UGC NET Paper 2 Geography Mock Test - 9 - UGC NET MCQ

Option 2 is correct, i.e I and II.

• Migration creates both benefits and problems for the areas, people migrate from and migrate to.
• Consequences can be observed in economic, social, cultural, political and demographic terms
• A major benefit for the source region is the remittance sent by migrants.
• Remittances from international migrants are one of the major sources of foreign exchange.
•  It has serious negative consequences such as anonymity, which creates a social vacuum and a sense of dejection among individuals.
• A continued feeling of dejection may motivate people to fall into the trap of anti-social activities like crime and drug abuse.
• Overcrowding of people due to rural-urban migration has put pressure on the existing social and physical infrastructure in the urban
  areas.
• This ultimately leads to unplanned growth of urban settlement and the formation of slums shanty colonies.

The correct answer is All five.

Key Points

Indian mahogany trees

• It can grow to be 30-40 feet tall.
• It is a fast-growing upright tree with an outwardly rounded symmetrical crown. Hence, Statement 5 is correct.
• It has a spread of 20-30 feet.
• The fruit is a large greenish-brown capsule that splits into five sections, each containing flat, long-winged, light brown seeds.
• It is made of red-brown Indian-mahogany-trees wood. On the same plant, both male and female flowers are produced.
• Mahogany is considered a Mesophyte. Hence, Statement 4 is correct.
• The bark is smooth and dark brown. The leaves are pinnate and range in length from 12 to 25 cm, with four to eight leaflets.
• The species is well-known for its dense, redwood. Hence, Statement 1 is correct.
• Initially, the Spanish and English used mahogany to build ships. Then it was used in furniture.
• The Spanish were the first to do this, but English workshops used it extensively in the 18th and early 19th centuries. This epoch is known as the "Age of Mahogany."
• Other names for Indian Mahogany include Mahogany, West Indian Mahogany, Spanish mahogany, Madeira redwood, acajou, caoba, caoba de Santo, cheria mahogany, Cuban mahogany, American mahogany, True mahogany, small leaf mahogany, and Dominican mahogany.
• Mahogany can be found in almost every part of India. It is also found in India's Thattekkad Wildlife Sanctuary, Kaziranga National Park, and Corbett National Park. Hence, Statement 2 is correct.
• Indian scientists discovered that the mahogany tree emits a sulphur compound that can help to reduce atmospheric warming caused by greenhouse gases. Hence, Statement 3 is correct.

The correct answer is None of the above.

Important Points

• Yew has undergone a recent, range-wide population decline of at least 50% as per IUCN. 
• Throughout its range in the western Himalayas, it is declining in response to a range of threats.
• In Afghanistan, up to 50% of the forests where it occurs have been destroyed or heavily logged (UNEP 2003) over the last 30 years.
• In northwest India and western Nepal, exploitation associated with Taxol production has led to a national decline of up to 90% in Taxus populations throughout the country.
• Also, in other countries such as Pakistan, overexploitation for fuel, fodder, and medicinal use has led to a significant decline.
• The decline is continuing and while the causes are largely understood, in many areas they will not be reversible. On this basis, an assessment of Endangered is warranted. So, options 1, 2 and 3 are NOT correct.

Important PointsCentral place theory:

• Central Place Theory is a spatial theory in urban geography and urban economics.
• CPT explains the spatial arrangements, patterns, and distribution of urban areas and human settlements. 
• Central place theory was given by Walter Christaller in 1933 on the basis of settlement patterns in southern Germany.
• This study included analyzing the relationships between settlements of different sizes and related their economic activities (market) with the population. 
• It is based upon the central place system and city size distribution.
• Various geographers and urban planners study such theories and urban development models as a part of urban studies, regional science and hierarchical arrangement of human settlements.

The theory then relied on two concepts: threshold and range.

• The threshold is the minimum market size (population) needed to support a central place function (service).
• The range is the maximum distance people are willing to travel to obtain a central place function (service).

There are three fundamental concepts

• Concept of centrality: it means the importance of the central or focal point which offers goods and services to the complementary area
• Complementary area: the area served by the central place
• Concept of hierarchy: the arrangement of the settlement based on their number and size. Generally, there are seven or more levels in a meso-region. In India, there are six levels of settlements.

Hence, the threshold is the minimum number of people needed to support a service.

The correct answer is Alfred Wegener.

Key Points

•  Continental Drift Theory (Alfred Wegener).
  • Continental drift theory was proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912. 
  • It was first put forward by Abraham Ortelius in 1596 before fully being developed by Albert Wegener.
  • The theory deals with the distribution of the oceans and the continents.
  • According to Wegener’s Continental Drift theory, all the continents were one single continental mass (called a Supercontinent) – Pangaea and a Mega Ocean surrounded this supercontinent. The Mega Ocean is known by the name Panthalassa.
  • Although Wegener's initial theory did not cover mantle convection until Arthur Holmes later proposed the theory.
  • According to this theory, the supercontinent, Pangaea, began to split some two hundred million years back.
  • Pangaea first split into 2 big continental masses known as Gondwanaland and Laurasia forming the southern and northern modules respectively.
  • Later, Gondwanaland and Laurasia continued to break into several smaller continents that exist today.

Additional Information

Unsupervised classification is a process whereby numerical operations are performed by the computer system itself that search for the natural groupings of the spectral properties of pixels in the multi spectral feature space. This method doesn't require much initial output and a priori knowledge of the scene as clustering does not involve training data.

Thus, the Correct answer is C.

• 21^st March is the day of equinox. The sun is directly above the equator. The equinox also occurs on 23^rd September. The day and night last12 hours each on these days.
• 1^st June is the day that is expected arrival of monsoon in India. Though this just expected date, usually monsoon arrives later.
• 22^nd Dec is winter solstice. This is supposed to be the longest night. On this day, the sun is overhead at the tropic of Capricorn.
• 21^st June the day of longest summer solstice. The sun is overhead the tropic of cancer on the day of summer solstice.

Thus, the correct answer is A.

The concept of agricultural productivity is not synonymous to fertility. Agricultural productivity can be measured by calculating the ratio of agricultural inputs such as land, labour, capital, etc. to the agricultural output such as produce yielded, measured in calories or monetary value. As per the 23rd Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Agricultural Economics, yield per hectare in a region is considers as a representation of agricultural productivity.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

 Although there are mentions of Indian Monsoon in the Rig Veda and Al Masudi’s works, the concept of Indian Monsoon was explained in 1686 by Sir Edmund Halley. Halley said that monsoon resulted due to thermal contrast between continents and oceans because of differential heating.

Thus, the correct answer is B.

The correct answer is Relocative
Key Points

Relocative:

• It is the geographical transfer of culture traits by movements of people across space.
• As the location continuously changes, this type of diffusion is coined relocation diffusion.
• An example is the movement of a bush fire, which has burned out at the origin but continues to spread at the periphery.
• Immigration from country to country, city to city, etc.
• As they relocate to a new location, they bring their ideas, cultural tradition such as food, music, and more.

Additional InformationCulture diffusion

• Culture diffusion, also often called cultural diffusion or transcultural diffusion, is a term from anthropology, specifically cultural anthropology, a subfield that focuses on how cultures vary among the human population. Cultural diffusion describes the spread of one culture’s practices, beliefs, and/or items, like food, music, or tools.
• Hierarchical Diffusion

1. It is when an idea spreads by passing first among the most connected individuals, then spreading to other individuals.
2. Think of the chain of command in businesses, and the government.
3. There’s somewhat of a hierarchy in terms of position of authority.

Expansion Diffusion

1. Expansion diffusion is the spread of a factor or an innovation from a centre with the concentration of things being diffused throughout the society.

Contagious Diffusion

1. It is the expansion which affects all the individuals and areas uniformly from a source region.
2. The introduction of a new fashion trend which spreads like a wildfire through various social media sites can be cited as an example.

Explanation:

Spatial Autocorrelation:

• Interpolation is made possible by a principle called spatial autocorrelation.
• The term spatial autocorrelation refers to the presence of systematic spatial variation in a mapped variable. Where adjacent observations have similar data values the map shows positive spatial autocorrelation. Where adjacent observations tend to have very contrasting values then the map shows negative spatial autocorrelation.

Spatial autocorrelation may arise from any one of the following situations:

• the difference between the (large) scale of variation of a phenomenon and the (small) scale of the spatial framework used to capture or represent that variation
• measurement error
• spatial diffusion, spillover, interaction, and dispersal processes
• inheritance by one variable through causal association with another; and
• model misspecification

Thematic Correlation:

• Thematic correlation involves an analysis of relevant themes and motifs within a passage and that passage's contribution to the broader biblical message pertaining to those motifs.

The correct answer is Karnataka.

Key Points

• The state of Karnataka is the leading producer of coffee in India.
• Karnataka is the country's largest coffee-producing state, accounting for nearly 71 per cent.
• The Karnataka districts of Chikmagalur, Kodagu, and Hassan are major coffee-producing regions of the state. 
• In the latest financial year, Karnataka produced 2.33 Lakh Metric Tonnes of coffee.
• In Karnataka, coffee is cultivated in a wide area and accounts for over 60 % of the total area under coffee cultivation in India.
• The key factors for the production of coffee in large quantities in Karnataka is the required temperature, climate, and rainfall.

Additional Information

• Kerala:​
  • Arabica and Robusta coffee beans are grown in the Malabar region of Kerala.
  • Kerala, across the hills of the Wayanad district near Kalpetta, accounts for 21% of India's coffee production. 
• Tamil Nadu:
  • The state of Tamil Nadu accounts for 5% of India's total coffee production in the Nilgiris District, Yercaud, and Kodaikanal.
  • In the Eastern Ghats, the Shevaroy Hills have many old coffee plantations in Tamil Nadu.
• Maharashtra:
  • Maharashtra's Chikhaldara Hill Station is the only coffee-growing area in Maharashtra and a must-see destination to visit from October to June.

The correct answer is ​the theory of plate tectonics.

Key Points

• The theory that states "pieces of the Earth's crust are in constant, slow motion driven by movement in the mantle" is called Plate Tectonics.
• Plate tectonics is a scientific theory that explains the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates, which make up the Earth's outer shell.
• These plates float on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them and are driven by the convective currents in the mantle.
• This theory helps explain the formation of continents, ocean basins, earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the interactions of tectonic plate boundaries.

Additional Information

• The theory of plate tectonics is a comprehensive scientific theory that explains the movement of the Earth's lithospheric plates, which make up the Earth's outer shell.
• The theory is composed of several key ideas:
• Lithospheric Plates: The Earth's rigid outer layer, known as the lithosphere, is divided into several large and small plates that "float" on the semi-fluid asthenosphere beneath them.
• Plate Boundaries: The edges of these plates are the most dynamic regions on Earth. There are three primary types of plate boundaries:
  • Divergent Boundaries: At divergent boundaries, plates move away from each other. This can lead to the formation of new oceanic crust through seafloor spreading and the creation of rift valleys on continents.
  • Convergent Boundaries: At convergent boundaries, plates move toward each other. When two plates collide, it can result in subduction, where one plate is forced beneath the other, leading to the formation of deep ocean trenches, volcanic arcs, and mountain ranges.
  • Transform Boundaries: At transform boundaries, plates slide past each other horizontally. The friction and pressure along these boundaries can lead to earthquakes.
• Seafloor Spreading: Harry Hess and Robert Dietz's work in the mid-20th century contributed to the understanding of seafloor spreading. This process occurs at mid-ocean ridges, where new oceanic crust is formed as magma rises and solidifies.
• Plate Interactions: The interactions of these plates result in various geological features, including the formation of mountain ranges, volcanic activity, earthquakes, and the distribution of continents and oceans.

The correct answer is - Both (A) and (C) are correct.

Important Points

• Statement (A) is correct:
  • Population density is the number of people living in a unit area of the earth’s surface.
  • How crowded a country is, has little to do with its level of economic development.
  • For example, both Bangladesh and Japan are very densely populated but Japan is far more economically developed than Bangladesh.
  • Hence, an economically developed country could be a densely populated country.
• Statement (B) is not correct:
  • ​The number of women and men in a country is an important demographic characteristic.
  • The ratio between the number of women and men in the population is called the Sex Ratio.
  • The sex ratio is an important information about the status of women in a country.
  • In regions where gender discrimination is rampant, the sex ratio is bound to be unfavourable to women.
  • Such areas are those where the practice of female foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are prevalent.
  • One of the reasons could be lower socio-economic status of women in these areas.
  • However more women in the population's base does not mean they have a better status.
  • It could be that the men might have migrated to other areas for employment.
• Statement (C) is correct:
  • Population composition refers to the structure of the population.
  • The composition of population helps us to know how many are males or females, which age group they belong to, how educated they are and what type of occupations they are employed in, what their income levels and health conditions are.

  • An important tool for studying the population composition of a country is by looking at the population pyramid.

Based on the above discussion, we can conclude that the correct statements are (A) and (C).

Key Points

Statement I: Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based output devices.

• Grid-cell systems are very compatible with raster-based output devices, e.g. electrostatic plotters, and graphic terminals.
• The raster data model can represent discrete point, line, and area features but is limited by the size of the pixel and by its regular grid-form nature.
• A point’s value would be assigned to and represented by the nearest pixel; similarly, a linear feature would be represented by a series of connected pixels; and an area would be shown as a group of connected pixels that most closely resembles the shape of that area.

Statement II: Vectors use maximum space for the storage of spatial data.

• Vector data tend to be more compact in the data structure, so file sizes are typically much smaller than their raster counterparts.
• Although the ability of modern computers has minimized the importance of maintaining small file sizes, vector data often require a fraction of the computer storage space compared to raster data.

Therefore Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect.

Additional Information

• Raster data is stored as a grid of values that are rendered on a map as pixels. Each pixel value represents an area on the Earth's surface. There are two types of raster data: continuous and discrete. An example of discrete raster data is population density. Continuous data examples are temperature and elevation measurements. There are also three types of raster datasets: thematic data, spectral data, and pictures (imagery).
• Vector data is a geographic data type where data is stored as a collection of points, lines, or polygons along with attribute data. Individual points recorded as coordinate pairs, which represent a physical position in the world, make up vector data at its most basic level.

The Correct Answer is clockwise

Key Points

• Cyclones are rapid inward air circulation around a low-pressure area. The air circulates in an anticlockwise direction in the Northern hemisphere and clockwise in the Southern hemisphere.
• The word Cyclone is derived from the Greek word Cyclos meaning the coils of a snake. It was coined by Henry Paddington because the tropical storms in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea appear like coiled serpents of the sea.
• Cyclones are usually accompanied by violent storms and bad weather.

Additional Information

• Cyclones
  • better known as depressions and are confined to temperate latitude.​
  • depressions vary from 150 to 2000 miles.
  • the wind blows inward into the low pressure in the center.
  • circulates in the anticlockwise direction in the northern hemisphere.
  • circulates in a clockwise direction in the southern hemisphere.
  • precipitation resulting in cyclonic air is due to the convergence of warm tropical air and cold polar air
• There are 4 types of cyclones and they are:
  • Tropical cyclone.
  • Polar cyclone.
  • Mesocyclone.
  • Extratropical cyclone.

The correct answer is China.

Key Points

• The one-child policy, the official program was initiated by the central government of China in 1980.
• It was a population planning initiative in China implemented between 1980 and 2015.
• The purpose of the policy was to limit the great majority of family units in the country to one child each.
• The policy was enacted to address the growth rate of China's population.
• A few consequences of the policy are given below:
  • The birth rate decreased after 1980.
  • The fertility rate decreased after 1980.
  • The overall rate of natural increase (difference between birth and death rate) declined.
  • The gender ratio of China was skewed as people preferred to abort or abandon their female babies.

Thus, we can say that in 1980, China had adopted the 'One-child policy' to regulate its population.

For finding Mode from the formula class interval should be overlapping.

Option 3) Agriculture and resource management

Critics of the Malthusian Theory contend that the challenges predicted by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus in the late 18th century have been mitigated by significant advancements in agriculture and resource management. Malthus argued that the growing population would outstrip the capacity of the environment to provide sustenance, leading to inevitable checks on population growth.

Important Points

• Advancements in agriculture have played a pivotal role in challenging Malthusian predictions.
• Technological innovations, such as genetically modified crops, improved irrigation systems, and efficient farming practices, have substantially increased food production.
• These developments have allowed societies to keep pace with, and in some cases exceed, the demands of a growing population.
• Additionally, resource management strategies, including sustainable agricultural practices and conservation efforts, have contributed to a more efficient use of available resources.
• Agriculture and resource management," is actually the correct answer. It aligns with the argument that improvements in these fields have alleviated the challenges anticipated by Malthus.
• While this factor challenges Malthusian predictions, it is not the primary focus of critics when addressing the sustainability of resources

Option 2) Measures taken by individuals to control their own reproduction.

Thomas Malthus was an English economist and demographer who developed the Malthusian Theory of Population in the late 18th century. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other social problems.

Key Points

Measures taken by individuals to control their own reproduction.

• This is a correct definition of preventive checks.
• Preventive checks are measures that individuals take to control their own reproduction, such as birth control, late marriage, and abstinence.
• Malthus also believed that there were two types of checks on population growth: preventive checks and positive checks.
• Preventive checks are measures that individuals take to control their own reproduction, while positive checks are factors that limit population growth, such as famine, disease, and war.

Additional Information

• Natural phenomena limiting population growth.

This is not a correct definition of preventive checks. Natural phenomena are positive checks on population growth, not preventive checks.

• Technological advancements in agriculture.

This is not a correct definition of preventive checks. Technological advancements in agriculture can increase the growth of resources, but they do not prevent population growth.

• Positive checks on population growth.

This is not a correct definition of preventive checks. Positive checks are factors that limit population growth, such as famine, disease, and war. Preventive checks are measures that individuals take to control their own reproduction.

Important Points

• Malthus believed that preventive checks were more effective than positive checks in controlling population growth.
• He argued that positive checks were often brutal and inhumane, while preventive checks were voluntary and more likely to be accepted by individuals.

Resources grow exponentially, while population grows at an arithmetic rate.

The Malthusian Theory of Population is a theory of population growth that was developed by Thomas Malthus in the late 18th century. The theory states that population growth is exponential, while the growth of resources is arithmetic. This means that population growth will eventually outstrip the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other social problems.

Key Points

Resources grow exponentially, while population grows at an arithmetic rate.

• This is the primary assertion of the Malthusian Theory of Population.
• Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, meaning that it would increase by a fixed percentage each year.
• He also believed that the growth of resources was arithmetic, meaning that it would increase by a fixed amount each year.
• This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources, leading to famine, disease, and other social problems.
• The Malthusian Theory of Population has been criticized by many economists and demographers.
• However, it remains an important theory in the study of population growth

Additional Information

• Resources and population grow at the same rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

• Population growth is exponential, and resources grow at a faster rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

• Both population and resources grow at an unpredictable rate.

This is not a correct statement of the Malthusian Theory of Population. Malthus believed that population growth was exponential, while the growth of resources was arithmetic. This meant that population growth would eventually outstrip the growth of resources.

In remote sensing technique, the electromagnetic radiation emitted or reflected from the objects must pass through atmosphere before it is detected by the remote sensor. Remote sensing by satellite involve atmospheric degradation. Hence the atmospheric conditions determine the effective use of electromagnetic spectrum for remote sensing.

• Wavelength of visible region is 0.4-0.7µm.
• Wavelength of ultraviolet region is 0.3 to 4µm.
• Wavelength of X ray region is 0.03to 3.0 nm.
• Wavelength of gamma ray region is less than 0.03nm.

Thus, the Correct answer is A.

The stratosphere has the additional ozone layer. This layer absorbs the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. That leads to increase in the temperature of the stratosphere. The boundary between mesosphere and stratosphere is called stratopause, which is located at about 50 km from the earth’s crust. Thus, both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is not the correct explanation of (A).

Thus, the correct answer is B.

 The eastern coast of India has always been prone to cyclonic storms. The major ones include like Fani and Gaja most recently. Western coast of Mahrashtra on the other hand does not have much vulnerability to cyclones. The coastline of Gujarat is more vulnerable to cyclones. The north-eastern states lie in the Arkan Yoma mountain range and has had earthquakes like Tura(8.7-1897) and Cachar(7.5-1869) and more recently, on India-Nepal Border near Sikkim(7.1-2011). The river Chambal in North-Indian plains is not susceptible to floods on a frequent basis.

Thus, the correct answer is D.

The change in the atmospheric circulation and water temperature results in increased rainfall in the eastern pacific and decreased rainfall in the western pacific. This effects the monsoon current over the Indian sub-continent resulting in low rainfall during the monsoon season.

As per W. M. Davis, the cycle of erosion is divided into three stages, namely, youthful stage, mature stage and old stage. In the youthful stage, the channel gradient and slope are very steep in the youthful stage. This leads to an increase in kinetic energy and velocity of the river. This causes the transportation capacity of the river to increase. The river can carry the big boulders due to their high speed. These big boulders cause the vertical erosion of valleys. Thus, a gradual increase in depth of valleys is caused in the youthful stage of the river.

Photochemical smog always contains Ozone, The toxic effect of Carbon Monoxide is due to its greater affinity for haemoglobin as compared to oxygen, Lead is the most hazardous metal pollutant of automobile exhaust. all are true.

This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of physical factors such as climate, topography, and location on population distribution, patterns of work, industry, agriculture, and transportation. Information presented in the two maps shows that population densities of 0-5 persons per square mile are most common in regions that receive 0-2 inches of rainfall annually.