TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 7 (History) - TS TET MCQ

First statement is incorrect because the Tebhaga movement was an independence campaign initiated in Bengal by the Kisan Sabha in 1946-47. Second statement is again incorrect because the demand of the movement was to reduce the share given to landlords from one-half of the crop to one-third.

Reason for the formation of Home Rule Leagues:

• Both Tilak and Besant realized that the sanction of a Moderate-dominated Congress, as well as full cooperation of the Extremists, was essential for the movement to succeed.
• But both failed again to reach the cooperation point in the 1914 session of the Congress. Hence, Tilak and Besant decided to revive political activity on their own.
• In early 1915, Annie Besant had launched a campaign to demand self-government for India after the war on the lines of white colonies. She campaigned through her newspapers, New India and Commonweal. She also used public meetings and conferences as a medium.
• Finally, at the 1915 and 1916 sessions of Congress, the efforts of Tilak and Besant met with some success. It was decided that the Extremists be admitted to Congress. The INC did commit itself to a program of educative propaganda and a revival of local-level Congress committees.
• But, both Tilak and Besant were unhappy with the ineffective working of INC towards the commitments, and hence, They set up their separate leagues to avoid any friction. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Tilak’s League was called Indian Home Rule League while Besant’s League was called All-India Home Rule League. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
• Accordingly, option A is correct.

All the given festivals are actually regional. Different states celebrate these festivals based on their customs and rituals.

The correct match is:

FESTIVAL

1. Navreh

2. Cheti Chand

3. Ugadi

4. Rongali Bihu

PLACE

a. Kashmir

b. Sindh

c. Andhra Pradesh

d. Assam

Pandyas:

• The kingdom belongs to the Sangam Period. (200 B.C. to 300 A.D.)
• The first time it was mentioned by Megasthenes (not Fa-Hien). Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Pandyas were celebrated for pearls.
• Some evidence of Matriarchal Influence in the Pandya society. Megesthenes described the Pandya queen at the time, Pandaria as the daughter of Herakles.
• The territory occupied the Southernmost and Southeastern portions of the Indian Peninsula.
• It had its capital at Madurai.
• Sangam literature refers to the Pandyan rulers but it doesn’t give any connected account.
• The Pandyan Kings profited from trade with the Roman empire and sent embassies to the Roman emperor Augustus. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The Brahmins enjoyed considerable influence, and the Pandyas king performed Vedic sacrifices in the early centuries of the Christian era.
• Accordingly, option B is correct.

Parakesari and Yuddhamalla were the titles of Rajendra 1

 Rajadhiraja Chola assumed the title of Rajakesari

Statement 1 is correct as Round Table Conference were series of meetings where British government to consider future constitution of India where Government of India Act 1919 was reviewed in 1927 by Simon Commission at London. The outcome of deliberations was the Government of India Act 1935 which establishes provincial autonomy. Statement 2 is correct as Government of India Act 1935 which was passed by British Parliament in August 1935 made a provision for establishing Federation of India which were made of British India along with princely states.

Hegemonic discourse refers to the dominant way of thinking or speaking within a society that reflects the power structures. Postmodernism argues that historical narratives often reflect the hegemonic discourse of the powerful, silencing marginalized voices.

Key PointsHegemonic discourse plays an important role in postmodern critiques of historical representation:

• Power and Control: Postmodernists argue that historical narratives are not neutral representations of the past. They are constructed by historians who hold certain positions of power within society. These historians, consciously or unconsciously, may use their position to select and interpret evidence in a way that reinforces the existing power structures.
• Marginalization of "Others": The dominant group's perspective becomes the "norm" in the historical narrative, marginalizing the experiences and perspectives of those who don't fit the dominant narrative. For example, a traditional historical narrative of a war might focus on the victors' strategy and achievements, neglecting the experiences of the losers or the civilians caught in the crossfire.
• Silencing Alternative Voices: By privileging the hegemonic discourse, historical narratives may silence or downplay the voices and experiences of those who were marginalized or oppressed in the past. This includes groups like women, minorities, indigenous peoples, or colonized populations.

Additional Information

• Epistemological relativism: While related, this is a broader concept suggesting knowledge is relative to specific contexts. Postmodern critiques in history focus more on how power structures shape representation.
• Dialectical materialism: This is a Marxist concept focused on class struggle and wouldn't be used in a postmodern critique.
• Thematic coherence: This refers to a unified theme within a historical narrative, which contradicts the postmodern critique that challenges a single, dominant narrative.

In the All parties meeting at Calcutta in December 1928, Jinnah moved certain amendments to the Nehru Report. But these amendments were not accepted by Congress. So Jinnah et al refused to participate further in the conference. A few days later, there was a Muslim All Parties conference was held in Delhi, in which the nationalist Muslims attended and formulated a series of demands on behalf of the Muslims of the Country. In this All Muslim Parties conference, it was made clear that no constitution, by whomsoever proposed or devised, would be acceptable to the Muslims of the country, unless it conformed with those demands. At the same time Jinnah after consulting the Muslim leaders formulated the “Fourteen Points” for safeguarding the rights and interests of the Muslims in any future constitution of the country. Here are these 14 points:

1. The form of the future constitution should be Federal, with the residuary power vested in the provinces.
2. A Uniform measure of the autonomy shall be granted to all provinces.
3. All legislatures in the country and other elected bodies shall be constituted on the definite principle of adequate and effective representation of minorities in every province without reducing the majority in any province to minority or even equality.
4. In the Central legislature Muslim representation shall not be less than one third.
5. Representation of the communal groups shall continue to be by separate electorates provided that it shall be open to any community at any time to abandon its separate electorate in favor of the joint electorates.
6. Any terrestrial redistribution that might at any time be necessary shall not in any way affect the Muslim majority in Punjab, Bengal and NWF Province.
7. Full religious liberty that is liberty of belief, worship and observance, propaganda, association and education shall be guaranteed to all communities.
8. No bill or resolution or any part thereof shall be passed in any legislature or any other elected body if three fourth of the members of any community in that particular body oppose it being injurious to that of the community.
9. Sind should be separated from the Bombay Presidency.
10. Reforms should be made in the NWF Province and Baluchistan.
11. Provision should be made in the Constitution giving Muslims an adequate share along with the other Indians in all the services of the State and Local self Governing bodies having due regard to the requirements of efficiency.
12. The Constitution should embody adequate safeguards to the protection of the Muslim Culture, education, language, religion, personal laws, and Muslim charitable institutions. They should get their due share in grant-in-aid.
13. No cabinet, either central or provincial, should be formed without there being at least one third of the Muslim Ministers.
14. No change shall be made in the constitution by the Central legislature except with the concurrence of the states constituting the Indian Federation.

The correct answer is 2.

Key Points

• Pallava Dynasty (275 CE to 897 CE) -
  • The Pallavas were one of the three main dynasties to rule south India from ancient times.
  • The Pallavas were a great south Indian dynasty that ruled between the 3rd century CE until their final decline in the 9th century CE.
  • Their capital was Kanchipuram in Tamil Nadu. their origins are not clearly known. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
  • However, it is surmised that they were Yadavas and they probably were feudatories of Satavahanas.
  • Pallavas started their rule from Krishna river valley, known today as Palnadu, and subsequently spread to southern Andhra Pradesh and north Tamil Nadu.
  • Pallavas and Pandyas dominated the southern regions of South India between the 6th and the 9th centuries CE.
• Imperial Cholas (Period from 850 – 1200 CE):
  • The Cholas are believed to have overthrown the Pallavas in south India. Hence, statement 2 is not correct.
  • They became prominent in the 9th century and established an empire comprising the major portion of South India.
  • They also extended their control in Sri Lanka and the Malay peninsula and are thus called ‘Imperial Cholas’.
  • Thousands of inscriptions found in the temples provide detailed information regarding the administration, society, economy and culture of the Chola period.
  • The founder of the Imperial Chola line was Vijayala.
• Chalukyas of Badami (543 to 757 CE and again from about 975 to about 1189) -
  • One of the first kings of the Chalukyan dynasty was Pulakeshin I.
  • He ruled from Badami in Karnataka. Hence, statement 3 is correct.
  • His son Pulakeshin II became the king of the Chalukyan Empire in 610 CE and ruled until 642 CE.
  • Pulakeshin II is most remembered for the battle he fought and won against Emperor Harshavardhana in 637 CE.
  • He also defeated the Pallava king Mahendravarman I.
  • The Chalukyas created the Chalukyan style of architecture. Great monuments were built in Pattadakal, Aihole and Badami.
• Kakatiya dynasty (between 12th and 14th centuries) -
  • The Kakatiya dynasty was a South Indian dynasty that ruled most of the eastern Deccan region comprising present-day Telangana and Andhra Pradesh, and parts of eastern Karnataka and southern Odisha between the 12th and 14th centuries.
  • Their capital was Orugallu now known as Warangal. Hence, statement 4 is not correct.
  • The early medieval period saw the rise of Islam in South India. The defeat of the Kakatiya dynasty of Warangal by the forces of the Delhi Sultanate in 1323 CE.
• Hoysala Empire (from about 1006 to about 1346 AD) -
  • The Hoysala Empire was a Kannadiga power originating from the Indian subcontinent that ruled most of what is now Karnataka, India between the 10th and the 14th centuries.
  • The capital of the Hoysalas was initially located at Belur but was later moved to Halebidu. Hence, statement 5 is not correct.
  • The Hoysala rulers were originally from Malenadu, an elevated region in the Western Ghats.

The Nalanda University was founded by Gupta emperor Kumargupta I. He adopted the title of Mahendraditya. It was established in 5th century.

The correct answer is Sir Mohammad Iqbal.

Key Points

• Sir Mohammad Iqbal was the President of the Muslim League in 1930.

Additional Information

• The All-India Muslim League was the first Muslim political party of India.
  • The All-India Muslim League (popularised as the Muslim League) was a political party established in 1906 in British India.
  • Its strong advocacy for the establishment of a separate Muslim-majority nation-state, Pakistan, successfully led to the partition of India in 1947 by the British Empire.
  • The party arose out of a literary movement begun at The Aligarh Muslim University and was formed in Dhaka (now in Bangladesh) many years after the death of Syed Ahmad Khan who was the central figure for the formation of the University.
  • It remained an elitist organization until 1937 when the leadership began mobilising the Muslim masses and the league then became a popular organization.
  • In the 1930s, the idea of a separate nation-state and influential philosopher Sir Muhammad Iqbal's vision of uniting the four provinces in North-West British India further supported the rationale of the two-nation theory aligning with the same ideas proposed by Syed Ahmad Khan.

The correct answer is William Hodson.

Important Points

• During the 1857 Sepoy mutiny, the Moghul emperor Bahadur Shah Zafar was arrested by Major William Hodson.

Key

• Bahadur Shah II, better known as Bahadur Shah Zafar, was crowned the emperor of Delhi on 28 September 1837.
  • The Sepoy Mutiny broke out in 1857 and the sepoys rallied around the emperor.
  • Although he was practically powerless, the rebels rallied around him and he was made the figurehead of the rebellion.
  • Major William Hodson arrested him on 20 September 1857.
  • He was tried at the Red Fort.
  • The trial concluded on 9 March 1858 and he was sentenced to be deported on account of his involvement in the Sepoy Mutiny of 1857.
  • He was deported to Burma where he died in 1862.

Solution:

Music in the Mughal Period (1526-1856 CE):

• Indian classical music entered a rich and productive phase during this period.
• The emergence of new forms of music such as Ghazal and patronization to forms of Dhrupad by Mughal emperors led to the growth in the popularity of music. Hence, statement 1 is correct.
• Abul Fazl gave a summary of the theory of Indian music in his Aín-i-Akbari records the names of 36 masters of vocal and instrumental music employed by Akbar, Tansen being one of them.
• Dhrupad began to be the favoured musical composition, of which Nayak Bakhshu was the master.
• Mughal miniature paintings give evidence that music was used in Mughal courts. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• The emphasis of the Mughal court had shifted from Central Asian to Indian music. A Baburnama painting shows Babur celebrating Humayun’s birth in Kabul. In this, four men and three women are shown playing different instruments.
• Another painting in Padshahnama, a celebration of Shah Jahan’s birthday is portrayed in which men can be seen playing diverse instruments, and some men are shown singing.
• Khayal developed as a new form of music, originated by Amir Khusrau.
• Accordingly, option (c) is correct.

The correct answer is Asokan Rock Edict IV.Key Points

• According to the passage, Aśoka succeeded to the throne of Pātaliputra by winning a fratricidal war.
• However, Asokan Rock Edict IV contradicts this tradition.
• Asokan Rock Edict IV, as mentioned in the passage, reveals that Aśoka regretted the violence and bloodshed caused by the Kalinga war.
• He expressed remorse for the suffering endured by people as a result of the war, emphasizing the plight of pious men and women who experienced personal violence, death, or separation from their loved ones.
• In the edict, Aśoka renounced war as a means of governance and proclaimed his commitment to conquest through Dharma, which refers to the pursuit of righteous actions and moral principles.
• He established a network of missions to spread the teachings of Dharma and declared that all men were his children.
• Aśoka's primary objective was to alleviate the suffering of all creatures, bring happiness to people in this life, and enable them to attain heaven in the next.

• As Asokan Rock Edict IV contradicts the notion of a fratricidal war and presents Aśoka as a remorseful emperor who renounced violence, it provides evidence that challenges the traditional account of Aśoka's rise to power through fratricide.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is Asokan Rock Edict IV.

The correct answer is Rock Edict XIII.Key Points

• Rock Edict XIII is one of the major rock edicts issued by Asoka, and it is known for its emphasis on non-violence and compassion.
• In this edict, Asoka reflects upon the devastating consequences of the Kalinga war and expresses deep remorse for the suffering it caused.
• He acknowledges the loss of life, the pain endured by individuals, and the tragic consequences of the conflict.
• Asoka's remorse is evident in his words as he laments the personal violence, death, and separation experienced by people as a result of the war.
• He expresses his regret for the extensive human suffering that took place during the Kalinga war and emphasizes the importance of promoting peace and non-violence.
• While the passage did not explicitly mention the edict number, it is well-known that Asoka's expressions of remorse for the suffering caused by the Kalinga war are found in Rock Edict XIII.

• This edict plays a significant role in illustrating Asoka's transformation and his commitment to adopting a more compassionate and non-violent approach to governance.

Hence we conclude that the correct answer is Rock Edict XIII.

The correct answer is Minor Rock Edict I.Key Points

• Minor Rock Edict I, also known as the Kalinga Minor Rock Edict, is one of the rock edicts issued by Asoka.
• In this particular edict, Asoka expresses his concern and compassion for all people within his empire.
• He declares that all his subjects, regardless of their social status, are like his own children to him.
• By stating that all people were his children, Asoka conveys a sense of paternal responsibility and care for his subjects.

• This declaration emphasizes his intention to rule with benevolence and provide for the welfare of his people.

​So the correct answer is Minor Rock Edict I.

19^th century and 20^th century saw the rise of the group of young nationalists who were increasingly getting critical to the methods and ideology of early nationalists. These younger nationalists demanded Swaraj as the ultimate goal of the national movement through direct methods like strikes, protests, a boycott of foreign goods, passive resistance etc. These younger nationalists came to be known as extremists or militant nationalists.

There were many reasons for the growth of militant nationalism in India-

• The exploitative attitude of the British: The early nationalists, journalists and writers through their writings and works had uncovered the real nature of British rule. They held British responsible for the degradation of India from a self-sufficient economy to a colonial economy. Further, they made the public aware about their rights which were not being granted by the British. All these created greater anger among the younger generations of Congress who were the leaders of militant nationalism and led to the growth of militant movements in India.
• Growth of confidence and self respect in the Indians: There was growth of self-respect and confidence of leaders and also the public during this period. The leaders like Aurobindo Ghosh, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Bipin Chandra Pal proposed for greater participation of masses as they had the confidence about the capacity of masses for making sacrifices for attainment of Swaraj.
• International influences: The rise of Japan economically and industrial after 1868 inspired Indians and gave them the hope that it is possible for a backward Asian country to develop and progress without any external control and help. In 1896 Ethiopia defeated the Italian army which inspired the younger nationalists that it is possible for an Asian country to defeat the colonial powers. The national movements of Ireland, Russia, Turkey, Egypt etc gave inspiration to the youth which ultimately gave rise to the growth of militant nationalists of Indian freedom movement.

The correct chronology  -  Minto-Morley reforms in 1909,  Montague Chelmsford reforms in 1917,  Chauri- Chaura Outrage in 1922  and  Dandi March in 1930.

Auguste Comte's Law of Three Stages is a central concept in Positivism.
It proposes that human thought progresses through three distinct stages:

1. Theological Stage: In this initial stage, humans explain natural phenomena through supernatural forces or deities.
2. Metaphysical Stage: Here, explanations shift from gods to abstract concepts and underlying essences.
3. Positive Stage: This final stage relies on scientific observation and reason to understand the world. Knowledge is based on verifiable facts and the scientific method.

Additional Information

• Organic, Mechanistic, and Vitalist: These terms are more associated with biological thought and the philosophy of science.
• Mythical, Rational, and Empirical: While these terms touch on aspects of the Three Stages, they are not the specific terms Comte used.
• Authoritarian, Democratic, and Socialist: These describe political systems, not stages of intellectual development.
• Comte believed that society, like the natural world, could be studied scientifically. He is considered a founding figure in Sociology.
• Positivism has been criticized for its overemphasis on the scientific method and its neglect of other ways of knowing, such as religion or philosophy.

Halivakara is a kind of tax in the Gupta era. Halivakara was a plow tax, paid by every cultivator owning a plow.Some of its taxes include Bali, Bhoga, etc.

The correct answer is Tall gateway.

Key Points

• A tall gateway visible in front of a Mughal monument is known as a Pishtaq.
• The central towering dome and the tall gateway known as Pishtaq became important aspects of Mughal architecture, first visible in Humayun's tomb.
• In Islamic architecture, a Pishtaq is a rectangular frame around an arched opening, usually associated with an iwan.

• An iwan is a rectangular hall or space, usually vaulted, walled on three sides, with one end entirely open.

Hence, the correct answer is - Tall gateway.

Additional Information

• Mughals brought in Persian style into Indian architecture.
• The Mughals constructed excellent forts, mosques, mausoleums, gardens and cities.
• Some of the main features of Mughal architecture are mentioned below:
  • ​Large halls
  • Very large vaulted gateways
  • Delicate ornamentation
  • Bulbous domes
  • Slender Minarets with cupolas at the four corners

Expansionary Policies of British:

• British acquired the Indian subcontinent through different policies:
  • Subsidiary alliance (Wellesley): Hyderabad, Mysore, Peshwa, Bhonsale, Scindia, Bharatpur, etc.
  • Direct Annexation: Punjab, Sindh
  • The doctrine of Lapse (Dalhousie): Jhansi, Satara, Nagpur, etc.

The correct answer is 2 only.
Key-Points

• Congress captured 57 out of 102 seats in the Central Assembly. Hence, statement 1 is incorrect.
• Muslim league got 86.6 percent of the Muslim votes. It captured the 30 reserved seats in the Central Assembly. Hence, statement 2 is correct.
• In the provincial elections, it got a majority in Bengal and Sindh only. Hence, statement 3 is incorrect.

Additional Information

Elections of 1945-46

• Performance of Congress
  • It got 91 percent of non-Muslim votes.
  • It captured 57 out of 102 seats in the Central Assembly.
  • In the provincial elections, it got a majority in most provinces except in Bengal, Sindh, and Punjab.
  • The Congress majority provinces included the NWFP and Assam which were being claimed for Pakistan.
• Performance of Muslim League
  • It got 86.6 percent of the Muslim votes.
  • It captured the 30 reserved seats in the Central Assembly.
  • In the provincial elections, it got a majority in Bengal and Sindh.
  • Unlike in 1937, now the League clearly established itself as the dominant party among Muslims.

Indian National Army (INA)

• In 1939, Subash Chandra Bose resigned from the congress and organized Forward Bloc for a more vigorous national struggle.
• The government first imprisoned him, and thereafter kept him confined to his house under close watch. In 1941, Subash Chandra Bose escaped from India to the Soviet Union for help.
• Later the Soviet Union joined hands with its allies. This made Bose escape to Germany. In 1943 he reached Japan and organize an armed struggle against British rule with Japanese help.
• In 1942 Capitan Mohan Singh formed INA comprising the captured Indian soldiers along with the Indian Independence league of Rash Bihari Bose.
• This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership (Mohan Singh) and the Japanese military over its role in Japan’s war in Asia.
• It was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943.
• In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organization to Subhas Chandra Bose.
• In 1944 the INA tried to invade India through Imphal and Kohima but the campaign failed. The INA members were imprisoned and tried. People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in the movement against the INA trials.

Rebellion by Naval Ratings

• On February 18, 1946, some 1100 Royal Indian Navy (RIN) ratings of HMIS Talwar went on a strike to protest against
  • racial discrimination (demanding equal pay for Indian and white soldiers)
  • unpalatable food
  • abuse by superior officers
  • the arrest of a rating for scrawling ‘Quit India’ on HMIS Talwar
  • INA trials
  • use of Indian troops in Indonesia, demanding their withdrawal.
• The rebellious ratings hoisted the tricolor, crescent, and the hammer and sickle flags on the mast of the rebel fleet. Other ratings soon joined and they went around Bombay in lorries holding Congress flags threatening Europeans and policemen. Crowds brought food to the ratings and shop- keepers invited them to take whatever they needed.
• Patel and Jinnah persuaded the ratings to surrender on February 23 with an assurance that national parties would prevent any victimization.

The correct chronological order is ii, iv, i and iii.Key Points

• Sthaviravadins and Mahasanghikas:
  • These are two early Buddhist schools that emerged within the Buddhist community shortly after Buddha's parinirvana.
  • The Sthaviravadins, also known as the Elders or Theravadins, held a conservative stance and emphasized the original teachings of the Buddha.
  • The Mahasanghikas, on the other hand, took a more liberal approach and introduced new doctrines and practices.
  • The Mahasanghikas emerged first, followed by the Sthaviravadins, so the correct order is ii, iv.
• Sarvastivadins:
  • The Sarvastivadins were another important Buddhist school that emerged during the third Buddhist council held in the 3rd century BCE.
  • They were known for their belief in the existence of dharmas (phenomenal entities) and held the doctrine of "sarvastivada," which means "all is real."
  • The Sarvastivadins developed after the Sthaviravadins, so they come after them in chronological order.
• Hinayanists and Mahayanists:
  • This division occurred after the Buddha's death and represents a difference in interpretation and practice within Buddhism.
  • The Hinayana (also known as Theravada) tradition emphasizes personal liberation and individual enlightenment, while the Mahayana tradition focuses on the Bodhisattva ideal and the aspiration to attain enlightenment for the benefit of all beings.
  • The Mahayana tradition emerged later than the Hinayana tradition, so it comes after it in chronological order.
• Vajrayanists:
  • Vajrayana, also known as Tantric or Esoteric Buddhism, is a later development within the Mahayana tradition.
  • It emerged around the 5th to 7th centuries CE and is characterized by its emphasis on esoteric practices, rituals, and the use of mantras and visualizations to attain enlightenment swiftly.

  • Vajrayana Buddhism came after the Hinayana and Mahayana traditions, so it is the last in chronological order.

Hence we conclude that the correct chronological order is ii, iv, i and iii.

None of the statements is wrong.

Key Points

• Buddhism is one of the world's largest religions and originated about 2500 years ago in India.
• Ashvaghosha, a poet who composed a biography of the Buddha, the Buddhacharita, lived in the court of Kanishka. Hence, statement (A) is correct.
• Kanishka was a Kushana ruler.
• Mahayana believes in the heavenliness of Buddha and Idol worship of Buddha. Hence, statement (B) is correct.
• Navayana means 'new wheel'.
• Boddhisattvas refers to anyone who has generated Bodhicitta, a spontaneous wish and compassionate mind to attain Buddhahood.
• They are supposed to be persons who had attained enlightenment.
• They are supposed to be persons who adopt Buddhism. Hence, statement (C) is correct.

Ellora  is one of the largest rock-cut monastery-temple cave complexes in the world, and a UNESCO World Heritage Site. It is situated in Maharashtra , India.

All Ellora monuments were built by Hindu dynasties, such as the Rashtrakuta dynasty, who built some of the Hindu and Buddhist group of caves, and Yadav dynasty who built some of the Jain group of caves. These caves belong to 6th to 10th century A.D. The site presents monuments and artwork of Buddhism ,Hinduism and Jainism.  

Out of 34 caves carved out of Charanandari Caves, 12 are Buddhist caves, 17 are Hindu caves and 5 are Jain caves.

Cave 16 of Ellora features the largest single monolithic rock excavation in the world, i.e., the Kailasha temple , a chariot shaped monument dedicated to Shiva.

The correct answer is 1, 3, 4 and 6 only.

Key Points

• The Later Guptas succeeded the imperial Guptas as the rulers of Magadha.
  • They ruled the Magadha region in eastern India between the 6th and 7th centuries CE.
  • Mahasena Gupta was one of the rulers belonging to this period. Hence statement 1 is correct.
    • He allied with the Vardhana dynasty and invaded Kamarupa.
• The Maitrakas were tributary chiefs of the Guptas, who established an independent kingdom in western India.
  • Dhruvasena II was the most important ruler of the Maitrakas. Hence statement 6 is correct.
  • He was a contemporary of Harshavardhana and was married to his daughter.
• The Maukharies ruled over Kanauj, a city in western Uttar Pradesh, which gradually replaced Pataliputra as a political centre of north India.
  • Maukharies were also the subordinate rulers of the Guptas and used the title of Samanta.
  • Grahavarman was a king of Kannauj around the early seventh century CE. Hence statement 4 is correct.
• Pushyabhutis: An important ruling family to gain prominence after the fall of the Gupta was that of the Pushyabhutis who had their capital at Thanesar (Thanesvara in Kurukshetra).
  • The dynasty became influential with the accession of Prabhakarvardhana, who was able to defeat the Hunas and strengthen his position in the regions of Punjab and Haryana. Hence statement 3 is correct.
• The Paramara dynasty ruled Malwa and surrounding areas in west-central India between the 9th and 14th centuries.
  • Siyaka is the earliest known Paramara king attested by his own inscriptions. Hence statement 2 is incorrect.
  • His Harsola copper plate inscription (949 CE) is the earliest available Paramara inscription.
• Yadavas of Devagiri was a Medieval Indian dynasty, which at its peak ruled a kingdom stretching from the Narmada river in the north to the Tungabhadra river in the south.
  • The Yadavas initially ruled as feudatories of the Western Chalukyas.
  • Around the middle of the 12th century, as the Chalukya power waned, the Yadava king Bhillama V declared independence. Hence statement 5 is incorrect.

Muhammad Tughlaq separated the posts of Wali and Amir.

Important Points

• Muhammad Tughlaq was the ruler of Delhi Sultanate from 1325 to 1351 AD.
• Before the rule of Muhammad Tughlaq, Iqtas (the provinces) of Delhi Sultanate were initially under the dominion of the nobles.
• Muqtis or Walis or Amir was the name given to the governors of the provinces and were responsible for maintaining law and order and collecting the land revenue.
• The provinces were further divided into Shiqs, which was under the control of the Shiqdar.
• The Shiqs were further divided into Pargana, comprising a number of villages and was headed by the Amil.
• The village remained the basic unit of administration and its headman was called Chaudhri or Muqaddam.
• However during the reign of Muhammad Tughlaq, the posts of Wali and Amir was separated.
• Amir was the name given to the governors of the provinces.

• Wali or Muqtis were responsible for maintaining law and order and collection of taxes in their iqtas.

Thus, we can conclude that the posts of Wali and Amir were separated by Muhammad Tughlaq.

Around the 1st century B.C., the

Sadanga or Six Limbs of Indian Painting were evolved. A series of canons laid down the main principles of the art. Vatsyayana, who lived during the third century A.D., enumerated these limbs in his Kamasutra; he  extracted them from more ancient works.

These 'Six Limbs' have been translated as follows:

1. Rupabheda

• The knowledge of appearances

2. Pramanam

•  Correct perception, measure and structure

3. Bhava Action

•  Feelings on forms

4. Lavanya Yojanam

•  Infusion of grace, artistic representation

5. Sadrisyam

• Similitude

6. Varnikabhanga

• Artistic manner of using the brush and colours

The Government of India Act of 1935 extended the principal of communal representation by providing separate electorates for depressed classes (scheduled castes), women and labour (workers). Indian Councils Act, 1909 also introduced the system of separate electorates for Muslims.