Economics: CUET Mock Test - 9

It was based on minimum daily requirement of 2,400 and 2,100 calories for an adult in rural and urban areas, respectively.

Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is a centrally sponsored scheme for the benefit of Slum Dwellers. The objective of Valmiki Ambedkar Awas Yojana (VAMBAY) is primarily to provide shelter or upgrade the existing shelter for people living Below Poverty Line in Urban Slums, with a view to achieve the goal of “Shelter for All”.

There is a large gap between the conceptual understanding of poverty and its measurement in both rural and urban areas. Poverty is understood to encompass many different aspects including inadequate consumption, inadequate income and asset base, and inadequate access to basic infrastructure and services. For urban poverty, at the very least it should reflect the income needed not only to purchase sufficient food but also to obtain a secure shelter with adequate quality water, sanitation and garbage collection, to pay for transport and for keeping children at school, and to afford health care and medicines when needed. The ‘non-food’ monetary costs of avoiding poverty are generally higher in urban areas than in rural areas, as access to housing, resources and services are monetized – and usually particularly expensive in larger or more prosperous cities.

Churning poor is a sub category of poor, in which a person keeps on struggling to stay above the poverty line. In this type they regularly move in and out of poverty.

Antyodya anna yogna i.e AAY provides food grains to poor people at cheap price. it is supported by the government.

Swaran Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojna. The Urban Self-Employment Program and the Urban Wage Employment Program are two special schemes of the SJSRY initiated in December 1997, which replaced various programs operated earlier for urban poverty alleviation

Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana (JGSY) AKA Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY). Launched on 1st April 1999, which was designed for the purpose of improving the quality of life of the rural poor by providing them additional gainful employment.

The poverty line is set on the basis of monthly spending on food, education, health, electricity and transport. According to this estimate, in year 2000 a person who earns below Rs. 15.14 in urban areas in a day are defined as living below the poverty line which makes it 454 per month.

Wages are to be paid partly in cash and partly in food grains.  Grains should be at least 5 kg of the wages, and cash should be at least 25%.

In 2004-05, 37.2% of the country's population was below the poverty line with ratios for rural and urban areas at 41.8% and 25.7%. 

"Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act", MGNREGA), is an Indian labour law and social security measure that aims to guarantee the 'right to work'. This act was passed in September 2005.It aims to enhance livelihood security in rural areas by providing at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.

Per capita GDP is a measure of the total output of a country that takes gross domestic product (GDP) and divides it by 

The VAMBAY was launched in December 2001 to ameliorate the conditions of the urban slum dwellers living below the poverty line without adequate shelter.The scheme has the primary objective of facilitating the construction and up-gradation of dwelling units for slum dwellers and providing a healthy and enabling urban environment through community toilets under Nirmal Bharat Abhiyan, a component of the scheme.The Central Government provides a subsidy of 50 per cent, the balance 50 per cent being arranged by the State Government.There are prescribed ceilings on costs both for dwelling units and community toilets. During 2003-04, Central subsidy to the extent of Rs. 239 crore has been released. Since inception up to May 2004, Rs. 522 crore have been released as Government of India subsidy for the construction/upgradation of 2,46,035 dwelling units and 29,263 toilet seats under the scheme.

The international poverty line, which is currently $1.90 a day, is the threshold that determines whether someone is living in poverty. The line is based on the value of goods needed to sustain one adult.
The international poverty line was originally set to roughly $1 a day till 2008.

Expenditure on health is an important source of human capital formation. Health expenditure directly increases the supply of healthy labour force and is, thus, a source of human capital formation. Preventive medicine (vaccination), curative medicine (medical intervention during illness), social medicine (spread of health literacy) and provision of clean drinking water and good sanitation are the various forms of health expenditure

Human capital includes the inherent and acquired skill sets of the entire population of a country. However, education, health, on-job training enhance the quality of human capital.

The school system in India has four levels: lower primary (age 6 to 10), upper primary (11 and 12), high (13 to 15) and higher secondary (17 and 18).

Physical capital consists of tangible, man-made objects that a company buys or invests in and uses to produce goods.
Human Capital includes labor and other resources that humans can provide—education, experience or unique skills—that contribute to the production process.
Human capital and physical capital accumulation are similar: In both cases, investment pays off in longer-term productivity in the future.

According to Census 2011, Kerala has the highest total literacy rate and female literacy rate i.e.94%.

Human capital is unique and differs from any other capital. It is needed for companies to achieve goals, develop and remain innovative. Human capital is the stock of habits, knowledge, social and personality attributes (including creativity) embodied in the ability to perform labour so as to produce economic value.

People as Resource' is a way of referring to a country's working people in terms of their existing productive skills and abilities. Human resource is an asset for the economy rather than a liability. Population becomes human capital when there is investment made in the form of education, training and medical care.

Human resources are used to describe the people who work. They are resource to an organization or a business or is providing some kind of work or service by working, which will provide that business output and make effective and efficient.
A person only becomes human resource when he/she is willing to work, Is able to work and Belongs to particular age group.