Test: Human Diseases - CUET Commerce MCQ

Symptoms:

•  High Blood Pressure (Hypertension):
  • Kidneys play a crucial role in regulating blood pressure by controlling fluid balance and producing hormones.
  • Persistent high blood pressure can be an early sign of kidney dysfunction.
  • Uncontrolled hypertension can further damage the kidneys.
• Swelling (Edema):
  • Swelling in various parts of the body, such as the face, legs, ankles, and feet, is common in kidney disease.
  • This swelling occurs due to fluid retention (resulting from impaired kidney function) and decreased urine output.
• Changes in Urination:
  • Frequent urination, especially at night (nocturia), may occur.
  • Foamy or bubbly urine due to protein leakage (proteinuria) is another sign.
  • Blood in the urine (hematuria) can indicate kidney damage.
• Shortness of Breath:
  • Fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema) due to kidney dysfunction can cause respiratory problems and shortness of breath.

• The B.C.G. vaccine is a vaccine primarily used against tuberculosis (TB).
• It is named after its inventors Albert Calmette and Camille Guérin.
• In countries where tuberculosis or leprosy is common, one dose is recommended in healthy babies as soon after birth as possible.
• In areas where tuberculosis is not common, only children at high risk are typically immunized, while suspected cases of tuberculosis are individually tested for and treated
• BCG also has some effectiveness against Buruli ulcer infection and other nontuberculous mycobacteria infections.
• Additionally, it is sometimes used as part of the treatment of bladder cancer.
• The BCG vaccine was first used medically in 1921.
• It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
• As of 2004, the vaccine is given to about 100 million children per year globally.

• Diabetes or Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is caused due to insufficient secretion of insulin. The individual with diabetes has high levels of blood sugar.
• Diabetes mellitus refers to a group of diseases that affect how your body uses blood sugar (glucose). 
• Glucose is vital to your health because it's an important source of energy for the cells that make up your muscles and tissues.
• It's also your brain's main source of fuel.

• Goitre is caused, due to the deficiency of iodine.
• It can also happen due to the production of too much hormone by the thyroid gland.
• The enlargement of the throat below the voice box is Goitre.
• Radioactive Iodine treatment is used for the curing of this disease.

• Dengue is caused by the Dengue virus and mosquito-borne viral disease.
• The dengue virus is transmitted by female mosquitoes called – Aedes aegypti.
• These dengue mosquitos are found everywhere (Both inside and outside the house) and generally bite during the daytime.
• These mosquitos are found to be at the peak of their activeness at dawn and dusk.
• The symptoms of the disease can develop only after 6 to 10 days after bitten by an infected mosquito.

• Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the chikungunya virus.
• Viruses are small intracellular parasites, which contain either an RNA or DNA genome surrounded by a protective, virus-coded protein coat.
• A complete virus particle is called a virion.
• Viruses are inert outside the host cell and can be crystallized.
• The main purpose of a virus is to deliver its genome into the host cell to allow its transcription and translation by the host cell.
• A bacteriophage is a virus that destroys bacteria.

• A vaccine stimulates a person's immune system to produce immunity to a specific disease, protecting the person from that disease. 
• Vaccines are introduced to build passively acquired immunity against various diseases.
• Vaccines are usually administered through needle injections, but can also be administered by mouth or sprayed into the nose.​

Tuberculosis:

• Tuberculosis is a bacterial disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis. 
• Symptoms of tuberculosis include blood-stained cough, fever, loss of appetite, sweating, fatigue or weakness, severe loss of weight, chest pain, shortness of breath, etc.
• Usually, this bacterium infects the upper respiratory tract.
• The infection can spread to any organ like the kidney, spine & even in severe cases the brain also.
• Tuberculosis is a communicable disease.
• To protect people from getting infected by tuberculosis, BCG (Bacillus Calmette Guerin) vaccine was developed.
• BCG vaccine is administered to infants and children. 
• The vaccine was developed by French bacteriologists Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin in 1921.

​Thus, the BCG vaccine for tuberculosis immunisation was developed by Albert Calmette and Camille Guerin.

• BCG stands for Bacille Calmette-Guerin.
• It is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease.
• Tuberculosis (TB) disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Tuberculosis (TB) usually attacks the lungs.
• BCG vaccine was first considered by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in its thirteenth report.
• BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines.
• BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children.

• BCG stands for Bacille Calmette-Guerin.
• It is a vaccine for tuberculosis (TB) disease.
• Tuberculosis (TB) disease is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
• Tuberculosis (TB) usually attacks the lungs.
• BCG vaccine was first considered by the WHO Expert Committee on Biological Standardization in its thirteenth report.
• BCG vaccine is one of the most widely used of all current vaccines.
• BCG vaccine has a documented protective effect against meningitis and disseminated TB in children.

• Shigella: Shigella is the bacteria that causes dysentery in humans. It is a genus of Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped bacteria.

• Transmission: Shigella is typically transmitted through contaminated food or water, or through direct contact with an infected person.


• Symptoms: Infection with Shigella can lead to symptoms such as diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramps, and fever.


• Treatment: Dysentery caused by Shigella is usually treated with antibiotics to help clear the infection.


• Prevention: Proper hygiene practices, such as handwashing and safe food preparation, can help prevent the spread of Shigella and reduce the risk of dysentery.