odd number nor even number.

Q. 2976581

Directions: In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III & IV, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q. Statements: Some star are light. All light are branches. All branches are nets. Some nets are drills.

Conclusions:

I. Some drills are light.

II. Some nets are star.

III. Some branches are star.

IV. Some drills are star.

Directions: In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III & IV, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q. Statements: All result are mark. Some mark are bolds. Some bolds are lanes. All lanes are roads.

Conclusions:

I. Some roads are bolds.

II. Some lanes are mark.

III. Some bolds are result.

IV. Some roads are mark.

Directions: In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III & IV, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q. Statements: Some paper are book. Some book are dishes. All dishes are jungles. All jungles are nut.

Conclusions:

I. Some nut are paper.

II. Some jungles are paper.

III. Some nut are dishes.

IV. Some jungles are book.

Directions: In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III & IV, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q. Statements: All rock are cup. No cup is ring. Some rings are doors. All doors are winds.

Conclusions:

I. Some winds are rock.

II. Some winds are rings.

III. No winds is rock.

IV. Some rings are rock.

Directions: In each of the questions below are given four statements followed by four conclusions numbered I, II, III & IV, you have to take the given statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts. Read the conclusions and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the given statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Q. Statements: All leg are finger. Some finger are timers. Some timers are worlds. Some worlds are buses.

Conclusions:

I. Some buses are timers.

II. Some worlds are finger.

III. Some worlds are leg.

IV. Some buses are finger.

Directions : Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

A shopkeeper sold six laptops— A, B, C, D, E and F — during a period of Monday to Saturday, one laptop on each day. 

(i) The laptop C was sold at least before three laptops. 

(ii) The laptop F was sold on Tuesday.

(iii) Both the laptops B and E were sold at least before one laptop.

(iv) The laptop D was sold immediately after the laptop C. 

(v) At least four laptops were sold after the laptop E.

Q. How many laptops were sold after the laptop D?

Directions : Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

A shopkeeper sold six laptops— A, B, C, D, E and F — during a period of Monday to Saturday, one laptop on each day. 

(i) The laptop C was sold at least before three laptops. 

(ii) The laptop F was sold on Tuesday.

(iii) Both the laptops B and E were sold at least before one laptop.

(iv) The laptop D was sold immediately after the laptop C. 

(v) At least four laptops were sold after the laptop E.

Q. How many laptops were sold before the laptop F?

Directions : Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

A shopkeeper sold six laptops— A, B, C, D, E and F — during a period of Monday to Saturday, one laptop on each day. 

(i) The laptop C was sold at least before three laptops. 

(ii) The laptop F was sold on Tuesday.

(iii) Both the laptops B and E were sold at least before one laptop.

(iv) The laptop D was sold immediately after the laptop C. 

(v) At least four laptops were sold after the laptop E.

Q. The laptop A was sold immediately after 

Directions : Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

A shopkeeper sold six laptops— A, B, C, D, E and F — during a period of Monday to Saturday, one laptop on each day. 

(i) The laptop C was sold at least before three laptops. 

(ii) The laptop F was sold on Tuesday.

(iii) Both the laptops B and E were sold at least before one laptop.

(iv) The laptop D was sold immediately after the laptop C. 

(v) At least four laptops were sold after the laptop E.

Q. If Siddharth is the person who purchased the laptop sold on Wednesday, then the laptop purchased by him is

Directions : Read the following information and answer the questions that follow:

A shopkeeper sold six laptops— A, B, C, D, E and F — during a period of Monday to Saturday, one laptop on each day. 

(i) The laptop C was sold at least before three laptops. 

(ii) The laptop F was sold on Tuesday.

(iii) Both the laptops B and E were sold at least before one laptop.

(iv) The laptop D was sold immediately after the laptop C. 

(v) At least four laptops were sold after the laptop E.

Q. How many laptops were sold before E?

Directions : These questions are based on the following information. Study it carefully and answer the questions.

(i) ‘A × B’ means ‘A is father of B’

(ii) ‘A ÷ B’ means ‘A is daughter B’

(iii) ‘A + B’ means ‘A is sister of B’

(iv) ‘A – B’ means ‘A is husband of B’

Q. In F ÷ R × H – L, how is H related to F?

Directions : These questions are based on the following information. Study it carefully and answer the questions.

(i) ‘A × B’ means ‘A is father of B’

(ii) ‘A ÷ B’ means ‘A is daughter B’

(iii) ‘A + B’ means ‘A is sister of B’

(iv) ‘A – B’ means ‘A is husband of B’

Q.  Which of the following indicates N is mother of K?

Directions : These questions are based on the following information. Study it carefully and answer the questions.

(i) ‘A × B’ means ‘A is father of B’

(ii) ‘A ÷ B’ means ‘A is daughter B’

(iii) ‘A + B’ means ‘A is sister of B’

(iv) ‘A – B’ means ‘A is husband of B’

Q. In F – R + H ÷ T, how is F related to T?

Directions : These questions are based on the following information. Study it carefully and answer the questions.

(i) ‘A × B’ means ‘A is father of B’

(ii) ‘A ÷ B’ means ‘A is daughter B’

(iii) ‘A + B’ means ‘A is sister of B’

(iv) ‘A – B’ means ‘A is husband of B’

Q. In G × T + Q ÷ M, how is M related to G?

Q. Point to a man in the photograph a woman says: “He is the son of my sister’s mother’s husband.” How is the man related to the woman?

Directions : Study the information given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Facing South Dinesh walked 50 metres before turning to his left to walk 30 metres. From this point, he turned towards North and walked for 30 metres more before reaching his friend’s house. To return to his house he turned left and walked straight 30 metres.

Q. How far is Dinesh’s house from his starting point?

Directions : Study the information given below carefully and answer the questions that follow:

Facing South Dinesh walked 50 metres before turning to his left to walk 30 metres. From this point, he turned towards North and walked for 30 metres more before reaching his friend’s house. To return to his house he turned left and walked straight 30 metres.

Q. In which direction is his friend’s house from Dinesh’s house?

Abhijit’s house is to the right of Baljit’s house at a distance of 20 metres in the row facing North. Sanjay’s house is in the North-East direction from Baljit’s house at a distance of 25 m. Abhijit’s house is in which direction with respect to Sanjay’s house?

Among P, Q, R, S and T each having a different height, Q is taller than S. T is shorter than P. R is taller than Q but shorter than T. Who among them is the longest?

Shubham correctly remembers that his mother’s birthday is before 17th but after 12th November whereas his sister correctly remembers that their mother’s birthday is after 14th but before 18th November. On which day in November was their mother’s birthday definitely?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business.

Q. According to the passage, what is the fundamental difference between fraud prevention and fraud detection?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. What will be appropriate title for this passage?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. How the HR department of an organization can play vital role in the prevention of fraud in the company?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. What is the strong deterrent for fraud according to this passage?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. Apart from the employees, who are the other entities that have been suggested to keep a watch on for fraud purposes?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. In the following question, find the word that is most similar in the meaning to the word “mitigate”?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. In the following question, find the word that is most similar in the meaning to the word “Notion”?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. In the following question, find the word that is opposite in the meaning to the word “prevention”?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. In the following question, find the word that is opposite in the meaning to the word “embellished”?

Directions : Read the following Passage, and answer the questions based on this passage.

Despite the best efforts of those responsible for preventing fraud, one inevitable reality remains: “fraud happens.” Because fraud and misconduct can occur at various levels in any organization, it is essential that appropriate preventive and detective techniques are in place. Although fraud prevention and detection are related concepts, they are not the same. While prevention encompasses policies, procedures, training, and communication, detection involves activities and programs designed to identify fraud or misconduct that is occurring or has occurred. Although preventive measures cannot ensure that fraud will not be committed, they are the first line of defense in minimizing fraud risk. This section of the guide will cover preventive techniques. Detective techniques will be covered in Section 4.

One key to prevention is making personnel throughout the organization aware of the fraud risk management program, including the types of fraud and misconduct that may occur. This awareness should enforce the notion that all of the techniques established in the program are real and will be enforced. The ongoing communication efforts could provide information on the potential disciplinary, criminal, and civil actions that the organization could take against the individual.With this in mind, prevention and deterrence are interrelated concepts. If effective preventive controls are in place, working, and well-known to potential fraud perpetrators, they serve as strong deterrents to those who might otherwise be tempted to commit fraud. Fear of getting caught is always a strong deterrent. Effective preventive controls are, therefore, strong deterrence controls.

The system of internal controls in an organization is designed to address inherent business risks. The business risks are identified in the enterprise risk assessment protocol, and the controls associated with each risk are noted. COSO’s Enterprise Risk Management–Integrated Framework describes the essential ERM components, principles, and concepts for all organizations, regardless of size.

Establishing internal controls may not address all of an organization’s fraud risks. Fraud risks, although a form of business risk, necessitate specific controls to mitigate them, which makes an organization’s fraud risk assessment process essential to fraud prevention. In addition to implementing fraud preventive controls, it is important that the organization assess and continuously monitor their operational effectiveness to help prevent fraud from occurring.

Prevention is the most proactive fraud-fighting measure. The design and implementation of control activities should be a coordinated effort spearheaded by management with an assembled cast of employees. Collectively, this cross section of the organization should be able to address all of the identified risks, design and implement the control activities, and ensure that the techniques used are adequate to prevent fraud from occurring in accordance with the organization’s risk tolerance. The ongoing success of any fraud prevention program depends on its continuous communication and reinforcement. Stressing the existence of a fraud prevention program through a wide variety of media — posters on bulletin boards, flyers included with invoices and vendor payments, and articles in internal and external communications — gets the message out to both internal and external communities that the organization is committed to preventing and deterring fraud.

Among the many elements in fraud prevention are HR procedures, authority limits, and transaction level procedures. An organization’s HR function can play an important role in fraud prevention by implementing the following procedures. A key business and fraud risk in any organization lies in the people hired to operate the business and promoted into positions of trust and authority. For that reason, it is important to know employees in order to evaluate their credentials and competence, match skills to the job requirements, and be aware of any issues of personal integrity that may impact their suitability for the position. Much can be learned about an individual through confirmation of work history and education presented on a job application or résumé or in follow-up with references provided. It is possible to find false or embellished information or undisclosed history and reputation that may represent increased, and possibly unacceptable, risk.

While the organization should establish procedures to obtain sufficient information to assess a job applicant or promotion candidate, the nature and extent of information that can be requested from a prospective or existing employee or obtained independently is governed by applicable laws and regulations. Further or enhanced background checking for criminal record or personal financial situation may only be possible upon receiving the individual’s consent. Legal counsel should be sought to advise on what background information can and cannot be obtained and the appropriate procedures to follow.

Background checks should also be performed on new and existing suppliers, customers, and business partners to identify any issues of financial health, ownership, reputation, and integrity that may represent an unacceptable risk to the business

Q. In the following question, find the word that is opposite in the meaning to the word “inevitable”?

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : In the following passage there are blanks, each of which has been numbered. These numbers are printed in the passage and against each, five words are suggested, one of which fits the blanks appropriately. Find out the appropriate word in each case.

A common belief,  even among economists, is that inequality is greater in individualistic societies than in collectivist ones. Individualistic societies are generally ____(81)____  to be selfish and uncaring towards fellow human beings, which, it is __(82)____ , should cause them to suffer greater economic inequality. It is ____(83)___ said that in the absence of wealth redistribution by the government, individualistic societies will tend to aggravate inequality.

“Are individualistic societies less equal? Evidence from the parasite stress theory of values”, a 2017 paper by Boris Nikolaev, Christopher Boudreaux, and Rauf Salahodjaev __(84)__ in the Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization, ____(85)____ , comes to a different conclusion. The authors find that income distribution is actually more equitable in individualistic societies than in collectivist ___(86)____. While this sounds counter-intuitive, it makes sense when the actual causes of economic inequality between people are considered.

What differentiates individualistic societies from their collectivist __(87)___ is their belief in individual freedom. So, while the population of an individualistic society might believe, for instance, that people are __(88)___  to the fruits of their labour, collectivist societies put more emphasis on the collective welfare of society. For the same reason, individualistic societies prefer a smaller government that imposes lower taxes and regulations on everyone, while collectivist societies ___(89)___ a larger government to impose a greater burden on the rich.

Interestingly, however, the creation of a larger government to redistribute wealth and uphold social justice does not lead to less inequality. In fact, a larger government __(90)__ greater opportunities for special interest groups to capture it and forward their own agenda. This __(91)___  in fewer economic opportunities for the wider population, which results in lower competition and greater economic inequality. Obviously, this is the opposite of what supporters of a collectivist government want, but reality works against their wishes.

On the other hand, under the rule of a smaller government, economic __(92)__ are available to a much wider population. Special interest groups have fewer opportunities to exploit the powers of the government, as there is less __(93)___  on the government to guide the economy in the first place. This leads to greater competition in individualistic societies, ___(94)___  translates to lower levels of economic inequality, as __(95)___ by the study.

Directions : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence, the number of that part will be the answer. If there is no error, mark (e) as the answer. (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)

The recent rains (a)/have transformed the (b)/ undulating plains (c)/in a quilt of green.(d)/No error (e)

Directions : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence, the number of that part will be the answer. If there is no error, mark (e) as the answer. (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)

In addition to sensitizing law enforcement (a)/ authorities whose attitudes are merely symptomatic of widely-held (b)/ beliefs about women and gender roles, we need to work with children, parents(c)/ and the larger community to ensure marital rape is condemned, not condoned.(d)/No error

Directions : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence, the number of that part will be the answer. If there is no error, mark (e) as the answer. (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)

When someone wanted to download (a)/a copy of the file, they (b)/ would have to download it (c)/ from several computers at ones.(d)/No error (e)

Directions : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence, the number of that part will be the answer. If there is no error, mark (e) as the answer. (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)

It is strange that even (a)/after near a decade of serious (b)/investigations, the sensational twin murder (c)/ case has ended with none the wiser.(d)/No error (e)

Directions : Read each sentence to find out whether there is any grammatical error in it. The error if any will be in one part of the sentence, the number of that part will be the answer. If there is no error, mark (e) as the answer. (Ignore errors of punctuation, if any.)

The number of teachers required,(a)/ at secondary and higher secondary levels,(b)/ are very high, particularly(c) in science and mathematics. (d)/No error (e)