UGC NET Paper 2 Education Mock Test - 6 - UGC NET MCQ

The University Grants Commission of India is a statutory body set up by the Department of Higher Education, Ministry of Education, and Government of India in accordance with the UGC Act 1956 and is charged with coordination, determination, and maintenance of standards of higher education.

Important Points

Hence, the correct matching is A-III, B-IV, C-II, and D-I

The general meaning of homework is to do some written work at home in relation to a subject ordered by the teacher. In the broad sense, homework means written and oral work related to all the subjects studied by the child, which the child does at home.

Key PointsHomework makes students self-study lovers, but at the same time, students:

• Practices knowledge of the subject matter.
• To assimilate the content read and develop relationships and skills in the subject.
• Revise what has been read
• Motivate students to study regularly
• To develop the habit of studying independently in the students
• Homework inculcates self-reliance and self-confidence in the child.
• Homework is a good tool for practice and repetition. This brings stability to knowledge and develops understanding and skills.

Hence, we can conclude that Homework makes students self-study lovers, but at the same time, students practices knowledge of the subject matter.

District Institute for Education and Training (DIET):

• DIET are district-level educational institutes that have been established in each district of India by the Indian government.
• They help in coordinating and implementing government policies at the district level. About 3 million primary and elementary teachers need recurrent orientation to innovations in teaching and learning at the school level. The DIET has been charged with this responsibility.
• DIETs have been established as centers of guidance for educational institutes and schools of a district.
• They also work as a platform for research and experimental work in the educational domain. It also organizes programs to train teachers in new innovations.

Curriculum

• A curriculum is the combination of instructional practices, learning experiences, and students' performance assessments that are designed to bring out and evaluate the target learning outcomes of a particular course. 
• So, Curriculum is a guide for teachers and evaluators
• It includes the lessons and academic content taught in a school or in a course or program. 
• A curriculum is a totality of student experiences that occur in the educational process.
• It refers to a planned sequence of instruction, or to a view of the student's experiences in terms of the educator's or school's instructional goals.
• Curriculum implies transactional as well as evaluation strategies.
• Curriculum means a relevant set of learning experiences.
• The curriculum has to be in consonance with the objectives of education.

BRC (block resource center)

• BRC  is a block-level institution to carry out the academic activities related to mainly primary education. 
• BRC carries out its academic program under the guidance and supervision of DIETA.

CRC (cluster resource center)

• Cluster resource centers have been functioning as teacher empowerment.
• where the teacher shares their experience and innovative practices in the teaching-learning process.

Demonstration model:

• Characteristic of demonstration method: (1) The demonstration should be done in a simple way. (2) In this strategy, attention is paid to all students. (3) The goals and objections of the demonstration are very clear. (4) It is a well-planned strategy.

System analysis model

• Systems Analysis and Modeling presents a fresh, new approach to systems analysis and modeling with a systems science flavor that stimulates systems thinking. Systems Analysis and Modeling present a fresh, new approach to systems analysis and modeling with a systems science flavor that stimulates systems thinking.
• Their efforts were not so much focussed on independent systems analysis, but on creating an abstract specification and invariant basis for designing.

Grassroot model

• A grassroots movement is one that uses the people in a given district, region, or community as the basis for a political or economic movement. Grassroots movements and organizations use collective action from the local level to affect change at the local, regional, national, or international level.
• An inductive approach to curriculum development, starting with specifics and building up to a general design. Taba took what is known as a grass-roots approach to curriculum development. 26.
• She believed that the curriculum should be designed by the teachers rather than handed down by a higher authority.
• Hilda Taba followed the grass-roots approach in developing the curriculum.
• She believed in an inductive approach to curriculum development. For her, it should be the teachers who should design the curriculum rather than the higher authorities.

Administrative model

• The administrative model of decision making assumes that decision-makers' rationality is bounded and that they're willing to consider only a limited number of criteria and alternatives before making decisions. As a consequence, they settle for the first 'good enough' solution that they find
• Presented by Simon - also known as the administrative man model - it assumes that people, while they may seek the best solution, usually settle for much less because the decisions they confront typically demand greater information processing capabilities than they possess.

Therefore, The Department of Education of a State Government invites proposals from DIETs for the inclusion of items in the primary school curriculum which in turn involves BRCs and CRCs.  This approach will be called the Administrative model.

Key Points

• The UN Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities (UNCRPD) is a treaty of the United Nations that was adopted in 2006 and came into force in 2008.
• It is a human rights treaty that aims to promote, protect and ensure the full and equal enjoyment of all human rights and fundamental freedoms by all persons with disabilities and to promote respect for their inherent dignity.
• The Convention has 54 articles and 5 Optional Protocols. It is one of the nine core international human rights treaties.

Educational philosophy is a definite set of principles which formulates the objectives of education.

• It outlines the type of education imparted in a particular way to find solutions to educational problems.

• There are different kinds of philosophies in education and 'Naturalism' is one of them.

Naturalism school of Philosophy in education will plead affinity with the Darwinian theory of evaluation. Let's Understand in brief:

Hence, it could be concluded that the Naturalism school of Philosophy in education will plead affinity with the Darwinian theory of evaluation.

NOTE:

NATIONAL EDUCATION POLICY(NEP)-2020-

"​National Education Policy is an ambitious and futuristic policy that ensures opportunities for children to hone their talents by fixing the lacunae in the education system".

• The 10+2 structure of school curricula is to be replaced by a 5+3+3+4 curricular structure corresponding to ages 3-8, 8-11, 11-14, and 14-18 years respectively.
• NCERT will develop a National Curricular and Pedagogical Framework for Early Childhood Care and Education for children aged eight.
• All students will take school examinations in Grades 3, 5, and 8 which will be conducted by the appropriate authority. Board exams for Grades 10 and 12 will continue but be redesigned with holistic development as the aim.
• A new National Assessment Centre, PARAKH- Performance Assessment, Review, and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development, will be set up as a standard-setting body.

Important Point

​School Education Regulatory System-

• The main aim of the School Regulatory System to improve educational outcomes continually.
• The goal of the school education regulatory system to empower schools and teachers with trust, enabling them to strive for excellence and perform at their very best, while ensuring the integrity of the system through the enforcement of complete transparency and full public disclosure of all finances, procedures, and educational outcomes.
• The Department of School Education, which is the part of the state-level body in school education, will be responsible for overall monitoring and policymaking for continual improvement of the public education system.
• The framework for these parameters will be created by the SCERT in consultation with teachers and schools especially.
• The educational Regulatory System will be to impart the highest quality education so that it becomes the most attractive option for parents from all walks of life for educating their children.
• School  Educational Regulatory system, the assessment will cover students across government as well as private schools. States will also be encouraged to conduct their own census-based State Assessment Survey (SAS), the results of which will be used only for developmental purposes, public disclosure by schools of their overall and anonymized student outcomes, and for continuous improvement of the school education system.

Hence, The goal of the school education regulatory system must not to overly restrict schools to prevent innovation or demoralize teachers, principle, and students.

A variable, as the name implies, is something that varies.

• According to D’Amato (1970), variables may be defined as those attributes of objects, events, things and beings, which can be measured.
• Variables can be differentiated into many types such as:

1. Stimulus, organisms and response variables
2. Independent and dependent variables
3. Extraneous and confounding variables
4. Mediator and Moderator variables
5. Active and attribute variables
6. Quantitative and categorical variables
7. Continuous and discrete variables

Key Points

•  Independent and dependent variables: An independent variable or stimulus variable is that factor manipulated or selected by the experimenter in his attempt to ascertain its relationship to an observed phenomenon. And A dependent variable is the factor that appears, disappears, or varies as the experimenter introduces, removes or varies the independent variable.
• Mediator and Moderator variable: A mediating variable(Mediator) explains the process through which two variables are related and a moderating variable (Moderator) affects the strength and direction of the relationship.
• Control variables: The independent variables which are not selected by the experimenter, but influence the dependent variables are called control variables. these variables are controlled by the experimenter in the research study.
• In the above research study:

1. Independent variable- Mother's educational and Professional status 
2. Dependent variable- learning outcomes in the subjects of social science and languages
3. Moderator variable- Achievement of high school students. this affects the relationship between a mother's education and learning outcomes
4. Control variable- state of Tamil Nadu

Hence, it can be concluded that the Moderator variable- Achievement of high school students is appropriate to code.

Key Points

• The Comprehensive Education Scheme for Disabled Children (CESDC) is a centrally sponsored scheme administered by the Department of Disability Affairs under the Ministry of Social Justice and Empowerment.
• The scheme provides a range of support services to students with disabilities to ensure their access to quality education.

Important Points

Here are the key components of the CESDC scheme:

• Accessible and barrier-free built-in infrastructure and transport facilities: The scheme provides financial assistance for constructing ramps, lifts, and other modifications to make schools and transportation facilities accessible to students with disabilities.
• Supply of books, uniforms, and stationery: The scheme provides free textbooks, uniforms, and stationery to students with disabilities from economically disadvantaged backgrounds.
• Specialized learning aids: The scheme provides specialized learning aids, such as Braille kits, hearing aids, and magnifiers, to students with disabilities to support their learning process.
• Scholarships: The scheme provides scholarships to students with disabilities to pursue their education at various levels, from elementary school to higher education.

The CESDC scheme plays a vital role in promoting inclusive education and ensuring that students with disabilities have equal opportunities to learn and succeed.

Maslow put forth Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs theory in the year 1943 in his paper titled “A Theory of Human Motivation”. Accordingly, every individual has five important requirements, namely, physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. 

Key Points

• Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory rests on three assumptions.

• First, an individual’s behaviour is grounded on his/her needs.
• After fulfillment of one need, he/she puts forth his/her efforts to meet other needs.
• Second, an already met need doesn’t motivate him/her to work but a next need does.
• Third, a person cannot move towards the achievement of the higher-level need unless the lower-level ones are fully met.

According to Maslow, the further progress is shown by a person moving up the hierarchy, the amount of humanness, individuality, and psychological health will be greater than in the past

Qualitative research :

• Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research.
• Naturalistic research: It is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Natural settings are the direct source of data
• Qualitative Research is also used to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem.

• The aim is to determine  qualitative variables
• Exploring a problem and developing a detailed understanding of a central phenomenon.
• Having the literature review plays a minor role but justifying the problem.
• Describing a research problem through a description of trends.

Inductive analysis: Qualitative research discovers ideas, used in exploratory research with a general research objective. Researchers tend to analyze their data inductively.

• It is an unstructured method to observe, understand, and interpret the collected information.
• The result is completely subjective. Data take the form of words or pictures
• Some of the qualitative methods are
  • In-depth interview: one-to-one interview
  • Focus group: characteristics of a specific group
  • Narrative research: the available literature covers the topic or issue
  • Phenomenology: the individual experience of a phenomenon
  • Ethnography: the study of a culture
  • Case study research: the study of an organization or an entity
  • Content analysis: analysis of the different form of qualitative data
  • Grounded theory: development of a theory based on the collected data

Therefore, option 1 is the correct answer.

Collective research data is a quantitative research characteristic.

Key Points

 Grassroot model:

• Grassroot model is a learner-centric model that emphasizes the need for students to be actively involved in the process of learning. This model allows the teacher to adjust the curriculum according to the needs and interests of individual students, and to incorporate student input into the learning process.
• In this model, the teacher acts as a facilitator rather than an authoritarian figure, encouraging students to take responsibility for their own learning and to explore their own interests.

Administrative:

• This model is typically more centralized and standardized, with a focus on efficiency and accountability. It often involves top-down decision-making and a hierarchical structure, with clear learning objectives and assessment criteria.
• Administrative curricula are designed to ensure that students meet certain standards and achieve specific learning outcomes, and may be driven by government regulations or educational policies.

Demonstration:

• This model emphasizes hands-on learning and real-world experiences, often through practical demonstrations and experiments. It may involve field trips, lab work, or other experiential learning opportunities.

Demonstration curricula are designed to engage students in active, meaningful learning and to develop their skills through direct experience.

System analysis:

• This model takes a more analytical approach to curriculum design, focusing on the interrelationships between different subject areas and the larger systems in which they operate.
• It aims to promote critical thinking and problem-solving skills, as well as a deeper understanding of complex issues and phenomena. System analysis curricula may involve interdisciplinary approaches and encourage students to see connections between different areas of study.

Among the given options, the Grassroot curricular model offers maximum academic freedom.

Teaching is a process in which one individual teaches or instructs another individual. Teaching is considered the act of imparting instructions to the learners in the classroom situation. It is watching systematically. Dewey:- considers it as a manipulation of the situation, where the learner will acquire skills and insight with his own initiation.

Self Efficacy and Flexibility are style-related competencies of an effective teacher.

1. Self-efficacy is, according to psychologist Albert Bandura who originally proposed the concept, a personal judgment of "how well one can execute courses of action required to deal with prospective situations".
2. Psychologists have studied self-efficacy from several perspectives. 
3. A teacher should have full confidence in his/her abilities.
4. An effective teacher has complete clarity in objectives that he/she aims to achieve during the teaching-learning process. An effective teacher should be self-reliant and should have a complete grasp and attitude of an achiever in his/her individualistic approach to teaching.
5. Teacher Sensitivity is not about how “nice” or “caring” teachers are; rather, it is about how teachers consistently demonstrate awareness and responsiveness to children’s current academic and emotional abilities and needs.
6. The best teachers are sensitive to the needs of a child, as they know that one cruel remark can have a profound effect on a child.
7. The best thing about lenient teachers is that they are easily approachable and non-fussy. Students feel free to come up to them for any problem and are not scared to voice their opinions. A teacher has to be approachable even if she is strict or reserved, but with a lenient teacher, it comes naturally. It is the biggest quality that a teacher can possess.

Thus, option 3 is the correct answer.

Additional Information

Note that the organized demeanour of a teacher is a Personal competency whereas subject knowledge of a teacher, evaluating the students, and providing feedback come under Professional Competencies.

Information Technology (IT) and Information and Communication Technology (ICT) are very often interchangeably used in the context of modern technology infrastructure. ICT is a broad and comprehensive term, which comprises information technology and communication technology. Information technology includes radio, television, computer and the Internet, teleconferencing, and mobile.

According to the American sociologist Earl Robert Babbie, “Research is a systematic inquiry to describe, explain, predict, and control the observed phenomenon. Research involves inductive and deductive methods.”

1. Over the past decade, there has been a significant increase in the scope of ICT to be employed in the fields of education and research.
2. Information and Communication Technology has done so much to remove from the researcher the constraints of speed, cost, and distance.
3. On the whole, information and communication technology has led to improvements in research.
4. New avenues for scientific exploration have opened. The amount of data that can be analyzed has been expanded, as has the complexity of analyses. And researchers can collaborate more widely and efficiently.
5. Though the use of ICT can be employed in every stage of the research process, the scope for employing ICT support is relatively more in the stages of Data Collection and Data Analysis.
6. Collecting and analyzing data with computers are among the most widespread uses of information and communication technology in research.
7. Computer hardware for these purposes comes in all sizes, ranging from personal computers to microprocessors dedicated to specific instrumentational tasks, large mainframe computers serving a university campus or research facility, and supercomputers. Computer software ranges from general-purpose programs that compute numeric functions or conduct statistical analysis to specialized applications of all sorts. 

Thus, C and D only is the correct answer.

The correct answer is A and C only​​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'One example of a discontinuous change would be when a firm of two organizations. In both instances, the shape of the organization can be expected to change radically. An organization transforming from a production orientation to a customer orientation will need to drastically decentralize and delegate authority. In a merger, entirely new roles and working relationships will be created.​' This indicates that in a merger 'Shape of the organisation will change' and there will be 'Drastic decentralisation of the authority' 
• Hence, statements A and C are correct. 
• Statements B and D are opposite to the view of organisation merge. 

The correct answer is A and B only​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'The change affects all parts of the organization and involves many levels. Decentralization, downsizing and the geographic relocation of functions and activities exemplify changes that transform structural relationships deeply and pervasively.' It is clear downsizing and geographic relocation are the main levels of organisational transformations. 
• Hence, statements A and B are correct. 
• Statements C and D are not related to the main levels of organisational transformations. 

The correct answer is Changes in norms and core values​.

Key Points

• From the passage, 'Finally, transformation requires significantly different, and even entirely new, sets of actions by the members of the organization, rather than more or less of existing behavior patterns. Examples are changes to the norms and core values of an organization that are brought about through acquisition, deregulation, and privatization or through a drastic strategic repositioning such as shifting from a production-efficiency focus to a customer-service strategy.' It is clear that 'changes to the norms and core values of an organization is one f the requirement for transformation.  
• Hence, option 2 is correct. 
• Option 1 and 3 are opposite to the requirements of transformation. 
• Option 4 is not related to the transformation requirements. 

Spiritual people self-actualize.

Spiritual individuals strive toward a better life and consider personal growth and fulfillment a central goal. Spirituality can be considered to be a path toward self-actualization, because it requires people to focus on their internal values and work on becoming a better individual.

Naturalist's conception of man is Nature would have them children before they are men.

The frequency distribution of a research data which is symmetrical in shape similar to a normal distribution but center peak is much higher, is Leptokurtic.

The five skandhas or aggregates. Buddhist scholastic tradition identifies two types of nirvana: sopadhishesa-nirvana (nirvana with a remainder), and parinirvana or anupadhishesa-nirvana (nirvana without remainder, or final nirvana). The founder of Buddhism, the Buddha, is believed to have reached both these states.

One of the most widely cited contemporary theories of intrinsic motivation is Self-Determination Theory, developed by Edward Deci and Richard Ryan. SDT (1975) states that humans have three innate psychological needs: a need to feel competent, a need to feel related and a need to feel autonomous.

As in Samkhya, the self is distinguished from the mind (chitta): the mind is viewed as an object, an aggregate. This argument is used to prove the existence of a self other than the mind. The mental state is not self-intimating; it is known in introspection. It cannot know both itself and its object.

Rather than occurring as discrete disorders it is possible that psychopathology may represent symptoms of Hybrid disorders.

Behavior in all its aspects can be studied scientifically through a single technique or approach known as Observation.

Key Points

Payne's Five Process Model:

• Payne's Five Process Model helps to improve Customer Relationship Management (CRM) which makes acquisition and retention of customers a priority.
• Payne's Five Process Model was developed by Adrian Payne and Pennie Frow in 2005 to identify and assess processes relevant to CRM.
• This model includes processes that can help to build and maintain relationships with customers.
• The relevance of various processes is discussed in this model, namely:
  • Strategy development process
  • Value creation process
  • Multichannel integration process 
  • Performance assessment process
  • Information management process

• Payne and Frow reviewed literature along with field-based interactions, to develop a comprehensive process that would help in developing a sound CRM strategy.
• The strategy development process and value creation process are a part of strategic CRM.
• The multichannel integration process is a part of operational CRM.
• The performance assessment process and information management process are a part of analytical CRM.
• Each of them is a cross-sectional, process-oriented approach and is interlinked.
• They all have their own role and function for greater success with CRM implementation.
• Analytical CRM refers to the analysis and systematic evaluation of collated customer data.
• It maintains a record of interactions with clients and helps organizations monitor sales and marketing activities.
• This mined data received provides insights and intelligence to help businesses operate effectively.

Therefore, in Payne's five process model, the performance assessment process is a part of Analytical CRM.

Short-Term Memory: Up to 7 Items, But Highly Volatile. Many psychology experiments have shown that our short-term memory can hold only a limited number of separate items. The average is about 7 items, plus or minus 2, depending on the individual.

The maximum contribution to the process of socialization, in general comes from home.

It compels students to think isof the following is the most important characteristic of Open Book Examination system.

A definition that has a meaning that is deliberately assigned to some symbol is calledStipulative.

Normativity is the phenomenon in human societies of designating some actions or outcomes as good or desirable or permissible and others as bad or undesirable or impermissible. A norm in this normative sense means a standard for evaluating or making judgments about behavior or outcomes.