UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 2 - UGC NET MCQ

The passage explicitly states that literacy is integrated with general education, which includes knowledge of the basic features of the Constitution of India, promoting national integration and deepening the cultural background.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the importance of understanding the fundamental principles and values enshrined in the Constitution of India, which serves as the foundation for a democratic, just, and inclusive society.
• Therefore, the passage underscores the significance of deepening the cultural background through literacy education, fostering a sense of national identity, and promoting cultural understanding and appreciation.

Hence, the correct answer is cultural background.

The passage emphasizes that awareness is a crucial aspect of learning, enabling individuals to acquire new knowledge, skills, and understanding.

Key Points

• It is through awareness that learners can effectively engage with the learning process, make connections between different concepts, and apply their knowledge to real-world situations.
• It as a fundamental element of learning, enabling individuals to actively participate in the learning process, make informed decisions, and shape their own future.

Hence, the correct answer is learning.

(a) True.

•  Emotions are often associated with instincts as they are innate and automatic reactions to certain stimuli.

(b) False.

•  Emotional expressions can vary from person to person, culture to culture, and even situation to situation. There may be some universality in basic emotions like happiness, anger, sadness, etc., but how they are expressed can differ.

(c) True.

• Emotions often involve physical changes like heart rate, breathing, muscle tension, etc.

(d) True.

• Maturation does play an important role in emotional development. As children grow and develop, they can better regulate their emotions and express them in socially appropriate ways. The development of certain brain areas and cognitive abilities also contribute to emotional development.

The pillars of teaching encompass various essential components that contribute to effective and comprehensive education. These pillars are interrelated and collectively contribute to the learning process.

Key Points

• Curriculum: 
  • The curriculum serves as the foundation for both teaching and learning processes.
  • It outlines the content, skills, and knowledge that students are expected to gain.
  • A well-designed curriculum offers a structured framework for both instruction and assessment.
• Instruction:
  •  Instruction encompasses methods, strategies, and techniques employed by teachers to facilitate learning.
  • It involves how teachers deliver subject matter to students.
  • Effective instruction engages students actively in the learning process.

  • Effective instruction involves adapting teaching approaches to meet the individual needs of students.

• Assessment: 
  • Assessment involves collecting evidence to evaluate student learning and comprehension.
  • It utilizes diverse tools like tests, quizzes, projects, and observations.
  • Assessment serves purposes such as measuring academic achievement, offering feedback to students, guiding instructional decisions, and informing educational policies.

The statement "all the above" is correct. Each of the pillars (Curriculum, Instruction, and Assessment) is integral to the teaching and learning process. They are interconnected and work together to ensure the effectiveness of education.

• The Central Advisory Board of Education, the oldest and the most important advisory body of the Government of India in education was first established in 1920 and dissolved in 1923 as a measure of economy. It was revived in 1935 and has been in existence ever since.
• The National Council of Educational Research and Training (NCERT) is an autonomous organisation set up in 1961 by the Government of India to assist and advise the Central and State Governments on policies and programmes for qualitative improvement in school education.
• The NATIONAL ASSESSMENT AND ACCREDITATION COUNCIL (NAAC) conducts assessment and accreditation of Higher Educational Institutions (HEI) such as colleges, universities or other recognised institutions to derive an understanding of the 'Quality Status' of the institution.

Additional Information

• The University Grants Commission (UGC) came into existence on 28th December, 1953 and became a statutory Organization of the Government of India by an Act of Parliament in 1956, for the coordination,determination and maintenance of standards of teaching, examination and research in university education.

So that the correct answer is UGC.

Both the assertion and the reason are true, and the reason provides a correct explanation for the assertion.

Key Points

• The assertion states that child-centered education is an approach that prioritizes the interests and needs of the child over those of the teacher or curriculum. This means that in a child-centered educational setting, the focus is on tailoring the learning experience to meet the individual needs, abilities, and interests of each child. The teacher and curriculum serve as facilitators rather than imposing rigid structures or predefined content.
• The reason states that progressive education is an approach that emphasizes active learning, critical thinking, and problem-solving skills rather than memorization and rote learning. Progressive education encourages students to actively engage with the learning process, think critically, and develop problem-solving skills. This approach is in line with child-centered education, as it recognizes the importance of nurturing the child's intellectual curiosity, creativity, and ability to think independently.

Therefore, the reason provided correctly explains why child-centered education prioritizes the interests and needs of the child over those of the teacher or curriculum.

Research is an organized, systematic and scientific inquiry into a subject to discover facts or to find answers to a problem. It is broadly classified as qualitative and quantitative. The various types of qualitative research methods include case studies, ethnographies, phenomenology, historical research, etc.

The Case Study Methodology: A case study may be understood as the intensive study of a single case where the purpose of the study is to shed light on larger classes of the population. Its characteristics are:

• It is a method of qualitative analysis which is quite intensive and comprehensive.
• Its primary purpose is to explore the uniqueness of a singular case.
• The case could be a person, a classroom, an organization or a policy.
• It values multiple viewpoints of participants and observation in naturally occurring conditions.
• It involves conducting a systematic, in-depth inquiry of a subject and aims to add to the already existing knowledge about the subject.
• It preserves wholeness of the units i.e. it is an approach which views any social unit as a whole.
• It facilities an in-depth understanding regarding the subject and its related conditions which may include the variety of habits, traits and qualities combined in a social unit.
• It is extensively used in sociology, education, political science, public administration, management and psychology.

Hence, it is obvious from the given points that case studies are an in-depth examination of a subject and its related conditions.

On November 4, 1948, the Government of India the University Education Commission.

Key Points

• Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan was chairman of University Education Commission.
• It is also known as Radhakrishanan Commission. 
• In August 1949, the Commission issued a report that included a number of significant recommendations on various aspects of higher education.
• Their responsibilities are no longer limited to the two basic functions of teaching and knowledge advancement.
• This commission had a total of ten members. 

​Therefore, Dr. S. Radhakrishnan was the Chairman of the University Education Commission (1948).

Additional Information

• The Secondary Education Commission is also known as the Mudaliar Commission.
• Dr. A Laxman Swami Mudaliar was appointed Chairman of the Secondary Education Commission by the Union Government of India in 1952. 

This is the first stage of measurement process which involves the identification of concept of interest. An idea that is generalized form specific facts is abstractedly a concept. In this step, the sense data is grouped together considering all of them.

 The Committee on Religious and Moral Instructions (1959) known as Sri Prakasa Committee recommended the teaching of moral and spiritual values in educational Institutes, thereby promoting value education. The recommendations were not paid much attention.

Research tells us that teachers often teach the way they were taught, not necessarily the way they learned to teach in preparation programs.

Habituation is a form of non-associative learning in which an innate (non-reinforced) response to a stimulus decreases after repeated or prolonged presentations of that stimulus. Responses that habituate include those that involve the intact organism (e.g., full-body startle response) or those that involve only components of the organism (e.g., habituation of neurotransmitter release from in vitro Aplysia sensory neurons). The broad ubiquity of habituation across all biologic phyla has resulted in it being called "the simplest, most universal form of learning...as fundamental a characteristic of life as DNA."

With a view to enhancing enrolment, retention and attendance and simultaneously improving nutritional levels among children, the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme on 15th August 1995.

Jamia Islamia Bahawalpur university was given the level of a complete university.

Learning is a key process in human behavior. It refers to a spectrum of changes that take place as a result of one’s experience. Learning may be defined as a “ relatively permanent change in behavior or behavioral potential produced by experience”. Changes due to practice and experience, which are relatively permanent, are illustrative of learning.

Key Points

The process of learning has certain distinctive characteristics:

• The first feature is that learning always involves some kind of experience. 
• Behavioral changes that occur due to learning are relatively permanent.  Changes in behavior often occur due to the effects of fatigue, habituation, and drugs.
• Learning involves a sequence of psychological events. They will go through the following sequence-
  • do a pre-test to know how much the person knows before learning
  • present the list of words to be remembered for a fixed time
  • during this time the list of words is processed towards acquiring new knowledge
  • after processing is complete, new knowledge is acquired (this is LEARNING)
  • after some time elapses, the processed information is recalled by the person
• Learning is an inferred process and is different from a performance. Performance is a person’s observed behavior or response or action.

Thus it is clear that both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).

Teaching-learning Process

In the teaching and learning process, communication between a teacher and a student is concerned with the transmission of a message either to increase a student's knowledge or to change his attitudes, his beliefs, or his behavior in some way. Learning can be defined as a process of acquiring knowledge or changing attitudes, behavior, or beliefs by interaction with outside events. 

Nature and objectives of Teaching and Learning

As we have already seen, teaching is a process that involves a series of actions leading to certain outcomes. Teaching, like any other concept, involves certain characteristics. Student learning depends on the quality of teaching to a great extent. Successful teachers know that students pay attention to what they teach.​

• Teaching is a social act because the teacher has to interact with many persons in his/her profession. He/she has to play diverse roles like a planner, facilitator, co-creator of knowledge, leader in the classroom and outside the classroom, manager, counselor, and apart from that, a true human being. learning as a personal act holds that every individual is responsible for his or her own learning. Every child learns at his/her own pace and constructs his/her knowledge actively.
• Teaching implies learning means "No teaching is without learning". The teaching is not to be claimed successful unless some measurable learning achievement takes place. Learning does not imply teaching because learning is a lifelong process that can take place without teaching as well, a learner can learn from other sources like online, books, self-learning material, etc.
• Teaching is an interaction and is triadic in nature because It is a product of interactions between three components of the triadic model; Teaching, subject matter, and learning. Learning is an active engagement in acquiring the knowledge and experience related to the particular subject domain.

NOTE:

• Teaching and learning may be compared to selling and buying commodities. No one sells or buys in the teaching-learning process. There is a transaction of knowledge between teacher and learner. During the teaching-learning process, both teacher and learner learn simultaneously. Therefore, both the teacher and learner deliver and receive knowledge.

Hence we conclude that the best statements that represent the nature and objective of teaching and learning are: 

• Teaching is a social act while learning is a personal act;
• Teaching implies learning whereas learning does not imply teaching;
• Teaching is an interaction and is triadic in nature whereas learning is an active engagement in a subject domain.

• Action research is a type of research that is particularly suitable for investigating issues and problems faced in Early Childhood Care and Education (ECCE).
• This research approach involves systematic inquiry conducted by practitioners (such as teachers or educators) within their own educational setting to understand and address specific issues or challenges.
• Action research is often focused on finding practical solutions and improving practices in real-world educational contexts.

Thus, Action research is suitable to find out issues and problems faced in ECCE.

Planning for the effective use of ICTs in education necessitates understanding the potential of technology to meet different educational objectives and, consequently, deciding which of these objectives to pursue.

• This decision affects the choice of technologies and the modalities of use.

Key Points

Following are the four objectives that may be enhanced by ICTs:

1. expanding access to all levels of education;
2. improving the quality of education;
3. enhancing lifelong learning; and
4. facilitating nonformal education

Hence, we can conclude that all of the above are the objectives of ICT.

Learning Disability is a neurological disorder which affects the way one receives and processes information. Learning disabilities are often identified when a child begins to attend school.

Response to Intervention (RTI):

• The RTI was introduced as a part of the reauthorization of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) that encouraged the use of a child’s response to evidence-based instruction for disability identification.
• It was designed to prevent and remediate reading struggles through effective classroom instruction and intense interventions.
• It consists of multiple tiers of reading interventions designed to meet individual needs.

RTI models uses a Three-tiered Approach:

1. Tier 1 Intervention: It consists of providing students with commonly used classroom reading instruction along with assessment to determine students who are at-risk for reading difficulties.
2. Tier 2 Intervention: It is an additional intervention given to students who are considered to be at a greater risk for reading difficulties. These interventions are provided by general education teachers. After receiving training and continued coaching from an experienced teacher, paraprofessionals may also provide interventions to at-risk readers.
3. Tier 3 Intervention: It involves the delivery of reading intervention of greater intensity to students with inadequate responsiveness in Tiers 1 and 2. It is where the special education becomes an option. It is best to provide their interventions in a location outside of the regular classroom.

Hence, the educators use the Response to Intervention to identify learning disabilities.

Educational philosophy is a definite set of principles that formulates the objectives of education.

Key Points 
There are different kinds of philosophies in education and 'Naturalism' is one of them.

Naturalism school of Philosophy in education will plead affinity with the Darwinian theory of evaluation. Let's Understand in brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that the Naturalism school of Philosophy in education will plead affinity with the Darwinian theory of evolution.

Hint

•   The Ramamurti Review Committee was appointed by the Indian government in 1990 to review the National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986.
• The committee made a number of recommendations, including the recommendation that admission to higher education should be merit-based.
• The Ramamurti Review Committee argued that merit-based admission is necessary to ensure that only the most qualified students are admitted to higher education institutions.
• The committee also argued that merit-based admission will help to improve the quality of higher education in India.
• The Ramamurti Review Committee's recommendation on merit-based admission was accepted by the Indian government.
• The government has since implemented a number of policies to make admission to higher education more merit-based, such as entrance examinations.

Montessori System of Education is propounded by ‘Maria Montessori’, an Italian physician and naturalist. The objective of this method is to educate the learners through sense training. It emphasizes to make learning fun and burden-free by including self-directed activity, hands-on learning, a collaborative play that require the child to activate their five senses to heightening their intellectual abilities. It helps each child to reach full potential in all areas of life.

Additional information:

Teaching by small steps and frequent short assignment techniques is an instructional approach that breaks down complex tasks into smaller, more manageable steps and provides frequent opportunities for students to practice and apply what they have learned. Here are some of the merits of this approach:

• Increased engagement: Breaking down lessons into small, achievable steps can help students stay focused and engaged in the learning process.
• Improved retention: Students are more likely to retain information when it is presented in small, manageable chunks. Frequent repetition of concepts and skills also helps reinforce learning and increase retention.
• Reduced overwhelm: Large assignments or long lessons can overwhelm students, particularly those with learning differences or anxiety. Breaking down tasks into smaller steps and providing frequent opportunities for success can help students feel more confident and less overwhelmed.
• Differentiated instruction: Teaching by small steps and frequent short assignments allows for differentiation based on student's needs and abilities. Students can work at their own pace, and teachers can provide additional support or challenge as needed.

Teaching by small steps and frequent short assignment techniques are useful for

1) Slow learners: Slow learners are students who require more time and additional support to learn and understand new concepts and skills.

2) Learning disabled: A learning disability is a neurological condition that affects a person’s ability to learn and process information. Learning disabilities can impact a person's ability to read, write, do the math, understand information, and communicate effectively. Some of the most common types of learning disabilities include dyslexia (difficulty with reading), dyscalculia (difficulty with math), and dysgraphia (difficulty with writing).

3) Educationally backward children: Children who struggle to keep pace with their peers in terms of academic performance and achievement. These children may have difficulty in reading, writing, math, or other curriculum areas and may require additional support and resources to help them catch up.

4) Children of all types of disabilities: It includes all types of disabilities that children could have.

Hence option 4 is the correct answer.

Key Points

Many higher education institutions, especially those run by the public sector, suffer from

• inadequate physical facilities,
• outdated equipment, insufficient library and
• laboratory resources, and lack of internet connectivity. 

Hence Excessive regulation and interference is not factors affecting the infrastructure and resources of higher education institutions in India.

The National flagship programme of education (SSA) aims at Universalization of Elementary Education. SSA has been launched in 2001-2002 in partnership with the State Governments and Local Self Governments. The programme aims to provide useful and relevant, elementary education to all children in the 6 to 14 age group by 2010.

Society preserves our Interrelation.

Specifically virtual learning uses computer software the Internet or both to deliver instruction to students. ... Instead the teacher interacts with the student via the Internet through such media as online video online forums e-mail and instant messaging.

When used as nouns growth means an increase in size number value or strength whereas increase means an amount by which a quantity is increased. Increase is also verb with the meaning: (of a quantity etc.) to become larger or greater. Growth as a noun: An increase in size number value or strength.