NVS Lab Attendant Mock Test - 10 - NVS TGT/PGT MCQ

The correct answer is Thermosphere.

Key Points

The atmosphere consists of different layers with varying densities and temperatures. The column of the atmosphere is divided into five different layers depending upon the temperature condition.
They are the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.
The troposphere

• It is the lowest part of the Earth's atmosphere in which all tropical changes take place. It contains about 75% of the total air in the atmosphere.
• This layer contains dust particles and water vapor.
• All changes in climate and weather take place in this layer.
• This is the most important layer for all biological activity.
• The zone separating the troposphere from the stratosphere is known as the tropopause.
• The temperature here is nearly constant, and hence, it is called tropopause.

The stratosphere

• It is found above the tropopause and extends up to a height of 50 km.
• One important feature of the stratosphere is that it contains the ozone layer.
• This layer absorbs ultraviolet radiation and shields life on the earth from an intense, harmful form of energy.
• The stratopause caps the top of the stratosphere.

The mesosphere

• It lies above the stratosphere, which extends up to a height of 80 km.
• In this layer, once again, the temperature starts decreasing with the increase in altitude and reaches up to minus 100°C at a height of 80 km.
• The upper limit of the mesosphere is known as mesopause.

The thermosphere 

• It is located between 80 and 400 km above the mesopause.
• It contains electrically charged particles known as ions, and hence, it is also known as the ionosphere.
• Radio waves transmitted from the earth are reflected back to the earth by this layer.
• It contains Ions and helps in wireless communication
• The temperature here starts increasing with height.

The exosphere

• It is the uppermost layer of the atmosphere.
• This is the highest layer but very little is known about it.
• Whatever contents are there, these are extremely rarefied in this layer, and it gradually merges with outer space.

​

The correct answer is India.

In News

• India to host Quad leaders summit in 2024

Key Points

• India will host the Quad Summit in 2024, as announced by Prime Minister Narendra Modi at the Quad Summit 2023.
• The Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (QSD), commonly known as the Quad, is a strategic security dialogue between Australia, India, Japan, and the United States of America.
• It aims to help countries mitigate the effects of climate change and strengthen their climate resilience.
• The forum was initiated as a dialogue in 2007 by Prime Minister Shinzo Abe of Japan, with the support of Vice President Dick Cheney of the US, Prime Minister John Howard of Australia, and Prime Minister Manmohan Singh of India.
• The dialogue was paralleled by joint military exercises of an unprecedented scale, titled Exercise Malabar.

The US-India Strategic and Partnership Forum (USISPF) has appointed former Revenue Secretary and former Secretary of Economic Affairs Tarun Bajaj as the head of the US-India Tax Forum. A 1988 batch Haryana cadre IAS officer, Tarun Bajaj has served as Revenue Secretary. The US-India Tax Forum was officially launched on February 25, 2020.

Microsoft and OpenAI are jointly embarking on a $100 billion project to create “Stargate,” an AI supercomputer. Scheduled for launch in 2028, it follows OpenAI’s AI upgrade in 2022. The project aims to surpass existing data centers’ capabilities by 100 times. Divided into five phases, with Stargate as the fifth, a smaller fourth-phase supercomputer is slated for release in 2026. Significant costs will be allocated to acquiring essential AI chips.

Punjab and West Bengal have challenged the central government’s decision to expand the Border Security Force’s (BSF) operational jurisdiction from 15 km to 50 km. They argue that this move violates federal principles and encroaches on state law and order powers. The BSF, established in 1965 after the India-Pakistan war, is a vital part of India’s security apparatus, operating under the Ministry of Home Affairs. It has over 2 lakhs personnel and is primarily deployed along the borders with Pakistan and Bangladesh, including the Indo-Pakistan International Border and Indo-Bangladesh International Border.

The correct answer is Tamil Nadu

In News 

• The nation's first PM Mega Integrated Textile Regions and Apparel (PM MITRA) Park is set to be established in Virudhunagar District of Tamil Nadu, the Memorandum of Understanding for which was signed between the Central and State governments here on March 22.

Key Points

• The MoU was exchanged between officials in the presence of Tamil Nadu Cjhief Minister M.K.Stalin, State Ministers Thangam Thennarasu, KKSSR Ramachandran, R Gandhi and Union Ministers L Murugan and Darshana Vikram Jardosh, apart from Piyush Goyal.
• The Virudhunagar PM MITRA project will involve infrastructure work at an estimated Rs 2,000 crore, which includes a Central subsidy of Rs 500 crore.
• Upon completion, the textile park will provide employment opportunities to 2 lakh people and would ensure the economic development of southern Tamil Nadu.
• A total of 11 MoUs between State authorities and companies were also exchanged on investment commitments in the PM MITRA project in Tamil Nadu.
• The mega textile park is set to be built on a 1,052 acre site in E Kumaralingapuram in Virudhunagar District, close to the Chennai-Madurai-Kanyakumari national highway (NH-44), and is well connected to Thoothukudi seaport and Madurai airport.
• The proposed project site is owned by the State Industries Promotion Corporation (SIPCOT).

Additional Information

• The Union Ministry of Textiles issued a notification on October 21, 2021 for setting up the seven PM MITRA Parks, as announced in the Union Budget for 2021-22.
  • These seven sites are in Tamil Nadu, Telangana, Gujarat, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh and Maharashtra.
• The government has approved PM MITRA Parks in greenfield/brownfield sites with an outlay of Rs 4,445 crore for a period of seven years upto 2027-28.
• The PM MITRA Parks would help create world-class industrial infrastructure that would attract large-scale investment, including foreign  investment (FDI), and encourage innovation and job creation within the textile sector.
• These parks will enhance the competitiveness of the textiles industry by helping it achieve economies of scale as well as attract global players to manufacture in India.

Visionary : Original and showing the ability to think about / plan the future with great imagination and intelligence

सही उत्तर है - "सभी-शैव" lKey Points

• सर्व का अर्थ है - सभी l
• शर्व का अर्थ है - शैव l
• इसलिए यह सही उत्तर है l

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:-

• शव शब्द का अर्थ है - मृतक का शरीर, लाश l
• सही का अर्थ है - ठीक l
• शाकाहारी का अर्थ है - वह जो बस वनस्पति खाता है l
• इन तीनों शब्द जोड़ों में एक- एक शब्द का अलग अर्थ है, इसलिए यह तीनों प्रश्न में दिए गए शब्द- युग्म के सही अर्थ को नहीं बताते l

Additional Information

• सर्व-शर्व यह दोनों श्रुतिसम भिन्नार्थक शब्दों के उदाहरण है जो सुनने में एक जैसे लगते हैं, और वर्तनी में भी कुछ सामान ही होते हैं, लेकिन इनके अर्थ बिल्कुल अलग-अलग होते हैं l
• ऐसे कुछ शब्दों के उदाहरण:-
• चर्म- चमड़ा
  • चरम- अत्यधिक
• हय- घोड़ा
  • हिय- हृदय
• श्रवण- सुनना, कान
  • श्रमण- बौद्ध संन्यासी

From the options given, it can be guessed that the parts labelled P, Q, R, S can be ordered to form a meaningful sentence as
We have to →speak the truth→ as we see it → even if all around us→there is falsehood and weakness.
so order QPSR
 

सही उत्तर 'तत् + जन्य = तद्जन्य' है।

• 'तत् + जन्य = तद्जन्य' शब्द का संधि-विच्छेद सही नहीं है।
• तत् + जन्य = तज्जन्य।
• 'तज्जन्य' शब्द में व्यंजन संधि है।

Key Points

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण

Additional Information

सही उत्तर 'त्यौहार' हैं।

• दिए गए विकल्पों में वर्तनी की दृष्टि से 'त्यौहार' अशुद्ध शब्द हैं।
• त्यौहार का शुद्ध रूप – त्योहार
• वाक्य प्रयोग - दशहरा क्षत्रियों का त्योहार माना गया था।
• जो शब्द हिंदी व्याकरण के नियमों को पूरा करते हुए वर्तनी की दृष्टि से सटीक हो, शुद्ध शब्द कहलाते है। उच्चारण से इनकी पुष्टि होती है।
• अन्य सभी विकल्प वर्तनी की दृष्टि से शुद्ध रूप में हैं।

Key Points

कुछ अन्य शब्द:

सुरेश उपसर्ग रहित शब्द है। अन्य विकल्प उपसर्ग से बने है। Confusion Points सुर + ईश = सुरेश इसमें कोई उपसर्ग का प्रयोग नही होता है।
अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:

• सुयोग = सु + योग
• विदेश = वि + देश
• अत्यधिक = अति + अधिक

Important Points

Additional Information

'गवाछ' का शुद्ध रूप गवाक्ष है।

• अन्य शब्दों में वर्तनी संबंधी अशुद्धियाँ हैं वहीं गवाक्ष में कोई त्रुटि नहीं है।
  • गवाक्ष का अर्थ - खिड़की, झरोखा
  • वाक्य प्रयोग - प्राचीन भारत सामाजिक, सांस्कृतिक, आर्थिक और राजनैतिक संस्थानों का एक गवाक्ष है जो भारतीय सभ्यता को अपने आप में एक पहचान देता है।

Additional Information
अशुद्ध शब्दों के शुद्ध शब्द -

• अशुद्ध शब्द - शुद्ध शब्द
• प्रशन्न - प्रसन्न
• योधा - योद्धा
• संग्रहीत - संगृहीत
• ग्रहीत - गृहीत
• स्वयम्वर - स्वयंवर
• मतेक्य - मतैक्य
• ईच्छा - इच्छा
• संपत्ती - संपत्ति
• बावत - बाबत
• अभल - अनभल

Let us first learn the meanings of the given words:

Span (verb): extend across.

Extend (verb): cause to cover a wider area or make larger.

Vary (verb): differ in size, amount, degree, or nature from something else of the same general class.

Range (verb): extend between specified limits.

The idea here is to express that there was a huge range of reasons why the protests in China had started. Grammatically only a verb in ‘-ing’ form will fit the blank, this eliminates ‘span’, ‘extended’ and ‘vary’. Now, between ‘scoping’ and ‘ranging’, ‘ranging’ is a better option to be placed before ‘from’.

Hence, option d is correct.

सही उत्तर है - "निष्पाप" l
Key Points

• 'निष्पाप' शब्द का सही संधि-विच्छेद - निः + पाप l
• 'निः + पाप' शब्द में विसर्ग संधि है, जिसकी संधि 'निष्पाप' है l
• विसर्ग संधि में यदि विसर्ग से पहले इ, उ और बाद में क, ख, ट, ठ, प, फ में से कोई वर्ण हो तो विसर्ग का ष हो जाता है।

अन्य विकल्पों का विश्लेषण:-

• गिरीश - गिरि + ईश - गिरीश शब्द में दीर्घ संधि है। दीर्घ अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ और ऋ के बाद ह्रस्व या दीर्घ अ, आ, इ, ई, उ, ऊ और ऋ स्वर आ जाएँ तो दोनों मिलकर दीर्घ आ, ई, ऊ और ऋ हो जाते हैं। इस मेल से बनने वाली संधि को दीर्घ स्वर संधि कहते हैं।
  • रमेन्द्र - राम + इन्द्र, सर्वोदय - सर्व + उदय - गुण संधि l
• जब संधि करते समय (अ, आ) के साथ (इ, ई) हो तो 'ए' बनता है, जब (अ, आ) के साथ (उ, ऊ) हो तो 'ओ' बनता है, जब (अ, आ) के साथ (ऋ) हो तो 'अर' बनता है तो यह गुण संधि कहलाती है।

Additional Information

• पास-पास स्थित पदों के समीप विद्यमान वर्णों के मेल से होने वाले विकार को संधि कहते हैं।
• संधि के तीन भेद होते हैं -
  • स्वर संधि,
  • व्यंजन संधि
  • विसर्ग संधि।
• विसर्ग संधि के उदाहरण :-
  • निः + कलंक = निष्कलंक
  • चतुः + पाद = चतुष्पाद
  • निः + ठुर = निष्ठुर
  • धनुः + टंकार = धनुष्टंकार

One word substitution is Archaeology.

Anthropology is the scientific study of humans, human behavior and societies in the past and present.

Archaeology is the science which studies ancient societies based on their material remains. Through the analysis of objects and those works constructed by ancient peoples, this science can arrive at conclusions about their culture and their ways of life. There are several branches of Archaeology as well as many tools relevant to this science.

History is the past as it is described in written documents, and the study thereof.

Ethnology is (anthropology) the branch of anthropology that studies and compares the different human cultures.

Hindrance : a thing that provides resistance, delay, or obstruction to something or someone.
Repression : the action of subduing someone or something by force.
Obstacle : a thing that blocks one's way or prevents or hinders progress.
Restriction : a limiting condition or measure, especially a legal one.
Restraint : a measure or condition that keeps someone or something under control.
 

HIV-AIDS is a viral sexually transmitted disease, as mentioned in the content. It is caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated.

Homologous organs share a common evolutionary origin, which means they have similar anatomical structures but may serve different functions in different species. The similarity in structure suggests a common ancestry despite differences in function.

Colloids
A colloid is a mixture in which small particles of one substance are dispersed evenly throughout another substance. The particles in a colloid are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension. Colloids can be found in various forms, including liquids, gels, and solids.
Identifying the Colloid
To determine which of the given options is a colloid, we need to understand the characteristics of a colloid and analyze each option accordingly.
A: Aluminium paint
- Aluminium paint is a mixture of tiny aluminum particles dispersed in a liquid medium, usually oil or water.
- The aluminum particles in the paint are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension.
- Therefore, aluminium paint is a colloid.
B: Blood
- Blood is a complex mixture of cells, proteins, and other substances suspended in plasma.
- The cells and proteins in blood are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension.
- Therefore, blood is a colloid.
C: Milk
- Milk is a mixture of water, fats, proteins, and other substances.
- The fats and proteins in milk form small particles that are dispersed throughout the liquid.
- These particles are larger than those in a solution but smaller than those in a suspension.
- Therefore, milk is a colloid.
D: All
- Since all three options (aluminium paint, blood, and milk) meet the characteristics of a colloid, the correct answer is D: All.
Conclusion
In summary, all of the given options (aluminium paint, blood, and milk) are colloids. They are all mixtures in which small particles of one substance are dispersed evenly throughout another substance.

The period from fertilization up to the birth of the baby is known as the gestation period. This period typically lasts about 9 months in humans and is marked by the growth and development of the embryo into a fetus within the mother's uterus. During gestation, the embryo undergoes various stages of development until it is ready to be born.

Concept:

The direct consequences of man-​made climate change include:

• Rising maximum and minimum temperatures.
• Rising sea levels 
• Higher ocean temperatures 
• An increase in heavy precipitation (heavy rain and hail)
• Shrinking glaciers
• Thawing permafrost

The indirect consequences of climate change, which directly affect us humans and our environment, include: 

• An increase in hunger and water crises, especially in developing countries.
• Health risks through rising air temperatures and heatwaves. 
• Economic implications of dealing with secondary damage related to climate change 
• Increasing spread of pests and pathogens
• Loss of biodiversity due to limited adaptability and adaptability speed of flora and fauna  
• Ocean acidification due to increased HCO₃ concentrations in the water as a consequence of increased CO₂ concentrations.

So Ozone layer depletion is not an effect of climate change.

(i) The COD (Chemical oxygen demand) test is used to measure the content of organic matter of waste water, both biodegradable and non-biodegradble.

(ii) The COD test uses potassium dichromate (K₂Cr₂O₇) in presence of concentrated sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄) solution that oxidizes both organic (predominate) and inorganic substances in a waste water sample.

(iii) The reagents for COD test are followings:

• Standard potassium dichromate solution (0.25N)
• Concentrated sulfuric acid
• Standard ferrous ammonium sulphate titrant (0.1N)
• Ferroin indicator solution.

Regeneration is one of the processes in which if an organism is cut into several pieces, each of its parts regrows to the original state. This process is carried out by specialized cells called stem cells. 

Non-Biodegradable Materials:
Non-biodegradable materials are substances that cannot be broken down or decomposed by natural processes. They persist in the environment for a long time and can have harmful effects on ecosystems. Out of the options given, the non-biodegradable material is:
Option B: Aluminum foil
Explanation:
- Wool: Wool is a natural fiber that is biodegradable. It can decompose over time and return to the environment.
- Aluminum foil: Aluminum foil is a man-made material that is not biodegradable. It cannot be broken down by natural processes and can persist in the environment for hundreds of years.
- Human waste: Human waste, such as feces and urine, is biodegradable. It can decompose naturally, especially with the help of bacteria and other microorganisms.
- None of these: This option is incorrect as aluminum foil is a non-biodegradable material.
In conclusion, out of the given options, aluminum foil is the non-biodegradable material. It is important to properly dispose of non-biodegradable materials to minimize their negative impact on the environment.

Current is defined as the amount of electric charge flowing through a cross-section of circuits in unit time.
I = Q/T

What Causes Astigmatism?
Astigmatism is a common vision problem that occurs when the cornea or lens of the eye is irregularly shaped. This irregular shape prevents light from focusing properly on the retina, resulting in blurred or distorted vision. The exact cause of astigmatism is not fully understood, but there are several factors that may contribute to its development.
Causes of Astigmatism:
1. Varying Curvature in Horizontal Lines:
- One possible cause of astigmatism is an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens in the horizontal meridian.
- This means that the cornea or lens is steeper in one direction (horizontal) than in the other (vertical), causing light to focus differently in each direction.
- This can result in blurred vision at both near and far distances.
2. Varying Curvature in Vertical Lines:
- Another possible cause of astigmatism is an uneven curvature of the cornea or lens in the vertical meridian.
- This means that the cornea or lens is steeper in one direction (vertical) than in the other (horizontal), causing light to focus differently in each direction.
- Similar to horizontal astigmatism, this can result in blurred vision at both near and far distances.
3. Combination of Both:
- In some cases, astigmatism can be caused by a combination of varying curvatures in both the horizontal and vertical meridians.
- This means that the cornea or lens has irregularities in multiple directions, leading to distorted vision in various orientations.
4. Other Factors:
- Astigmatism can also be associated with other eye conditions, such as keratoconus (cone-shaped cornea) or corneal scars.
- In some cases, astigmatism may be present from birth (congenital) or develop later in life due to eye injury, surgery, or certain diseases.
Conclusion:
In conclusion, the cause of astigmatism is typically an irregular shape of the cornea or lens, resulting in varying curvature in horizontal, vertical, or both directions. It is important to consult an eye care professional for a comprehensive eye examination to determine the exact cause and severity of astigmatism, as well as to discuss appropriate treatment options.

A large force that acts in a very short duration of time is reffered to as impulsive force. This force which is large due to a high speed such as kick of a football may be disastrous as the momentum change is large and hence a goalkeeper holds his hand backwards in order to reduce the force exerted on his hands.

Placenta is the part that provides nutrients to the growing fetus inside the uterus.
Explanation:
The placenta is an organ that develops during pregnancy and is attached to the inner wall of the uterus. It acts as a connection between the mother and the fetus, providing essential nutrients and oxygen to support the growth and development of the fetus.
Key Points:
- The placenta is responsible for exchanging nutrients and waste products between the mother's blood and the fetus's blood.
- It allows the transfer of oxygen, glucose, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals from the mother's bloodstream to the fetus.
- The placenta also filters out waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea from the fetus's blood, which are then eliminated by the mother's body.
- It produces hormones that help maintain the pregnancy, such as human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), progesterone, and estrogen.
- The placenta also acts as a protective barrier, preventing harmful substances from reaching the fetus.
- It continues to grow and develop throughout pregnancy, ensuring a constant supply of nutrients and oxygen to support the fetus's growth.
In conclusion, the placenta plays a crucial role in providing the necessary nutrients for the growing fetus inside the uterus.