History: CUET Mock Test - 2 - CUET MCQ

Positive outcomes of Swadeshi Movement:

• The social base of the movement expanded to include certain sections of the zamindari, the students, the women, and the lower middle classes in cities and towns. Hence, option A is correct.
• In this national Movement, diverse ideas became visible. Eg.
  • From conservative moderation to political extremism.
  • From revolutionary activities to incipient socialism.
  • From petitions and prayers to passive resistance and non-cooperation emerged during the Swadeshi Movement.
  • Hence, option B is correct.

• "For example, Rabindranath Tagore’s Gitanjali, a collection of poems, was influenced by the Swadeshi spirit and later earned him the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 .Hence, option C is correct.

• People now had learned to take bold political positions and participate in new forms of political work.
• The swadeshi campaign undermined the hegemony of colonial ideas and institutions.
• The future struggles got help from this experience gained.
• However, the Swadeshi Movement failed to create an effective organization or a party structure. It was the limitation of this movement. Because there were a lot of skirmishes on the internal matters of the party. Eg. The Surat split of 1907 was an ill effect of it.
• Hence, option D is the answer.

The correct answer is 1931.

• Second Round Table Conference:
  • It was held in London from 7th September 1931 to 1st December 1931.
  • British delegates belonging to various political parties including the British Prime Minister, James Ramsay Macdonald.
  • Indian princely states are represented by Maharajas, princes and divans.
  • British Indians were represented by Indian National Congress (INC) Mahatma Gandhi, Rangaswami Iyengar, Madan Mohan Malaviya, Muslims by Md. Ali Jinnah, Aga Khan III, Muhammad Iqbal, etc. Hindus by M R Jayakar, etc., Depressed classes by Dr B R

• First Round Table Conference:
  • It was held in 1930.
  • Political leaders from British India, delegates from the native princely states, delegates from the three British political parties.
  • The Indian National Congress does not participate in the conference as many of the INC leaders were imprisoned due to their involvement in the civil disobedience movement.
  • The First Round Table Conference lasted till 19th January 1931.
  • Although many principles of reforms were agreed upon, not much was implemented and the Congress Party carried on its civil disobedience.
  • The Conference was regarded as a failure.
• Third Round Table Conference:
  • It was held between 17th November 1932 and 24th December 1932.
  • Only 46 delegates in total took part in this conference.
  • The INC and the Labour Party decided not to attend it.
  • Indian princely states were represented by princes and divans.
  • British Indians were represented by the Aga Khan (Muslims), Depressed classes of women, Europeans, Anglo-Indians and Labour groups.

Answer:
B. Ashoka

Explanation:
The Sanchi Stupa, one of the oldest stone structures in India, was commissioned by Emperor Ashoka in the 3rd century BCE. It is a significant site for Buddhist history and architecture, serving as a center of Buddhist learning and practice. Ashoka’s reign marked the spread of Buddhism across India and beyond.

• Banawali, situated in what is now Haryana, India, was an important site in the Indus Valley Civilization, known for its unique town planning that differed from the grid pattern found in other Harappan cities.
• The discovery of plough models here, alongside other finds like granaries, suggests that Banawali was a significant agricultural center.
• The terracotta models of ploughs found at Banawali not only underscore the technological and agricultural development of the Indus Valley Civilization but also contribute to our understanding of their societal priorities and the complexity of their economy.

• Mohenjo-Daro, one of the most prominent archaeological sites of the Indus Valley Civilization, located in present-day Pakistan, is known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and sophisticated drainage systems.
• It was one of the largest city-settlements of the civilization and is famous for significant structures such as the Great Bath, various large granaries, and residential complexes.
• However, terracotta models of the plough have not been specifically noted as discoveries at this site. The absence of such models at Mohenjo-Daro does not negate the possibility of agricultural practices being integral to the society; it merely reflects the variety of artifacts discovered across different locations of this diverse and widespread civilization.
• Dholavira, located in the present-day Indian state of Gujarat, is another remarkable site of the Indus Valley Civilization, known for its unique water conservation systems and impressive urban planning.
• Dholavira showcases sophisticated engineering, including reservoirs, stepwells, and intricate drainage systems, highlighting a deep understanding of water management. It also presents evidence of an advanced system of signage with one of the earliest examples of written language.
• While Dholavira provides critical insights into the civilization's technological and urban advancements, terracotta models of the plough have not been reported as findings here, making it an incorrect option regarding the specific context of plough models.
• Located in the modern state of Gujarat, India, Lothal stands out for having one of the world's earliest known ports, indicating the Harappan peoples' maritime trade capability.
• This site is particularly noted for its expertly designed dockyard, warehouse structures, and a sophisticated urban layout. Lothal also provides evidence of bead-making, metallurgy, and other crafts, showcasing the technological prowess and trade practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.
• While Lothal has yielded a wealth of information on urban and economic activities, including trade and craftsmanship, terracotta models of the plough have not been found here, making it an incorrect selection for the specific detail asked.

• The site of Shortughai in Afghanistan is primarily known for sourcing Lapis Lazuli for craft production.
• Shortughai was a Harappan trading colony situated near the source of lapis lazuli mines in the Badakhshan region of northeastern Afghanistan.
• This precious blue stone was highly valued by the Harappan civilization and was used in various luxury items and jewelry, indicative of trade and cultural exchange between the ancient civilization of the Indus Valley and distant regions.

Additional Information

• The Harappan civilization, also known as the Indus Valley Civilization, was well known for its advanced urban planning, architecture, and social organization.
• It flourished around 2600–1900 BCE in the western part of South Asia.
• One of the remarkable aspects of this civilization was its extensive trade network, both within the Indian subcontinent and with distant regions.
• Shortughai, located in present-day Afghanistan, was an important outpost for the Harappan civilization, primarily because it was near sources of lapis lazuli, a semi-precious stone prized for its intense blue color.
• Lapis lazuli was not available in the regions of the main Harappan sites, making Shortughai a crucial trade and craft production center.

Key Points

• (E) M.S. Vats begins excavations at Harappa.
• M.S. Vats started his work at Harappa in the 1940s, publishing results into the 1950s.
• (D) R.E.M. Wheeler excavates at Harappa.
• R.E.M. Wheeler's excavation at Harappa took place in 1946, where he introduced new excavation techniques and interpreted the Indus Civilization with a more systematic approach.
• (A) S.R. Rao begins excavations at Lothal.
• S.R. Rao's excavation at Lothal, a site that showed evidence of an ancient dockyard, began in 1955.
• (C) B.B. Lal excavates at Kalibangan
• B.B. Lal's work at Kalibangan, which revealed evidence of pre-Harappan and Harappan cultures, started in 1961.
• (B) R.S. Bisht begins excavations at Dholavira.
• R.S. Bisht's extensive excavation at Dholavira, one of the most prominent Harappan sites revealing the city's sophisticated water management systems, began in 1989-90.
• Therefore the correct chronology is (E), (D), (A), (C), (B)

Key Points

• (B) Evidence of ploughed field have been found at Kalibangan: Kalibangan, one of the major Harappan sites, provided the earliest evidence of plowed agricultural fields, indicating an advanced understanding of farming techniques and crop cultivation.
• (D) Water reservoirs have been found in Dholavira: Dholavira is known for its sophisticated water management systems, including reservoirs.
• These were crucial in harnessing and storing water in the arid landscape, showing an advanced understanding of hydraulic engineering.
• (E) Mohenjodaro has been identified as a planned Urban Centre: Mohenjo-Daro is indeed recognized as a meticulously planned city, with a grid layout, advanced drainage systems, and remarkable public buildings like the Great Bath, illustrating the Harappans' urban planning and architectural prowess.

Additional Information

• (A) Animals were not domesticated in Harappan culture: This statement is false.
• Evidence from various Harappan sites indicates that animals such as cattle, buffalo, sheep, goat, and even elephants were domesticated.
• These animals were integral to the agricultural and economic life of the Harappan people.
• (C) Traces of canals have been found in Punjab and Sind: This statement is a bit contentious as the evidence for large-scale canal irrigation during the Harappan period remains a subject of debate among scholars.
• While there is evidence of sophisticated water management and hydraulic engineering, the existence of canal irrigation systems is less clear and remains speculative.

• Chanhudaro was one of the significant centres of the Indus Valley Civilization known for its bead-making industry.
• Artisans here were skilled in crafting beads from various materials, indicative of the advanced craft specialization in urban centers of the ancient Indus Valley Civilization.
• Khetri Copper mines are located in the Khetri region of Rajasthan, India. It has historical significance as a source of copper.
• In ancient and medieval India, regions like Khetri were crucial for supplying the metal for tools, weapons, and also for various art forms, reflecting the socio-economic activities of those times centered around metal extraction and trade.
• Bharuch was an ancient port city located near the Narmada river's mouth, which played a significant role in maritime trade.
• It was noted for trading in shell objects among various other commodities.
• Shell items were significant for ornamental purposes and as tools, indicating a vibrant trade network across regions, connecting hinterland craft centers with coastal trades.
• Nageshwar and nearby regions were notable for their carnelian bead-making industry.
• Carnelian, a semi-precious stone, was highly valued in the Harappan Civilization.
• Artisans skillfully fashioned these stones into beautiful beads, showcasing the advanced lapidary techniques of the time, which were then traded over vast areas.

Gautama Buddha - Four Noble Truths (C): Core teaching of Buddhism about suffering and liberation.
Adi Shankaracharya - Renunciation and liberation (B): Advocated Advaita Vedanta and monastic life.
Ramanuja - Devotion and supremacy of God (A): Propounded Vishishtadvaita and devotion to Vishnu.
Kabir - Bhakti and love (D): A Bhakti poet who emphasized devotion over rituals.

The Dharmashastras assigned the Brahmanas the role of performing religious rituals and teaching sacred texts, making them the spiritual guides of society.

Vaishyas were tasked with activities such as trade, agriculture, and cattle-rearing, contributing to the economic development of society.

Endogamy refers to the practice of marrying within one’s social group or varna to preserve social purity and maintain hierarchical boundaries.

The Dharmashastras outlined duties for each varna, emphasizing the importance of following one's dharma to ensure stability and harmony in society.

The Dharmasutras and Dharmashastras, composed between 600 BCE and 600 CE, provided guidelines for social conduct, caste duties, and legal matters in ancient India.

Shah Mal lived in a large village in pargana Barout in Uttar Pradesh. He belonged to a clan of Jat cultivators whose kinship ties extended over Chaurasee Des. Shah Mal mobilised the headmen and cultivators of Chaurasee Des, moving at night from village to village, urging people to rebel against the British.

The paintings became the means to celebrate victory over the rebels. Paintings personified people who saved the prestige of British by subduing rebels. They were celebrated as the saviours. In the painting "The Relief of Lucknow", Barker celebrated the entry of Campbell to relieve people who were defending the residency of Lucknow against the rebels.

The Assembly met for the first time in New Delhi on 9 December 1946, and its last session was held on 24 January 1950. A total of 11 sessions were held.

Karaikkal Ammaiyar is one of the three women saints among the 63 Nayanmars, and is considered one of the greatest figures of Tamil literature. She was born in Karaikkal, which was, during the Chola period, a maritime centre. Ammaiyar was a great devotee of Lord Siva, and she is believed to have lived during the sixth Century. 

The khanqah was the centre of social life for the Sufis. Shaikh Nizamuddin’s hospice, during the fourteenth century, was located on the banks of the river Yamuna in Ghiyaspur, on the outskirts of what was then the city of Delhi.

An important feature of Vaishnavism was the theory of incarnations of Vishnu that were known as the avatars of Vishnu. According to Vaishnavism, there are ten avatars of Vishnu.

Bodh Gaya is a village in the northeast Indian state of Bihar. Considered one of the most important Buddhist pilgrimage sites, it's dominated by the ancient brick Mahabodhi Temple Complex, built to mark the site where the Buddha attained enlightenment beneath a sacred Bodhi Tree. A direct descendant of the tree sits within the complex today, along with six other sacred sites, including a lotus pond.

The Buddha belonged to a small gana known as the Sakya gana, and was a kshatriya.

Mahayana Buddhism is the largest Buddhist sect in the world, and its beliefs and practices are what most non-adherents recognize as "Buddhism" in the modern era. It developed as a school of thought around the 1st century BCE, possibly evolving from earlier schools like Mahasanghika. 

The Padshahnama ('Book of Emperors') is a chronicle commissioned by the fifth Mughal emperor Shah-Jahan (r. 1628–58). The text is a propagandist celebration of his reign and his dynasty.

The taxes were paid in regulated silver currency – Mughals adopted and standardized the rupee (silver) and dam (copper). A silver rupee from the reign of Muhammad Shah (1719 – 1748). The ratio of dam to rupee was initially 48 to one, in the start of Akbar's reign.

Together with the silver Rupiya were issued gold coins called the Mohur weighing 169 grains and copper coins called Dam.

• Buchanan: Buchanan, a Scottish physician and botanist, traveled through the Rajmahal Hills in the early nineteenth century.

In detail, Buchanan was known for his botanical research during his travels through India. He collected numerous plant specimens and documented the flora of the region, including the Rajmahal Hills. His extensive studies contributed significantly to the understanding of the plant biodiversity in that area during that time period.

Detailed

• Campaigns in 1918:
  
  
  
  • Gandhiji was involved in two campaigns in 1918.
  
  
  
  


• Locations:
  
  
  
  • The two campaigns took place in Gujarat.
  
  
  
  


• Activities:
  
  
  
  • The campaigns involved non-violent protests and civil disobedience against British rule.
  
  
  
  


• Impact:
  
  
  
  • These campaigns helped in mobilizing the Indian masses against colonial oppression.
  
  
  
  

Mahatma Gandhi advocated the use of Hindustani as the national language. Hindustani was a blend of Hindi and Urdu that emerged as a major language in North and West
India during the 20th century.