MPTET Varg 2 Science Mock Test - 2 - MPTET MCQ

अनुच्छेद के अनुसार, कोकून के अंदर तितली स्वयं को सप्रयास मरोड़ती है ताकि तरल पदार्थ उसके शरीर से पंखों तक पहुंच जाए।

Key Points

• गद्यांश के अनुसार:-
  • ​कोकून से तितली बनने की प्रक्रिया में, यह जरूरी हैं कि उस छोटे से छेद में से ही निकले,
  • ताकि उसके पंखों को आवश्यक तरलता मिल सके और वो मजबूत बन सके और यह प्रक्रिया पूरी होने के बाद ऊँची उड़ान भर सकें।
• शरीर - देह, काया, गात्र, अंग, गात, तनु, कलेवर, वपु।
• पंख - डैना, पक्ष, पर, पखौटा, पाँख।

Additional Information
विस्तारित:-

• अर्थ: जिसका विस्तार हुआ हो या किया गया हो।

सशक्त:-

• अर्थ: जिसमें शक्ति हो, मज़बूत, शक्तिशाली, बलवान।

सहारा:-

• अर्थ: व्यक्ति या वस्तु जिससे किसी कार्य को करने में सहायता मिले।

कवि ने सूर्य की तुलना प्रभात के ग्वाले से की है- प्रभात का ग्वाला अर्थात् सूर्य उदयाचल से किरणरूपी गायों को हाँक कर ला रहा है।

• पद्यांश के अनुसार:-
  •  सबेरा होने पर ग्वाला गायों को हाँककर लाता है। प्रात:काल सूर्य के उदय होने पर उसकी किरणें आगे फैलती हैं। वे किरणे गायों के समान हैं। गायों के पीछे ग्वाला चल रहा है। सूर्य भी अपनी किरणों के पीछे है।

Key Points

• प्रभात- प्रातःकाल, उषाकाल, भोर, सवेरा, सुबह, विहान, निशांत। 
• ग्वाला- यादव, अहीर, गोप, गोरक्षक, गोशाला-प्रबन्धक।
• सूर्य- सूरज, रवि, दिनकर, दिवाकर, प्रभाकर, भास्कर। 
• उदयाचल- पूर्व दिशा का एक पर्वत जहाँ से सूर्य निकलता है।
• किरण- रश्मि, अंशु, अर्चि, गो, कर, मयूख, मरीचि, ज्योति, प्रभा।

Additional Information
प्रकृति:- 

• प्र + कृति = प्रकृति 
• 'प्र' (आगे) उपसर्ग और 'कृति' (रचना) मूलशब्द
• अर्थ: कुदरत, स्वभाव, शील, तासीर, मिजाज।
• विलोम शब्द- 'कृत्रिम'
• प्राकृतिक = प्रकृति + इक  
• 'प्रकृति' मूलशब्द और 'इक' प्रत्यय ​

सौन्दर्य:-

• अर्थ: सुंदर होने की अवस्था या भाव, ख़ूबसूरती, सुंदरता
• विलोम शब्द- 'कुरूपता'

पर्वत:-

• अर्थ: पहाड़, गिरि, अचल, शैल, धरणीधर, धराधर, महीधर , नगपति, शिखर।

सूर्योदय:-

• अर्थ: सूर्य का उदय या निकलना।

'क्षितिज-जंगलों से टोली' शब्द का भाव है- वह स्थान जहाँ पृथ्वी और आकाश मिलते दिखाई देते हैं।

• पृथ्वी- भू, भूमि, धरा, उर्वी, इला, अचला, अवनि, अवनी।
• आकाश- नभ, गगन, द्यौ, तारापथ, पुष्कर, अभ्र, अम्बर, व्योम, अनन्त।

Key Points
सागर:- 

• अर्थ: समुद्र, पयोधि, उदधि, पारावार, नदीश, जलधि, वारिधि, नीरनिधि।

नदी:-

• अर्थ: सरिता, तटिनी, वाहिनी, तरंगिणी, निर्झरिणी, शैलजा, जलमाला।

बादल:- 

• अर्थ: मेघ, जलद, पर्जन्य, जगजीवन, अंबुद, अंबुधर, अब्र, अभ्र, घटा।

पर्वत:-

• अर्थ: पहाड़, गिरी, अचल, नग, भूधर, महीधर, शैल, नगपति, शिखर।

वायु:-

• अर्थ: हवा, पवन, समीर, अनिल, वात, मारुत , प्रवात, प्रभंजन, बयार।

जंगल:-

• अर्थ: जंगल, अख्य, अरण्य, विपिन, कानन, गहन, विटप, कांतार, बीहड़।

The correct answer is 1909.

• The Morley - Minto Reform, drafted by John Morley, was enacted in 1909.

Key Points

• Indian Council Act of 1909 AD or Morley-Minto Reforms:
  • The act was named after the Secretary of State for India John Morley and the Viceroy of India Minto.
  • A separate electorate was introduced for Muslims.
  • Lord Minto came to be known as the father of the Communal Electorate.
  • Non-officials to be elected indirectly.
    • Thus, the election was introduced for the first time.
  • For the first time, one Indian was to be on Viceroy’s executive council.
    • Satyendra Prasad Sinha was the first Indian to join the council as a Law member.
  • Annulment of Partition in 1911 AD, the government announced the annulment of the partition of Bengal.

The correct answer is Barren Island.

Key Points

• Barren Island is the only active volcano in India located in Andaman and Nicobar island.
  • It is located in North and Middle Andaman.
  • The first eruption of the volcano took place in 1787 since then the volcano has erupted more than 10 times.
  • The recent eruptions were in 2017.
• Andaman and Nicobar island (Union Territory)
  • Capital: Port Blair.
  • Governor: D. K. Joshi. (February 2021)
• The number of islands: 572 islands out of which only 37 islands are permanently inhabited.
• Folk dance: Nicobari dance.
• Famous festival: Pig festival.
• Division Channel: 10-degree channel divides Andaman and Nicobar Island.
• Long Island is located in New York state.
• Neil island is located in the Andaman and Nicobar island famous for sunset views, coral reefs, etc.
  • The other name of Neil island is Sir Hugh Rose island.

Education is a progressive developmental process that aims at the creation of new values, social adjustment, and harmonious development. 

• It is that process of development of a man which takes place in the social environment.
• It creates useful, responsible, and dynamic citizens by fulfilling their desires and by making them self-independent.

Key Points

Features of progressive education:

• It focuses on learning by doing as it was believed in the concept of progressive education that knowledge is generated through direct experiences and collaboration.
• The concept of progressive education given by John Dewey who believed that education is a real-life process.
• So, progressive education provides aims at providing real experiences to the students to make their learning effective.
• The classroom should be democratic as training the children to live a democratic life is one of the main purposes of progressive education.
• It emphasizes to use flexible timetables and seating arrangements to provide the students a democratic environment to make them feel comfortable in acquiring new knowledge and information.
• The progressive education also focused on developing critical thinking and problem-solving skills among the learners by enabling them to think or analyze the concepts beyond traditional ways.

So, it is concluded that using flexible timetables and seating arrangements are one of the features of progressive education.

Inclusive Education (IE) is a new approach towards educating children with disabilities and learning difficulties with that of normal ones within the same roof. It brings all students together in one classroom and community, regardless of their strengths or weaknesses in any area, and seeks to maximize the potential of all students.

Key PointsInclusion of children with special needs requires a change in attitude, content and approach to learning. Strategies for Inclusion of children with special needs:

• Actively enrol children with special needs.
• Ensure that all staff understand and meet the legal and ethical responsibilities of providing support and services.
• Provide access to specialized supports and develop formal collaborations with community partners.
• Attend, create, or advocate for professional development that promotes inclusive practices.
• Provide technology for special needs students.
• Collaborative and cooperative learning.
• Continuous assessment.

Thus, it is concluded that the inclusion of children with special needs requires a change in attitude, content, and approach to learning for meeting the demands of special children.

The correct answer is option 1.

Concept:

• The body's ability to fight disease-causing microbes is called immunity.
• There are two types of immunity: innate immunity and acquired immunity. 

Explanation:

• Innate immunity: It is present at the time of birth and is nonspecific in nature. Ex. skin is the first line of defense. 

Acquired immunity

• It is pathogen-specific and is acquired when our body is exposed to pathogenic microbes.
• It is based on memory. When our body encounters a pathogen for the first time, it produces a primary immune response of less intensity.
• On a second encounter with the same pathogen, the body fights against it with high efficiency this is called the secondary immune response.
•  The T and B lymphocytes play a major role in acquired immunity.
• It is further classified as active and passive immunity.

Active immunity

• When the body encounters a pathogen (live or dead) it produces an immune response by producing antibodies. 
• This type of immunity is called active immunity.
• This immunity does not develop immediately after being exposed to disease and takes time to develop.
• But it provides long-term protection.
• Ex. vaccination can stimulate an active immune response.

Passive immunity

• When antibodies are transferred directly into the body through serum or another source the type of immunity acquired is called passive immunity.
• Ex. colostrum is milk made by the mother's body after delivery. It is rich in antibodies that protect the infant.
• Some antibodies are also transferred from the mother's body to the developing fetus through the placenta. This is also an example of passive immunity. 

So, the correct answer is option 1.

Concept
 Latent heat:  

• It's the energy released or absorbed, by a body/system, during a change in its physical state.
• It is usually applied at the first order of phase transition.

• It's also known as latent energy or heat of transformation

.

The heat of fusion:

• The latent heat associated with melting a solid or freezing a liquid is called the heat of fusion.

The heat of vaporization:

• The heat associated with vaporizing a liquid or a solid or condensing vapour is called the heat of vaporization.

Explanation:

• In starting stage, the temperature will be zero as the ice and water are in an equilibrium state.
• When heat is applied the energy is used in melting the ice and the temperature does not change until the whole of the ice melts.
• It happens because of the latent heat of fusion.
• On further heating, the temperature of the water would rise.

Concept:

• The coelom is a cavity present between the body wall & gut, it is lined by the mesoderm.
• Animals can be classified into three groups based on the presence or absence of the coelom.

1. Coelomates: The animals possessing the coelom i.e., the body cavity which is lined by mesoderm on all sides are called Coelomates. Eg. annelids, mollusks, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.
2. Pseudocoelomate: Animals in which the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm & endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocoelom. Eg. Aschelminthes.
3. Acoelomates: Animals that do not possess the body cavity coelom are called coelomates. Eg. Platyhelminthes

​   

• Animals in which the cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, external ectoderm, and internal endoderm, are called diploblastic animals, e.g., coelenterates

Explanation:

• Adamsia or commonly called Sea anemone belongs to the class Coelenterata
• It is a diploblastic acoelomate animal i.e. body cells are arranged in two embryonic layers, external ectoderm, and internal endoderm and there is no coelom present

Important Points

General characters of phylum Coelenterata:

• Cnidarians have two distinct morphological body plans known as polyp and medusa.
• They are diploblastic and exhibit tissue grade of organization.
• The body wall is composed of an outer layer called the epidermis, an inner layer called the gastrodermis and a gelatinous mesoglea is between the outer and inner epidermis.
• They have an incomplete digestive system with only one opening.
• Cnidarians are commonly unisexual but some are bisexual. Fertilization is external.
• Asexual reproduction takes place by budding, fission, and fragmentation and they have a remarkable power of regeneration.

Concept-

• The celestial source of energy is Sun.
• Plants produce food through photosynthesis, a process that is only possible when sunlight is available as a source of energy.
• Except for the deep sea hydro-thermal ecosystem, the sun (sunlight) is the only source of energy for all ecosystems on earth.

Explanation-

• Hydrothermal vents are the main source of energy in deep seawater.
• Hydrothermal vents are hot water springs in the deep ocean having a high concentration of H₂S.
• Ocean water oxidizes H₂S producing energy which is used by bacteria, clams.

Additional Information

• According to the 10% law of Lindeman, 90% part of obtained energy of each organism is utilized and only 10% is transferred.
• ATP is the energy currency.

The correct answer is Sclerenchyma.
Key Points

• Sclerenchyma is a general term used to denote a tissue or cell type that has lignified walls.
• The main function of sclerenchyma is to provide mechanical support and strength to the plants.
  • They provide structural support to the plant organs.
  • They form protective coverings around nuts and seeds.

Additional Information

• Meristems form anew from other cells in injured tissues and are responsible for wound healing.
  • Unlike most animals, plants continue to grow throughout their entire life span because of the unlimited division of meristematic regions.
• Collenchyma tissue is composed of elongated living cells of uneven primary thick walls.
  • It provides support, structure, mechanical strength, and flexibility to the petiole, leaf veins, and stem of young plants, allowing for easy bending without breakage.
• Parenchyma is a type of simple permanent tissue that makes a major part of ground tissues in plants.
  • They primarily store food and nutrients, provide support and foundation, and are involved in growth and development.

The correct answer is Detergents.

Explanation:

• Detergents are generally sodium salts of sulphonic acids or ammonium salts with chlorides or bromides ions, etc. 
• Both have long hydrocarbon chains. 
• The charged ends of these compounds do not form insoluble precipitates with the calcium and magnesium ions in hard water. 
• Thus, they remain effective in hard water. Detergents are usually used to make shampoos and products for cleaning clothes.
• Detergents are long-chain carboxylic acid ammonium or sulphonate salts. 
• As a result, the resulting compound is known as sulphonic acid. Sulphonic acids are used in making of detergents, whereas carboxylic acids (fatty acids) are used in the making of soap.

Additional InformationSoaps

• Soaps are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acid.
• The action of soaps and detergents is based on the presence of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic groups in the molecule and this helps to emulsify the oily dirt and hence its removal.

Micelles

• The molecules of soap are sodium or potassium salts of long-chain carboxylic acids. The ionic end of soap interacts with water while the carbon chain interacts with oil. The soap molecules, thus form structures called micelles where one end of the molecules is towards the oil droplet while the ionic end faces outside. This forms an emulsion in water.
• Because of ion-ion repulsion, the micelles remain in solution as a colloid and will not precipitate. As a result, the dirt suspended in the micelles is easily rinsed away.
• Light can be scattered by the soap micelles. As a result, a soap solution appears cloudy.

Explanation:

• The pancreas is a dual gland because it acts as both endocrine and exocrine glands.
• The pancreas secretes both enzymes and hormones.
• Insulin and glucagon are the hormones produced by the pancreas and these hormones control the sugar level in the blood.
• Glycogen is the storage of food in animals.
• Region of pancreas that produces hormones - Islets of Langerhans
• The two types of cells in the Islets of Langerhans are ? cells and ? cells.
• The hormone secreted by  ? cells - Glucagon
• The hormone secreted by  ? cells - Insulin
• Insulin was extracted by Frederick Banting and Charles Best in 1921.

So, Insulin is synthesized in significant quantities only in β cells in the pancreas.

The correct answer is n-Pentane.

Key Points

• The n-pentane melts higher than others because it can assume a rodlike shape in which adjacent molecules can pack closely together.
• The long n-pentane molecules fit rather nearly together, they present the greatest intermolecular attraction.
• The boiling point of n-pentane is 36°C.

Important Points

• The surface area of the simple long chain compound will be more as compared to the branched-chain compound.
  • So, less temperature will be required for branched-chain compounds as compared to a simple long chain compound.
• The boiling point of iso-pentane is 28°C, and the boiling point of neo-pentane is 10°C.
• The boiling point of isobutane is -11.7°C.
• Iso-pentane, neo-pentane and Isobutane are branched-chain compounds.​

Additional Information

• Hydrocarbons with the same numbers of atoms but different shapes form different compounds called isomers.

The correct answer is: Violet, Green, Yellow, Red

CONCEPT:

Dispersion of light:

• The phenomenon in which a white light ray when falls on a prism get separated into its component colors is called dispersion of light.
• The order of colors of the rainbow is Violet, Indigo, Blue, Green, Yellow, Orange, and Red.

EXPLANATION:

The ascending order of a wavelength of seven colors is given below:  

• Violet 
• Indigo
• Blue
• Green
• Yellow
• Orange
• Red
• So, from the above sequence Violet, Green, Yellow, and Red are the correct ascending order of the wavelength of the given four colors of questions.

 Key Points

Trick to remember colors of the Spectrum of White Light - VIBGYOR 

• Here :
• V stands for violet 
• I stand for indigo
• B stands for Blue
• G stand for Green
• Y stand for Yellow
• O stand for Orange
• R stand for Red

 Additional Information

• Some examples of Dispersion of light are the formation of the rainbow, the dispersion of white light in a prism, the dispersion of light on a CD, etc.
• In rainbow formation both refraction and internal reflection take place.
• It is caused by the dispersion of sunlight by tiny water droplets, present in the atmosphere.
• These droplets act like tiny prisms.
• They refract and disperse the incident sunlight, reflect it internally, and finally refract it when it comes out of the water droplet.

Important Point

• A rainbow is always formed in the opposite direction of the Sun.

Demonstration Method: The word demonstration means to give demos or to perform a particular activity or concept. In the demonstration method, the teaching-learning process is carried in a systematic way. Demonstration often occurs when students have a hard time connecting theories to actual practice or when students are unable to understand applications of theories.

Important Points

• The best way to teach the concept of "physical and chemical change" to class Vth students is by demonstrating the physical and chemical changes in real objects in the natural environment.

 Key Points

• The demonstration method is an activity-centered method that is being used frequently in a science classroom. 
• It is an approach in which a teacher demonstrates concepts and students learn by observing and improving understanding through visual analysis.
• The abstract concepts which are difficult to understand are brought into their concreteness and demonstrated through activities.
• The teacher shows and illustrates certain phenomenon of abstract principles through demonstrations of experiments.
• It is based on the teaching maxim "from concrete to abstract" and it includes a systematic presentation of organized series of events or equipment to a group of students for their observation.
• For example, a teacher needs to demonstrate the "three states of water" then firstly the teacher must properly plan the demonstration activity to avoid any confusion in the classroom.
• Then the organization of the required items (water, ice, and a burner to heat the water to create water vapors) should be done in order to conduct the demonstration flawlessly.

Hence, we can conclude that demonstrating the physical and chemical changes in real objects in the natural environment teaches the above concept.

Option 1 is correct, i.e. Nickel, chromium, manganese, iron.

• Nichrome:
  • Nichrome has low resistivity.
  • Nichrome is a non-magnetic alloy that is made up of mainly chromium and nickel.
  • It has a very high melting point, that makes nichrome to make high-temperature wires.
  • It is used in heating elements such as hair dryers, toasters, and ovens.
  • Nichrome is used to make the coils used in water heaters.

Note:

An alloy is a substance made by melting two or more elements together, at least one of the metal.

 correct option is 4.

 Concept:

• The exchange of electrons between an electron donor (which oxidises) and an electron acceptor occurs in oxidation-reduction or redox processes (that becomes reduced).

Disproportionation reactions,

• Also known as dismutation reactions, 
• It is also known as a redox reaction in which the same element's atoms are both reduced and oxidised from one oxidation state (OS) to two different oxidation states.

Calculations:

   2NO₂ + 2OH^- → NO₂^- +H₂O + NO₃^-

 Step 1: Oxidation state of NO2  (Reactant)

•   x+(-4)=0           
•   x+(-4)=-1       
•   x =+4

Step 2 : Oxidation state of NO2 ^- (Product)

•  x+(-4) =-1
•  x= -1 + 4           
•  x=+3  

Step 2: Oxidation state of NO3 - (Product)

•  x+(-6)=-1
•  x=-1+6
•  x=+5

From the above reaction, we can observe that the same element NO₂ is undergoing both oxidation and reduction at the same time.

so, we can conclude that it is an example of a Disproportion redox reaction.

The correct answer is option 3.

Key Points

• Ozone (O3) is a highly reactive gas composed of three oxygen atoms. 
  • Ozone is extremely valuable since it absorbs a range of ultraviolet energy.
• When an ozone molecule absorbs even low-energy ultraviolet radiation, it splits into an ordinary oxygen molecule and a free oxygen atom.
• Ozone absorbs UV-B radiation from the sun.
  • When an ozone molecule absorbs UV-B, it comes apart into an oxygen molecule (O2) and a separate oxygen atom (O).
  • Later, the two components can reform the ozone molecule (O3). By absorbing UV-B in the stratosphere, the ozone layer prevents harmful levels of this radiation from reaching Earth’s surface.
  • Usually, this free oxygen atom quickly re-joins with an oxygen molecule to form another ozone molecule. Because of this "ozone-oxygen cycle," harmful ultraviolet radiation is continuously converted into heat.
• Natural reactions other than the "ozone-oxygen cycle" described above also affect the concentration of ozone in the stratosphere.
• Because ozone and free oxygen atoms are highly unstable, they react very easily with nitrogen, hydrogen, chlorine, and bromine compounds that are found naturally in Earth's atmosphere (released from both land and ocean sources).
  • For example, single chlorine atoms can convert ozone into oxygen molecules and this ozone loss balances the production of ozone by high-energy ultraviolet rays striking oxygen molecules.

Additional Information

• The ozone layer is a region of high ozone concentration in the stratosphere, 15 to 35 kilometres above Earth's surface.
• The ozone layer acts as an invisible shield and protects us from harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun.
• In particular, the ozone layer protects us from UV radiation, known as UV-B, which causes sunburn.
• Long-term exposure to high levels of UV-B threatens human health and damages most animals, plants and microbes, so the ozone layer protects all life on Earth.

• Excretion is the process of removal of nitrogenous wastes from the body of an organism.
• Nitrogenous waste can be divided into three groups based on its toxicity.

1. Ammonia – animals secreting ammonia are called Ammonotelic.
2. Urea - animals secreting urea are called Ureotelic.
3. Uric acid - animals secreting uric acid are called Uricotelic.

Explanation:

• Among the given vertebrates Fishes are essentially ammonotelic
• Fishes have an aquatic habitat suitable for excreting ammonia, as it requires plenty of water for its elimination

• The other nitrogenous wastes excreted by various organisms are discussed in the following table

Additional Information

• Birds & reptiles secrete Uric acid as their main excretory product because Uric acid is a very less toxic waste and it does not require a lot of water for its elimination.
• Uric acid is excreted in the form of a semiliquid paste.
• Mammals are ureotelic in nature i.e., they excrete urea as their primary excretory substance.
• Urea is moderately water-soluble nitrogenous waste that does not require a lot of water for its elimination and can easily be excreted by mammals.

Concept-

• The five-kingdom system was proposed by R.H. Whittaker.
• The kingdom defined by him was named- Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia.
• Kingdom Animalia is divided into sub-groups which is known as Phylum.
• There are 11 phyla in the kingdom Animalia.
  • Porifera, Coelenterata, Ctenophora, Platyhelminthes, Aschelminthes, Annelida, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Echinodermata, Hemichordata, Chordata.

• The presence or absence of a cavity between the body wall and the gut wall is very important in classification.
• The body cavity, which is lined by mesoderm is called coelom.
• Animals possessing coelom are called coelomates, e.g., annelids, molluscs, arthropods, echinoderms, hemichordates, and chordates.
• In some animals, the body cavity is not lined by mesoderm, instead, the mesoderm is present as scattered pouches in between the ectoderm and endoderm. Such a body cavity is called pseudocolour and the animals possessing them are called pseudocoelomates, e.g., aschelminthes.
• The animals in which the body cavity is absent are called acoelomates, e.g., Platyhelminthes (Nematoda).

Therefore Nematoda phylum is characterised by the absence of true coelom.

Additional InformationEchinodermata

• These animals have an endoskeleton of calcareous ossicles and, hence, the name Echinodermata.
• All are marine with the organ-system level of organization.
• The adult echinoderms are radially symmetrical but larvae are bilaterally symmetrical.
• They are triploblastic and coelomate animals.
• The digestive system is complete with a mouth on the lower (ventral) side and anus on the upper (dorsal) side.
• The most distinctive feature of echinoderms is the presence of a water vascular system which helps in the locomotion, capture, and transport of food and respiration. 

Mollusca

• This is the second-largest animal phylum.
• Molluscs are terrestrial or aquatic (marine or freshwater) having an organ-system level of organization.
• They are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, and coelomate animals.
• The body is covered by a calcareous shell and is unsegmented with a distinct head, muscular foot, and visceral hump.
• A soft and spongy layer of skin forms a mantle over the visceral hump.
• The space between the hump and the mantle is called the mantle cavity in which feather-like gills are present.

Annelida

• They may be aquatic (marine and freshwater) or terrestrial; free-living, and sometimes parasitic.
• They exhibit an organ-system level of body organization and bilateral symmetry.
• They are triploblastic, metamerically segmented, and coelomate animals.
• Their body surface is distinctly marked out into segments or metameres and, hence, the phylum name Annelida (Latin, annulus: little ring).
• They possess longitudinal and circular muscles which help in locomotion.
• Aquatic annelids like Nereis possess lateral appendages, parapodia, which help in swimming.
• A closed circulatory system is present. Nephridia (sing. nephridium) helps in osmoregulation and excretion.

A project is an educational method where students working individually or in small groups analyze and develop “real-life” problems or tackle a present-day theme within a preset time limit, working independently and with the division of tasks clearly defined.

Key Points

Steps involved in a Project 

• Choosing and Purposing:- The students need to choose the project themselves to satisfy their definite needs or purposes. There should not be any kind of hurry in selecting a project for the students. Sufficient time should be spent on the discussion of alternative situations selected by the students.
• Planning:- Planning is concerned with working out detailed procedures for doing the project Planning should be done by the students under the guidance of a teacher. The
  the teacher can provide the guidelines to the students.
• Execution:- This is a very important and interesting step of project teaching as it provides opportunities for the students to do the activities in which they are interested and capable and learn about various user experiences.
• Recording:- It is very important and essential to maintaining a complete record of project work from its proposal to completion. The project book needs to be maintained by each student.
• Evaluation:- Evaluation of the whole project work experience needs to be done against preset standards. The standards should be worked out by the teacher along with the students. 

Hence, it can be concluded that the formulation of hypotheses is not related to the project method.

When a teacher introduces a lesson or a unit, he or she delivers a quick overview of the lesson or unit to draw the students' attention to it.

• In general, an introduction to a lesson covers what the teacher does with or without the students up to the point of presenting the lesson's goal.

Key Points
 The first step in a teaching process is the proper introduction of a lesson/topic using an effective device. Such devices can be the Use of examples, Storytelling, Dramatization, etc.

• These Devices should be chosen according to the student's maturity level and experience and according to the lesson to be taught.
• The purpose of starting the lesson on motion with a narrative about Newton is to pique their interest and attract their attention to get them interested in the topic.
• A story about newton will catch their attention and generate curiosity about the topic and keeps the child’s mind from being bored.
• The way a new lesson or unit is introduced has a significant impact on students' learning. A teacher must have the required skills to effectively introduce a lesson or subject.

Thus, it can be concluded that the teacher wants to create curiosity about the topic motion.

The correct answer is Ca(OH)2.

Key Points

• The chemical formula for Lime water is Ca(OH)₂.
• The chemical name for lime water is calcium hydroxide.
• It is a colourless crystal or white powder and is obtained when calcium oxide (called lime or quicklime) is mixed, or "slaked" with water.

Important Points 

•  Some important chemical names and common names:

The correct answer is Citric acid.

Key Points

• Lemon juice is about 5% citric acid, which gives lemons a sour taste and a pH of 2 to 3.
• Citric acid is found in many fruits but lemon contains a large quantity of citric acid. 

• Oxalic acid is present in Tomatoes.
• Citric acid or Ascorbic Acid is present in oranges or lemons, and gooseberries (amla).
• Acetic Acid is present in Vinegar.

Additional Information

• A substance will be known as an acid if it gives out positive hydrogen ions, that is, H+ ions when dissolved in water.
  • An acidic compound donates a proton.
  • The acid is regarded as stable if and only if its conjugate base is also stable.
• A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions.
  • When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions shifts the opposite way.
  • Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.
  • This kind of solution is alkaline.

The correct answer is Vacuoles full of cell sap.

• Storage sacs in plants for solid or liquid contents are called Vacuoles.
  • They are small in size in animal cells while are very large in plant cells.
  • The central vacuole may occupy 50-90% of the cell volume of some plant cells.
• Vacuoles provide turgidity and rigidity to the plant cell, as they are full of cell sap.
  • Many life-sustaining substances, like amino acids, sugars, various organic acids, and some proteins, are stored in vacuoles.

Additional Information

• In Amoeba (a single-celled organism), the food vacuole contains the food items that the Amoeba has consumed.
  • Specialized vacuoles also play important roles, in some unicellular organisms, like in expelling wastes and excess water.
• Decoding the message and the formation of peptide bonds are the two main functions of Ribosomes.
  • Two large ribonucleoprotein particles (RNPs) of unequal size helps to perform these two activities in the ribosomal subunits.
  • Each subunit is made of one or more ribosomal RNAs (rRNAs) and many ribosomal proteins (r-proteins).
• The site of ATP synthesis for the cell is the mitochondrion.
  • It is a good indicator of the cell's rate of metabolic activity, more the number of mitochondria better the rate of metabolic activity; Example: hepatocytes have many mitochondria, hence its cell is very metabolically active.
• A membrane-bound organelle found in most cells is responsible for packaging proteins into vesicles prior to secretion is the Golgi apparatus.
  • Therefore plays a key role in the secretory pathway.

Explanation:

• Accommodation of the human eye is the process of adjusting the lens to focus on objects at various distances, thereby allowing clear vision
• Far-sightedness, also known as long-sightedness, hypermetropia, or hyperopia, is a condition of the eye where distant objects are seen clearly but near objects appear blurred.
• This issue can be overcome with the help of a converging lens.
• Nearsightedness is an eye condition in which you can see nearby objects clearly, but faraway objects appear fuzzy or blurry. It’s also called myopia
• This issue can be overcome with the help of a diverging lens.
• Presbyopia is an age-related eye condition in which the ability to focus on nearby objects reduces.
• Bifocal lenses are lenses with lines separating two different prescriptions.
• There is a presence of a distance lens at the top and the lower part has a lens that can be used to view the objects placed nearby.

Bifocal lenses are used by people suffering from both myopia and hypermetropia or presbyopia.

The correct answer is 

Key Points

• The buoyant force depends upon the density of the fluid.
• Buoyancy is defined as an upward force exerted by any fluid when an object is immersed in it.
• The pressure is more on the bottom of the object than the top of the object as the pressure increases with depth.
• These forces acting on the body are called Buoyant forces.
• Upward pressure exerted by the fluid depends upon the density of a fluid.
• The formulae for Buoyant force (f) = ρgv.
• Where ρ is the density of the fluid, g is the gravity, and v is the volume of fluid displaced.

Important Points

• When the buoyant force of liquid is less than the weight of the object, the object will be submerged or sank.
• When the buoyant force of liquid is equal to the weight of the object, the object will float on the surface of the liquid. 
• NOTES: Buoyancy is the tendency of a liquid to exert an upward force on an object immersed in it.
• The buoyancy of a liquid depends upon the density of the fluid and the volume of the object immersed in the liquid.
• Thus we can say the buoyant force is greater if the volume of an object submerged in a liquid is Larger.

Evaluation is a process of ascertaining the nature and quantum of change and should necessarily be based on, or be directed towards such a goal. An educational objective is often limited to what is mentioned in the prescribed syllabus or to what the teacher does in the classroom. A number of models of classification of objectives have been developed.

• The most convincing of this has been the Taxonomical Model of Educational Objectives developed by Bloom and his associates. It has adopted a three-dimensional division of Learning experiences which are classified into three domains, that is, Cognitive, Affective, and Psychomotor. (knowing, feeling, doing: Head, Heart, Hand.)

Key Points​
The cognitive domain represents the intellectual component of behavior and is the most important from the point of view of education. A variety of attempts have been made to classify mental processes. The sequence in which these mental abilities are classified under this domain are as follows: 

• Knowledge:- Memory or remembering is the lowest level of the intellectual structure model. Knowledge involves the recall or recognition of specifics, universal, pattern, structure, etc. For example, recalling properties of solid, liquid, and gas like the density of water in ice form, liquid form, and vapor form.
• Understanding: An individual is expected to go beyond the level of recall and recognition. Pupils should be able to understand the meaning of the concepts because facts and concepts describe a process. For example, providing examples of solid, liquid, and gas by relating their concepts.
• Application: While applying, an individual is expected to use his knowledge and understanding of the fact, concepts, principles, ideas, or procedures in a particular situation or for solving any particular/ specific problem.
• Analysis: It is the next higher level of cognitive ability. Here an individual is required to analyze a meaningful statement into its various components. Pupils should be able to identify the concepts and their inter-relationship in the statement. The analysis will lead to establish a relationship between various statements in meaningful communication.
• Synthesis: It is a complex ability at a higher level of cognition. It involves the ability of an individual to put together the elements or parts in a way that a new pattern emerges out. It is an ability to give new shape or structure to statements or procedures. It has an inherent element of creativity.
• Evaluation: The highest level of cognitive structure is the ability to evaluate or judge. It is also the most complex ability which involves all the other abilities. It enables a person to judge a material, product, or process against a standard and to establish its worth of it.  

Thus, it is concluded that a science teacher asks students to give examples of solid, liquid, and gas, here giving examples is related to the understanding objective.