UGC NET Paper 2 Sociology Mock Test - 10 - UGC NET MCQ

The statement there are some people who are more able than others may be attributed to Goode and Hatt. A one-semester undergraduate text "designed to introduce the student to modern research techniques in… sociology." 21 chapters present the "basic logic of scientific research and the application of that logic to the particular problems of sociology. The book includes the major techniques for developing hypotheses, for setting up a research design, for testing hypotheses, for gathering data, and for making analyses. The general principles are illustrated by accounts of specific research experiences, usually taken from unpublished works." Each chapter is followed by suggested readings.

In his famous typology of forms of authority (or non-coercive compliance) Max Weber distinguishes the traditional, charismatic and rational-legal types. The first of these depends on the leader delivering a tradition message or holding a traditionally sanctioned office. By contrast, charismatic authority disrupts tradition and rests only on the support for the person of the leader. Weber defines Charisma as a certain quality of an individual personality by virtue of which he is set apart from ordinary men and treated as endowed with supernatural, superhuman, or at least specifically exceptional powers or qualities. The charismatic phenomenon is temporary and unstable. It cannot be by hereditary succession.

According to Marx, the capitalist obtains more than his due share primarily because of having complete control over the means of production.

Marx's theory of class defines classes in terms of ownership and control of the means of production. The capitalist class, in a capitalist society, is the class that owns the means of production and receives a passive income from their operation.

In modern society, small business owners, minority shareholders, and other small capitalists are considered petty capitalists according to Marx's theory, which is distinct from the bourgeoisie and the proletariat because they can buy the labor of others but also work with employees.

The status of woman in any society is the index of the standard of its social organization. With the enactment of Hindu, Code woman was allowed equal rights to matters of inheritance adoption of the child and divorce. However, social control is exercised through custom, religion, suggestion, folkways and mores.

DAKSH is an electrically powered and Remotely Operated Vehicle by DRDO.

• It is an electrically powered and remotely controlled robot used for locating, handling and destroying hazardous objects safely.
• It is created with a primary function of bomb recovery.
• The robot can navigate staircases, negotiate steep slopes, navigate narrow corridors and tow vehicles to reach hazardous materials.
• Using its robotized arm, it can lift a suspect object and scan it using its portable X-Ray device.
•  It has a shotgun, which can break open locked doors, and it can scan cars for explosives.

Religiosity, measured at the levels of individuals or groups, includes experiential, ritualistic, ideological, intellectual, consequential, creedal, communal, doctrinal, moral, and cultural dimensions.

• The concept of modernization theory is used to describe how societies evolve.
• Modernization theory arose from the theories of German sociologist Max Weber (1864–1920), which served as the foundation for Harvard sociologist Talcott Parsons' (1902–1979) modernization paradigm.
• Modernization theory, both attempts to identify the social variables that contribute to social progress and development of societies and seeks to explain the process of social evolution.
• Modernization theory is subject to criticism originating among socialist and free-market ideologies, world-systems theorists, globalization theorists, and dependency theorists among others.
• Modernization theory stresses not only the process of change but also the responses to that change.
• It also looks at the internal dynamics while referring to social and cultural structures and the adaptation of new technologies.

Observation is a method of gathering data by watching behavior, and events, or noting physical characteristics in their natural setting. 

Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate results.

The correct answer is Only I, II and III.

Multiculturalism is a societal framework that embraces and values diverse cultural backgrounds, fostering coexistence and mutual respect among individuals from various ethnic, religious, and social groups. It promotes the recognition and celebration of differences, aiming for a harmonious society where diverse perspectives contribute to a rich and inclusive community.

Different aspects of Multiculturalism are:

Cosmopolitan Multiculturalism - Cosmopolitan multiculturalism refers to exposure to and blending of cultures, values, and ideas from diverse groups around the world, largely driven by globalization and increased connectivity between societies. Some key points about cosmopolitan multiculturalism:

• It focuses on intercultural exchange and hybridization of cultures due to increased intercultural contacts, migration, media/technological exposure.
• Globalization via trade, technology, travel, migration has enabled intermixing of diverse cultures like never before. People are exposed to ideas, lifestyles, values beyond their localized cultures.
• It leads to cultural diffusion, syncretism (blending of cultures), emergence of fusion foods, music, clothes, values etc. that blend attributes of different regional cultures.

 Pluralism Multiculturalism - Pluralism multiculturalism refers to recognizing diversity among cultural groups in a society and respecting their right to retain their cultural identities. Key points:

• It accepts and respects groups from different ethnic, linguistic, religious backgrounds to follow their traditional customs and beliefs.
• Supports minority groups rights to exist without being discriminated against or dominated. Emphasizes peaceful co-existence.
• Toleration is a key idea - willingness to accept cultural traditions, values, beliefs one may personally disagree with but recognizes their rights to retain differences.

 Liberal Multiculturalism - Liberal multiculturalism combines respect for diversity with equality and shared civil liberties. Some defining aspects:

• Accepts that various diverse groups adhere to different value systems, identities.
• Emphasizes providing equality, human dignity and rights to all regardless of background.
• Believes in commonly shared civil liberties and constitutional rights that apply equally to groups from all cultural backgrounds.

The correct match between List I and List II is A - 1, B - 3, C - 4, D - 2.
Important Points

•  Gods and Men
  • ​Gods and Men is a book written by the French writer and philosopher Jean Grenier.
  • It is a philosophical work that explores the relationship between gods and men and the human condition.
  • It was first published in French in 1945 and the English translation was published in 1969.
• ​Anatomy of Rural-Urban Community
  • ​Anatomy of Rural-Urban Community is a book written by the Indian sociologist MN Srinivas.
  • It is a sociological study of the village of Rampura in southern India and its relationship with the nearby city of Mysore.
  • It was first published in 1952 and the revised edition was published in 1962.
• ​Cities and Civilisation
  • ​Cities and Civilisation is a book written by the British historian and archaeologist Sir Mortimer Wheeler.
  • It is a historical and archaeological study of the development of cities from ancient times to the present day.
  • It was first published in 1962.
• ​Caste and Race in India
  • ​Caste and Race in India is a book written by the Indian sociologist GS Ghurye.
  • It is a sociological study of the caste system in India and its relationship with race.

  • It was first published in 1932 and the revised edition was published in 1962.

So we can conclude that the correct match between List I and List II is: A - 1, B - 3, C - 4, D - 2

The correct answer is A.R. Radcliffe-Brown. Key Points

• M.N. Srinivas, a prominent Indian sociologist, was influenced by the structural-functional approach to anthropology, particularly the ideas of A.R. Radcliffe-Brown.
• Radcliffe-Brown, a British social anthropologist, was one of the leading figures in the development of structural-functionalism, an anthropological framework that focuses on the interrelated parts of a social system and their functions in maintaining the overall structure.
• M.N. Srinivas conducted fieldwork among the Coorgs, a community in South India, and his study on the religious practices of the Coorgs was influenced by Radcliffe-Brown's structural-functional approach.
• Srinivas, in his study, explored how religious practices and beliefs functioned as integral parts of the social structure among the Coorgs. He looked at rituals, ceremonies, and religious institutions not merely as expressions of individual or collective beliefs but as elements contributing to the maintenance of social order and cohesion within the Coorg community.

Additional Information

• Bronisław Malinowski (1884–1942) was a Polish-British anthropologist and one of the founding figures of modern anthropology. Malinowski is widely recognized for his groundbreaking fieldwork in the Trobriand Islands (Papua New Guinea), documented in "Argonauts of the Western Pacific" (1922). This work laid the foundation for participant observation as a key methodology in anthropology.
• Sir Raymond Firth (1901–2002) was a New Zealand anthropologist known for his influential work in the field of economic anthropology. Firth conducted fieldwork in the Pacific, particularly among the Tikopia people in the Solomon Islands. His seminal work, "We, the Tikopia" (1936), examined the social organization, kinship, and economic systems of the Tikopia.
• Siegfried Frederick Nadel (1903–1956) was an Austrian-born social anthropologist who made significant contributions to the study of African societies. Nadel conducted extensive fieldwork among the Nupe people in Nigeria, and his work, particularly "The Nuba: An Anthropological Study of the Hill Tribes in Kordofan" (1947), explored the social organization, religion, and political structure of the Nupe.

Thus, M.N. Srinivas' study on religion among Coorgs was influenced by A.R. Radcliffe-Brown.

The correct option is 'Functional mobility'.

Key Points

Sanskritization:

• Sanskritization is a sociological concept introduced by M.N. Srinivas. It refers to the process by which lower castes or communities emulate the customs, rituals, and way of life of higher castes or communities, often with the aim of improving their social status.

Functional Mobility:

• The term "functional mobility" refers to the upward movement of individuals or groups within the social structure based on changes in their roles, functions, or practices.

How Sanskritization Promotes Functional Mobility:

• In the context of Sanskritization, the adoption of practices, rituals, and lifestyle attributes associated with higher castes or communities can lead to improved social status and mobility for the groups undertaking this process.
• By emulating the customs and traditions of higher castes, lower castes may enhance their social standing, gain acceptance, and potentially experience upward functional mobility within the caste hierarchy.

Additional Information

Structural Mobility:

• Structural mobility refers to changes in the social structure itself, such as changes in the distribution of occupations or the overall class structure.

Downward Mobility:

• Downward mobility involves a decline in social status or movement to a lower position within the social hierarchy.

Inter-religious Mobility:

• - Inter-religious mobility is not directly related to Sanskritization. Sanskritization typically occurs within the context of the Hindu caste system, and the concept is more focused on mobility within this system.

The correct answer is Ethnocentrism. Key Points

• Ethnocentrism is a concept in sociology that refers to the tendency of individuals or groups to use their own culture, community, or behavior as a standard to evaluate and judge other cultures. It involves the belief that one's cultural practices, norms, values, and way of life are superior or more correct than those of other groups.
• Ethnocentrism can manifest at both individual and societal levels and has important implications for intercultural understanding and relations.
• Ethnocentric individuals often believe that their cultural practices are superior, more advanced, or more morally right than those of others.
• Ethnocentrism often involves the creation and perpetuation of stereotypes about people from different cultures.

Additional Information

• Xenocentrism is the opposite of ethnocentrism. It refers to the belief or assumption that the products, practices, or ideas of one's own culture are inferior to those of other cultures. In other words, individuals or societies with xenocentric tendencies may idealize or value foreign or external cultural elements more than their own.
• Nationalism is a political, social, and cultural ideology that emphasizes the importance of national identity, pride, loyalty, and unity. It often involves a strong attachment and devotion to one's own nation or state.
• Self-centrism: While "self-centrism" is not a standard term, it can be interpreted as a general orientation toward prioritizing oneself or one's own interests above others. In this context, it may relate to an individual's or society's tendency to focus on personal concerns, needs, or perspectives.

Thus, If people in a social setting assume that their own culture, community, and behavior are superior to those of others then it is depicted in sociology as Ethnocentrism.

The correct answer is Herskovits.Key Points

The quote "Culture is the human-made part of the environment" reflects Herskovits's view that culture is a product of human ingenuity and creativity, which helps shape and define the social, economic, and physical aspects of our lives.

• This perspective emphasizes that culture is not a natural or static phenomenon but is constructed and maintained by human actions, beliefs, and values.
• By understanding culture as the human-made part of the environment, Herskovits highlighted the importance of examining the relationship between culture and its context.
• This approach has been influential in the development of anthropological theory and methodology, as it recognizes that cultural practices and beliefs are not isolated but interconnected with various aspects of the environment and broader social systems.
• Consequently, to understand culture fully, one must consider the complex interactions between people, their beliefs, and their surroundings.
• This perspective has implications for various disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, history, and cultural studies.
• It highlights the importance of recognizing the diverse ways in which culture shapes human experiences and how these experiences, in turn, inform the development and maintenance of cultural practices and beliefs.

The correct answer is Royal lineage. Key Points

• Tribal communities in various regions of India historically maintained distinct cultural, social, and economic practices. These communities often lived in geographically isolated areas and had unique social structures.
• Over time, as mainstream Hindu social and economic systems expanded and influenced the surrounding regions, tribal communities often faced unequal pressure to assimilate or adapt to the dominant cultural norms.
• In response to external pressures and influences, some tribal communities have undergone adaptations and transformations. This could include the emergence of royal lineages or leadership structures that mirrored mainstream socio-political systems.
• The establishment of royal lineages signifies an effort by tribal communities to consolidate economic and political power within the framework of the evolving socio-cultural landscape influenced by Hindu norms.
  The formation of royal lineages reflects a process of cultural syncretism, where elements of tribal traditions intertwined with Hindu cultural practices, resulting in a unique amalgamation.

Additional Information

• Cultural Assimilation: The process by which one cultural group adopts elements from another, often resulting in a blending or merging of cultural practices.

• Caste System: The hierarchical social structure prevalent in traditional Hindu society, dividing people into distinct groups based on birth, occupation, and social status.

• Cultural Syncretism: The merging or reconciliation of different cultural elements, resulting in the creation of a new, blended culture.

Thus, The tribal communities were originally separated from one another, subject to unequal pressure of the Hindu social and economic system. This had been given rise to' Royal lineage.

The correct answer is Brahmin status.Key Points

• Panchanan Barma was a leader of the Rajbanshi Community and a social reformer from entire northeastern India during the later period of British rule in India.
• He also was the father of the Rajbanshi Community of Undivided North Bengal.
• He sacrifices his life for the society of the Rajbangshi Community.
• He had taken many reformations works the recover the lost dignity of the Rajbanshi Society.
• He established Kshatriya Sabha in order to inculcate Brahminical values and practices among the people from the Rajbanshi community.
• The only reason for their backwardness is low education as well as unconsciousness about society.

• So, he adopted many reformative activities towards the Rajbanshi Society.

Hence we can conclude that the correct answer is Brahmin status.

The correct answer is Mazumdar and Madan.

Key Points

• Among the first anthropologists to conduct research in India was Dhirendra Nath Majumdar.
• Bengali parents gave birth to D. N. Majumdar in 1903; he died in 1960. He graduated from the University of Calcutta in 1924 with a master's in Anthropology with honours.
• In 1935, the University of Cambridge awarded a PHD to D. N. Majumdar. Anthropology was his area of expertise.
• This study is the "First full-length study of the work on an Indian anthropologist," according to the prologue by Professor T. N. Madan.

Additional Information

• SC Dubey
  • ​Shyama Charan Dube (S.C.Dube), an Indian anthropologist and sociologist, died on February 4, 1996. He served as president of the Indian Sociological Society from 1975 to 1976.
• M.N. Srinivas
  • ​On November 16, 1916, Srinivas was born into a brahmin family. After receiving his sociology degree from the University of Bombay (since called University of Mumbai), Srinivas accepted a scholarship at All Souls College, University of Oxford.
• R. K. Jain
  • ​In 1963, Professor R.K. Jain joined IIT Kanpur and began teaching there in July. IIT Kanpur needed to mature as an institution at this time, and Prof.

The correct answer is "all the above."

Key PointsTheory "Me" of G.H. Mead

• The ‘Me’ part according to him was learned behaviour, a ‘social self’ developed by absorbing the attitudes of ‘the generalized other.
• The ‘me’ consists of the attitudes of others that the child adopts and makes his own.
• Thus, when a parent says things like ‘good child’ or ‘good behavior’ and ‘bad child’ or ‘bad behavior’, such communications from ‘significant others (parents, siblings, playmates, teachers, relatives) become increasingly patterned or organized into that part of the self that Mead calls the ‘me’.
• In other words, the ‘me’ is the adoption of the ‘generalized other’, which according to Mead is the ‘social self.
• Individuals develop self-consciousness by coming to see themselves as others see them. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• It is the passive and conforming part of the individual. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• For Freud, this is the outcome of Oedipal phase, while for ‘me’, it is the result of a developed capacity for self-awareness.
• The ‘me’ involves conscious responsibility.
• It brings coherence to the social order. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
• It is through the ‘me’ that society dominates the individual in the form of social control—the domination of the expression of the ‘me’ over the expression ‘I’.

The correct answer is 'Reception Theory'.

Key Points

• Reception Theory argues that it is the audience, or reader, who gives a text its meaning, rather than the text itself possessing inherent meaning.
• It emphasizes the active role of the reader in the interpretation process and acknowledges that readers bring their personal experiences, emotions, and cultural background to the interpretation.
• This theory underlines the variability of interpretations based on factors such as individual reader's historical period, cultural background, and social circumstances.
• Reception Theory moves away from authorial intent and focuses on the diverse readings a text might generate.
• It aligns with the idea that the meaning of a text is not fixed but is instead constructed by the reader, making the reading experience subjective and dynamic.
• Developed primarily by scholars like Hans Robert Jauss and Wolfgang Iser, it has significantly influenced the fields of literary criticism and media studies.

Therefore, the correct answer is 'Option 3'.

Additional Information

• Option 1: Focuses on the underlying structures of narratives and cultural phenomena.
• Option 2: Concerned with the instability of language and meaning, focusing on how texts undercut their own arguments.
• Option 4: Explores the connections between economic production, social classes, and cultural products

The Correct answer is a and b are correct.

Key Points

• The transactional theory of leadership was first discussed by Max Weber in 1947 and was later developed by Bernard M Bass in 1981.
• Transactional leadership theory is based on the idea that managers give employees something they want in exchange for getting something they want.
• It focuses on the basic management process of controlling, organizing, and short - term planning.
• The leader believes in motivating through a system of rewards and punishment.
• Transactional leadership, often called managerial leadership, is a leadership approach that emphasizes achieving optimal job performance through a system of rewards and punishments.
• In this model, leaders engage in an exchange or transaction, rewarding workers who meet specified performance standards and applying punishments to those who fall short.
• A brief history of transactional leadership involves key figures in the development of leadership theory:
  • Max Weber: The German sociologist, in his 1947 work "The Theory of Social and Economic Organization," introduced the concept of different leadership styles, laying the foundation for what would later be known as transactional leadership theory.
  • James MacGregor Burns: A political scientist and historian, Burns contributed to leadership studies with his 1978 book "Leadership."
    • He outlined the components of transactional leadership, contrasting it with transformational leadership, emphasizing their mutually exclusive nature.
  • Bernard M. Bass: As a distinguished professor at the State University of New York at Binghamton, Bass expanded the understanding of transactional leadership in the 1980s.
    • Building on the work of Burns and Weber, he provided insights into measuring transformational leadership, exploring the impact of leadership styles on motivation and performance.

Additional InformationTransactional leadership involves three approaches:

• Contingency: This approach utilizes reinforcement theory and extrinsic motivation through a system of rewards, incentives, and penalties.
  • Employees receive contingent rewards and perks upon achieving their goals.
• Active Management by Exception: Transactional leaders proactively monitor situations to anticipate issues and take corrective action in response to problems.
• Passive Management by Exception: In this approach, transactional leaders generally refrain from intervening in the team's activities unless employee performance falls below expectations. They step in only when necessary.

The Kingdom of Dahomey (present-day Benin) has a rich yet complicated history. It had kings and princes who made decisions that had a huge impact on the natives of the once prosperous kingdom.

One of these kings is Agadja Trudo, the third ruler of the kingdom. He took over from his brother, King Akaba and reigned between 1718 and 1740. His ascension to the throne involved fighting off his nephew Agbo Sassa and his sister Hangbe.

It is reported that under Agadja, the Kingdom of Dahomey expanded tremendously. He captured the Kingdom of Allada and the Kingdom of Whydah (Ouidah) in 1724 and 1727 respectively, giving him control of the slave coast, as the region was known then.

Urbanization is the result of migration of population from villages to cities. Urbanization can define as, the increasing concentration of the human population into cities, i.e. the physical growth of rural or natural land into urban areas as a result of the population in-migration to an existing urban area.

It has no spontaneous origin is true of institution but not of community.

Karl Marx was a German philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist and socialist revolutionary. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels say that for most of history, there has been a struggle between those two classes. This struggle is known as class struggle. After The Communist Manifesto and Das Kapital, this concept became well known.

A value judgment (or value judgement) is a judgment of the rightness or wrongness of something or someone, or of the usefulness of something or someone, based on a comparison or other relativity. As a generalization, a value judgment can refer to a judgment based upon a particular set of values or on a particular value system. A related meaning of value judgment is an expedient evaluation based upon limited information at hand, an evaluation was undertaken because a decision must be made on short notice.

Gross National Product (GNP) is the total value of all finished goods and services produced by a country's citizens in a given financial year, irrespective of their location. GNP also measures the output generated by a country's businesses located domestically or abroad.

A major criticism of interest groups is that they result in greater influence for some groups than others, whether or not they are widely popular.

Interest groups often support policies that would lead to higher public expenditure, but this is not always the case. It is equally wrong to equate them with extremists, many interest groups work for causes that command widespread support from political 'moderates'. Some adopt sensational tactics, but others work quietly behind the scenes.

Ego does not fall into the sociological understanding of status. Social status is the relative level of respect, honour, assumed competence, and deference accorded to people, groups, and organizations in a society. Some writers have also referred to a socially valued role or category a person occupies as a "status" (e.g., gender, race, having a criminal conviction, etc.). Status is based on beliefs about who members of a society believe holds comparatively more or less social value.

The term 'collective consumption' (Castells 1977) refer to the provision of health, housing, and education services by the state.

Industrial capitalism changed the relationship between capital and labour, which in turn affected the organization of the city. Castells argued that the problem of how to sustain a healthy, obedient workforce was solved by the rise of 'collective consumption'. This term means that the state provides services like education, health, and housing, usually through local authorities.

It has no association with status are the statements on the nature of the social role is not correct.

A social role is a set of rights, duties, expectations, norms, and behaviors that a person has to face and fulfill. For example, a mother's social role is taking care of her children, being home, and making sure the house is clean. This is her duty and what is expected from her husband and children.

The first newsprint paper mill in India was set up in Madhya Pradesh. NEPA limited in Nepa nagar in Madhya Pradesh was the first newsprint paper mill in India.

NEPA stands for National Newsprint and Paper Mills. The name was coined from National Environment Protection Authority. It was established in 1955 at Nepanagar in the Hoshangabad district of Madhya Pradesh.