Test: Variations in Psychological Attributes - 1 - Humanities/Arts MCQ

- The assertion is correct because it reflects the situationist view that situational factors can often dictate behavior more than stable personality traits.

- The reason is also correct, as it accurately describes the situationist perspective.

- Since the reason directly explains the assertion, it supports the claim that intelligence and behavior can be more influenced by external circumstances than by inherent traits.

Formal assessments are organized, objective, and involve specific techniques or measuring standards to evaluate an attribute. In contrast, informal assessments rely on subjective interpretation and do not use defined measurement techniques, leading to potential variation between assessors.

- Statement i is correct because intelligence involves reasoning, comprehension, and resource utilization in problem-solving.

- Statement ii is incorrect as it overlooks the role of environmental factors in a person's aptitude.

- Statement iii is correct, as interests can guide individuals towards fulfilling careers and activities.

- Statement iv is incorrect since personality can evolve with experiences and changes in life circumstances.

Thus, the correct statements are i and iii, making Option A the right choice.

- Statement i is incorrect because psychological tests are designed to be objective and standardized, minimizing subjectivity.

- Statement ii is correct as interviews are indeed one-on-one conversations aimed at gathering detailed information from clients.

- Statement iii is partially correct; however, case studies primarily involve gathering detailed data through interviews, observation, and questionnaires rather than solely relying on systematic observation over time.

- Statement iv is correct as self-reports are based on individuals' perceptions, which can be influenced by biases and may not reflect objective reality.

Thus, the correct answer is Option A: ii and iv.

• The Assertion is true; it reflects the common understanding of intelligence as a distinguishable attribute related to learning and understanding.
• The Reason is also true; it provides a broader definition of intelligence as outlined by the Oxford definition.
• However, the Reason does not serve as the correct explanation for the Assertion, as the Assertion speaks to a common perception rather than the broader definition presented.

A-3: The Uni or One Factor Theory was proposed by Alfred Binet, who viewed intelligence as a single set of abilities.
B-4: The Two Factor Theory was developed by Charles Spearman, who proposed the general factor (g-factor) and specific factors (s-factors).
C-1: The Hierarchical Model of Intelligence was proposed by Arthur Jensen, which operates at two levels: associative learning and cognitive competence.
D-2: The Structure of Intellect Model was proposed by J.P. Guilford, classifying intellectual traits into three dimensions: operations, contents, and products.

Statement I is false because Howard Gardner’s Theory of Multiple Intelligence suggests that intelligence is not a singular entity, but rather that there are distinct types of intelligences that are independent of one another. Statement II is true because Gardner identified eight distinct types of intelligences, including Linguistic, Logical-Mathematical, and Spatial intelligence, among others.

Statement I is true because Robert Sternberg's theory classifies intelligence into Componential, Experiential, and Contextual types, each focusing on different aspects of interaction with the environment. Statement II is false because the PASS Model of Intelligence does not focus on emotional intelligence; rather, it emphasizes the interdependent functioning of neurological systems involved in Arousal and Attention, Simultaneous and Successive Processing, and Planning.

The PASS model outlines that intellectual activity involves the interdependent functioning of Planning, Attention, Arousal, and Simultaneous-Successive processing. Each of these components contributes to different aspects of cognitive processes, such as focus, problem-solving, and planning.

The text shows that the correlation of intelligence is highest in identical twins raised together and decreases in siblings raised apart. This suggests that while genetics plays a significant role in intelligence, the environment also has a considerable impact.