Test: Botany Mock Test - 5 - NEET MCQ

The correct hierarchical order of taxonomic categories is:
- Kingdom
- Phylum
- Class
- Order
- Family
- Genus
- Species

Explanation: Taxonomy is the science of classification. In biological classification, organisms are grouped into progressively more inclusive categories. The order from general to specific is Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species. This sequence helps in organizing and identifying different species based on their shared characteristics.

Accumulation of material by external agency cause extrinsic growth which occurs in non living objects.

Mitosis is a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells that occurs when a parent cell divides to produce two identical daughter cells.

Hence the process of the division will be:

1 cell gives 2 daughter cells (1st mitosis)

2 cells give 4 daughter cells (2nd mitosis)

4 cells give 8 daughter cells (3rd mitosis)

8 cells give 16 daughter cells (4th mitosis)

16 cells give 32 daughter cells (5th mitosis)

32 cells give 64 daughter cells (6th mitosis)

64 cells give 128 daughter cells (7th mitosis)

Hence 7 mitotic divisions cell needed for a single cell to make 128 cells.

Microsporogenesis is the process of formation of microspores or pollen grains, from a pollen mother cell through meiosis is micro sporogenesis Each cell of sporogenous tissue serve as microspore mother cell (MMC). These MMCs undergo meiosis and form microspore tetrad and become haploid, microspores or pollen grains. As anthers mature microspores of the tetrad separate from each other and develops into pollen grains. Each microsporangium contains numerous pollen grains which are released after dehiscence of anther wall.

Red algae, also known as Rhodophyta, are a diverse group of algae found primarily in marine environments. Here's why the statement "The stored food is Floridian starch very similar to cellulose" is incorrect:

- Red algae store food as Floridean starch, not Floridian starch. Floridean starch is a unique storage polysaccharide found in red algae, distinct from cellulose.
- Cellulose is a structural polysaccharide present in the cell walls of plants, including algae, but it is not the primary storage form of energy in red algae.
- Floridean starch serves as a reserve carbohydrate that can be mobilized when needed for energy, similar to how starch functions in other organisms.

The regulator that retards the aging senescence of plant parts is Cytokinin.
- Cytokinin is a plant hormone that promotes cell division and delays aging.
- It helps in maintaining the youthfulness of plant tissues by preventing aging effects like yellowing of leaves.
- By stimulating cell division, cytokinins contribute to the overall growth and development of plants.
- This hormone plays a crucial role in various physiological processes, including delaying senescence and promoting overall plant health.

Intercalary meristem occurs between mature tissues and is the separated region of apical meristem. It is found in between the plant organs. By the activity of this meristem, length of the plant organs increases.

No known seed plant has flagellated sperms.

Increase in mass and increase in number are twin characteristics of growth. Growth is defined as increase in size and mass during the development of an organism over a period of time. It is measured as an increase in biomass and is associated with cell division by mitosis, subsequent increases in cell size, and with the differentiation of cells to perform particular functions.

(I) Less than seven per cent of the energy in glucose is released and not all of it is trapped as high energy bonds of ATP.
(II) Yeasts poison themselves to death when the concentration of alcohol reaches about 13 per cent.

The plant growth regulators (PGRs) are small, simple molecule of diverse chemical composition.
They could be indole compounds (indole-3-acetic acid, (IAA, IBA); adenine derivatives (N₆-furfurylamino purine, kinetin) derivatives of carotenoids (abscisic acid); terpenes (gibberellic acid, GA^₃) or gases (ethylene, C₂H₄).

Liverworts (belongs to bryophytes) is a flowerless, spore-producing plant - with the spores produced in small capsules. Liverworts are small, green, terrestrial plants. They do not have true roots, stems, or leaves. Instead, they have an above ground leaf-like structure, known as a thallus, and an underground structure, known as a rhizoid. Most liverworts are found in moist environments and they tend to be less resistant to desiccation than their relatives, the mosses. Like mosses, many species of liverworts reproduce by making gemmae.

Growth is the act or process, or a manner of growing; development; gradual increase. It is an exclusive event in majority of the higher animals and plants. In plants, growth occurs continuously throughout their life span and in animal, growth is seen only up to a certain age.
In living organisms, growth is from inside.
Therefore, it cannot be taken as a defining property of living organisms.

Photosynthesis is the most important anabolic process on earth. It is defined as the transformation of photonic energy (i.e. light or radiant energy) into chemical energy by the given parts of the plants. In the process of photosynthesis, light energy drives the synthesis of carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water with the generation of oxygen.

The pyrenoids are made up of:
- Proteinaceous center and starchy sheath.
Pyrenoids are structures found in certain algae and are involved in the process of photosynthesis. The proteinaceous center provides structural support and enzymes necessary for photosynthesis, while the starchy sheath stores starch, which serves as an energy reserve for the cell. This composition helps in the efficient synthesis and storage of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.

Exine is tough, cutinized layer often with spinous outgrowth but sometimes smooth. Exine is composed of sporopollenin which is resistant to physical and biological decomposition. It protect the pollens from environmental extremes.

Liberation of oxygen is not concerned with cyclic photophosphorylation. This system is not concerned with photo-oxidation of water but only concerned with the production of ATP. Non-cyclic photophosphorylation is the light-requiring part of photosynthesis in higher plants, in which an electron donor is required, and oxygen is produced as a waste product. It consists of two photoreactions, resulting in the synthesis of ATP and NADPH.

Gibberellin helps in cell growth of stem, leaves and other aerial parts.

A group of structurally similar or dissimilar cells that perform a common function and have a common origin is called a tissue. A plant is made up of different kinds of tissues. The complex tissues are, however, composed of different kinds of cells and they perform different types of functions

(I) Difference in shapes of leaves produced in air and those produced in water in buttercup.

Life cycle of any sexually reproducing plant consists of two morphological phases i.e., haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte that regularly alternate with each other. This phenomenon is termed as alternation of generation.

Photosynthesis is a physiochemical process by which green plants and some other organisms use sunlight to synthesize nutrients from carbon dioxide and water, and generates oxygen as a by-product.

All the statements regarding nomenclature are correct. Nomenclature is giving distinct scientific names to various structures including living organisms for their identification. It is a set of rules used for forming the names or terms in a particular field of arts or sciences. Nomenclature is only possible when the organism is described correctly and we know to what organisms the name is attached to (called identification).

Typically, angiospermic anther is bilobed which is connected by connective and dithecous i.e., each lobe has two theca. The bilobed structure of the anther is tetrasporangiate (four sporangia). In transverse section, it appears as four sided tetragonal structure consisting of two microsporangia in each lobe.

(II) Fermentation is an anaerobic condition in many prokaryotes and all eukaryotes.