TS SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (History) - TS TET MCQ

The Bengal Land Holder’s Society was founded by Dwarkanath Tagore in Calcutta. It was the first political party in Modern India. In 1866, Dadabhai Naroji founded the East India Association in London. In 1867, Mary Carpenter, founded the National Indian Association in London. In 1872, Indian Society was founded by Ananda Mohan Bose in Kolkata. It became Indian Association under Surendranath Banarjee in 1876. It was the most dynamic political party before the Congress.

Concept:

• Nam, dan and isnan actually meant right worship, the welfare of others and purity of conduct.
• These ideas gained popularity during the Bhakti movement in medieval times.

Explanation:

Guru Nanak

• ​He emphasized the importance of the worship of one God.
• He insisted that caste, creed, or gender is irrelevant to attaining liberation.
• He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching.
• His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others.

Thus, Guru Nanak used the terms 'nam', 'dan' and 'isnan'.

Additional Information

Akbar:

• ​Many consider Jalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605) the greatest of all the Mughal emperors.
• He was interested in the religion and social customs of different people.
• Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination.
• Instructions were sent to officers of the empire to follow the precept of sulh-i kul in administration.

Guru Gobind:

• ​Guru Gobind was the tenth and last Guru of Sikhs.
• Guru Gobind organized the Sikhs into a disciplined, military order of Sikh saints called Khalsa (the pure).
• He established the five symbols of Sikhism: kangha (comb), kesh (long hair), kada (iron bracelet), kachcha (underwear) and kirpan (sword or dagger).

​Guru Arjun:

• ​Guru Arjun was the 9th sikh guru.
• The Mughal emperor Jahangir looked upon them as a potential threat and he ordered the execution of Guru Arjan in 1606.
• All of the compositions of his predecessors were compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604.

The correct answer is Somnath Lahiri.

Key Points

The origin and growth of the Indian Constitution have their roots in Indian history during the British period.

• From 1773 onwards, various Acts were passed by the British Government for the governance of India.
• None of them, however, satisfied Indian aspirations mainly because they were imposed by the alien rulers.
• The period of historical British Constitutional experiments in India can be divided into two phases:
  • Phase 1- Constitutional experiment during the rule of the East India Company (1773-1857)
  • Phase 2 – Constitutional experiments under the British Crown (1857-1947)

Key Points

• The role of the British government in the genesis of our constitution was openly opposed by Somnath Lahiri.
• Somnath Lahiri:
  • Born: 1st September 1909
  • He was an Indian legislator and author.
  • He was the head of the Communist Party of India.
  • He was a member of the Calcutta tramway workers Union.

Additional Information

• Jawaharlal Nehru:
  • Born: 14th November 1889, Prayagraj.
  • Father: Motilal Nehru
  • He was the first Prime Minister of India.
  • He presided over INC sessions in 1929 and 1937.
  • National Herald newspaper was started by Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Slogans:
    • Who lives if India dies
    • Aaram haram hai
    • Purna Swaraj
• Mahatma Gandhi:
  • Born: 2 October 1869, Porbandar, Gujarat.
  • Father name: Karamchand Gandhi.
  • Mother name: Putlibai Gandhi.
  • Wife name: Kasturba Gandhi.
  • He is known as the father of the nation.
  • Famous book:
    • The story of my experiments with truth.
    • My early life.
    • Hind Swaraj
  • The newspaper started by Mahatma Gandhi:
    • Young India
    • Navjeevan
    • Harijan
  • Slogans:
    • Bharat Chhodo.
    • Karo Ya Maro (Do or Die)
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:
  • He was the first Home Minister of India.
  • He was also the First Deputy Prime Minister of India.
  • He is known as Iron Man of India.

Annales School of historical research enlisted the aid of anthropology, climatology, psychology, geography and relevant subject disciplines. Key Points

• The Annales school is a group of historians associated with a style of historiography developed by French historians in the 20th century to stress long-term social history.
• Under Fernand Braudel's direction, the Annales School promoted a new form of history,
• The school replaced the study of leaders with the lives of ordinary people and replaced the examination of politics, diplomacy, and wars with inquiries into climate, demography, agriculture, commerce, technology, transportation, and communication, as well as social groups and mentalities.
• While aiming at a “total history,” it also yielded dazzling microstudies of villages and regions. Its international influence on historiography has been enormous.

• Annales historians in the 1970s and 1980s turned to urban regions, including Pierre Deyon, Maurice Garden, Jean-Pierre Bardet, Georges Freche, Gregory Hanlon, and Jean-Claude Perrot.

So, we can conclude that the Annales School of historical research enlisted the aid of anthropology, climatology, psychology, geography and relevant subject disciplines.​

Additional Information

• Subaltern school
  • Subaltern Studies emerged around 1982 as a series of journal articles published by Oxford University Press in India.​
  • Its main goal was to retake history for the underclasses, for the voices that had not been heard previously.
  • Scholars of the subaltern hoped to break away from the histories of the elites and the Eurocentric bias of current imperial history.
  • Scholars associated with Subaltern Studies include Ranajit Guha, David Hardiman, Dipesh Chakraborty, etc.
• Frankfurt School
  • ​The Frankfurt school theorists were among the first neo-Marxian groups to examine the effects of mass culture and the rise of the consumer society on the working classes which were to be the instrument of revolution in the classical Marxian scenario.
  • The Frankfurt school focused intently on technology and culture, indicating how technology was becoming both a major force of production and a formative mode of social organization and control.
  • Some scholars are Max Horkheimer (1895-1973), Theodor Adorno (1903-1969), Herbert Marcuse (1898-1979), Walter Benjamin (1892-1940).
• ​Ranke school
  • ​Leopold von Ranke was a German historian and a founder of modern source-based history.
  • He was able to implement the seminar teaching method in his classroom and focused on archival research and the analysis of historical documents.
  • Ranke set the standards for much of later historical writing, introducing such ideas as reliance on primary sources (empiricism), an emphasis on narrative history and especially international politics.

In British India, the Vernacular Press Act (1878) was enacted to curtail the freedom of the Indian press and prevent the expression of criticism toward British policies—notably, the act was proposed by Lord Lytton, the then Viceroy of India, and was unanimously passed by the Viceroy's Council on 14 March 1878.

The correct answer is Harprasad Shastri.

Key Points

• Many scholars have opined that either Asoka's political decisions or the effects of these decisions were responsible for the disintegration of the Mauryan empire.
• Their arguments generally focus on the drawbacks of Asoka's religious policy.
• Scholars like Harprasad Shastri suggested that the discontent of the Brahmin community led to the downfall of the Maurya Empire. Hence, option 4 is the correct answer.
• There are those scholars who maintain that Pushyamitra Sunga, who killed the last Mauryan emperor represented a strong Brahmanical reaction against the pro-Buddhist policy of Asoka and the pro-Jain policy of some of his successors.
• Moreover, the Satavahanas who rose to power in the Deccan after the Mauryas were also said to have been Brahmanas.
• These scholars list a series of acts done by Asoka himself which may have antagonized the Brahmanas.
• For example, the ban on animal sacrifices is considered one which was especially resented, since this action was taken by a Shudra King (according to the Purana accounts the Mauryas are listed as Shudras).
• They suggest that the Dhammamahamattas, as special officers of Dhamma appointed by Asoka, destroyed the prestige of the Brahmanas.
• These officials disallowed Bramanas to continue their traditional laws of punishment and other Smriti injunctions.

All of the above is the impact of the 'Renaissance' on History writings. Key Points

• The new interest in the man and the world in the place of medieval otherworldliness led to a revival and reorientation of historical studies in the West.
• The Renaissance orientation represented a return to the humanistic view of life based on that of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• Historical thought once more came to be focused on the man. So, Statement 1 is correct.
• Closely related to the revival of interest in man and the world was a swing away from the medieval Christian tradition and a gradual secularization of life and thought reflected in the writing of history.
• Theological interpretations of history and the supernatural element in historiography disappeared as men ceased to believe in the operation of a providential plan in their affairs.
• History became mundane, monastic annals and chronicles, universal histories and world chronicles, and lives of saints and bishops, all went out of fashion with the emergence of the lay historian. Thus, Statement 2 is also correct.
• A particular effect of humanism on Renaissance historiography was a newly awakened interest in archaeological remains.
• But there was now a definite change of attitude, in the fourteenth-century historical writers had discovered the value of inscriptions, coins and medals as historical sources.
• In the fifteenth century was awakened a genuine sentiment for the surviving remnants of the past. There emerged a fervour for ‘antiquities’ which began to show itself in an eager search for ancient manuscripts.

• This contributed also to a critical method and historical interpretation. Hence, Statement 3 is also correct.

Therefore, we can conclude that all of the above is the impact of the 'Renaissance' on History writings.

Murshid Quli Khan who was the governor of Bengal as late as 1717, effected economies in the administration and reorganised the finances of Bengal. One of the measures he took was, granting taccavi which were the agricultural loans to poor cultivators to relieve their distres as well as to enable them to pay land revenue in time. He was thus able to increase the resources of the Bengal government. In choosing revenue farmers Murshid Quli Khan gave preference to local zamindars and mahajans who were money-lenders and were mainly Hindus. He thus, laid the foundation of a new landed aristocracy in Bengal.

In Mysore, Haider Ali soon found his opportunity in the wars which involved Mysore for more than twenty years. Cleverly using the opportunities that came his way, he gradually rose in the Mysore army. In 1761, he overthrew Nanjaraj and established his authority over the Mysore state. He extended full control over the rebellious poligars who were the warrior chieftans and zamindars.

Only statements 2 and 3 are correct, while 1 is wrong.

In 1858 Lord Canning sent forth the royal proclamation in a grand Darbar at Allahabad via which Queen Victoria intimated that she had assumed the direct government of India. This proclamation also set forth the principles on the basis of which India was to be governed in the future and the British policy towards people of British-Indian territories and princes. All treaties and engagements of East India Company with princely states would be maintained and honored. There will be no further extension of the territories of the erstwhile East India Company. No encroachment on British territories in India would be allowed and no encroachment will be done by the British on territories of others. The above proclamation was called “Magnacarta of people of India” and was declared in eloquent style to be in consonance with the principle of justice and religious toleration as guiding policy of queen’s rule. The document also granted amnesty to all except those who had directly taken part in the murder of British subjects.

The correct answer is option 3,They point towards a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living.

Key Points

• The Harappan city plans support this: Grid-patterned streets: This facilitated efficient movement, waste management, and resource distribution, pointing to a high level of organization.

• Standardized brickwork: The uniformity suggests centralized planning and skilled construction, highlighting resource management and efficient urban development.

• Sophisticated drainage systems: These demonstrate an understanding of sanitation and hygiene, essential for thriving urban populations.
  Variations in building sizes and functions: This indicates social differentiation and specialization, reflecting a complex society beyond just basic survival needs.

• In conclusion, analyzing Harappan city plans through the lens of contemporary archaeological theories reveals a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living, making option 3 the most accurate answer.

The correct answer is option 2, They offer clues about ritual practices and societal hierarchy, but interpretations remain open to debate.

Key Points

• The passage emphasizes the ambiguity of the iconography and script, supporting option 2
• The Harappan seals and religious iconography discovered from the sites of the Indus Valley Civilization provide significant insights into the religious beliefs, ritual practices, and social structures of this ancient society. However, due to the lack of a complete understanding of the Harappan script and the absence of historical texts from this period, these interpretations are mostly pieced together from archaeological evidence and comparative studies, and as a result, remain open to debate and speculation.
• Religious Practices and Beliefs: The most prominent seal is the so-called "Pashupati" or "Proto-Shiva" seal depicting a seated figure surrounded by animals, which is seen by many scholars as a proto-type of the Hindu god Shiva. Some argue that this suggests a form of nature worship or a precursor to later Hindu practices. However, without contextual textual evidence, this interpretation is not universally accepted.
• Societal Hierarchy: Some seals depict figures in postures of authority or reverence, which suggest the existence of certain higher-ranking individuals or deities. This could point towards a structured societal or religious hierarchy. However, these scenes are subject to multiple interpretations, and it's uncertain if these depicted figures represent deities, rulers, or other cultural hero figures.
• Economic and Trade Practices: Many seals have been discovered in Mesopotamia, suggesting the seals might have been used in trade as identity markers or indications of ownership or origin. The standardization of their design also suggests some level of centralized control.
• Writing System: The signs and symbols inscribed on the seals are viewed as a form of script, but scholars have yet to decipher it conclusively. Various interpretations have been proposed, including the possibility that the script is a Dravidian language, but these are still theories with inconclusive evidence.
• Symbolic Animals: Various animals - such as the unicorn, elephant, rhino, buffalo - are commonly seen on these seals. These could be totemic symbols, religious symbols indicating characteristics to be worshipped or emulated, or perhaps representations of the local fauna indicating the ecosystem of the time.

In summary, while the Harappan seals and religious iconography offer crucial clues about the civilization's economic, religious, and social aspects, the exact meanings remain uncertain and continue to intrigue archaeologists, historians, and linguists. Further research is needed, particularly a breakthrough in deciphering the Indus script, to bring more definitive interpretations.

The correct answer is option 3, It reveals the presence of skilled artisans and the potential for economic specialization within the civilization.

Key Points

• The discovery of specialized craft production workshops in Harappan cities like Harappa and Dholavira indeed greatly contributes to our understanding of the socio-economic aspects of the Harappan society. It provides crucial insights into the presence of specialized labor, the high level of craftsmanship, and a potentially stratified society with advanced economic systems.
• Economic Specialization: The presence of these workshops suggests that labor specialization - where specific individuals or groups focus on specific types of work - was prevalent. This implies that Harappan society had moved beyond subsistence farming and had complex professions and trades. This, in turn, points to an advanced economy capable of supporting such specialists.
• Skilled Artisans: The variety and quality of artifacts recovered, including beads, seals, pottery, and metalwork, indicate the presence of highly skilled artisans within the society. The accuracy, consistency, and sophistication of the produced goods suggest an understanding and mastery of various complex crafting techniques.
• Trade and Commerce: The presence of specialized production centers also implies that economic transactions were taking place either through exchange or possible forms of currency, indicating advanced commerce. The discovery of Harappan goods in regions far from the civilization further suggests the presence of long-distance trade networks.
• Social Stratification: Specialized crafts also point towards potential social stratification. Artisans might have held a specific status in society, and certain goods they produced, particularly the more intricate and valuable ones, could have been associated with higher social strata, possibly indicating hierarchies within the society.

Overall, while many aspects of Harappan society remain mysterious due to the still undeciphered script, the evidence of specialized crafts provides insights into the economic organization, social structure and the high level of technical proficiency of the Indus Valley Civilization.

The correct answer is Both 1 and 2.
Key-Points

• At the first post-War Congress session in September 1945 at Bombay, a strong resolution was adopted declaring Congress support for the INA cause. Defence of INA prisoners in the court was organized by Bhulabhai Desai, Tej Bahadur Sapru, Kailash Nath Katju, Jawaharlal Nehru, and Asaf Ali. Hence, statement 1 is correct.

• INA Relief and Enquiry Committee distributed small sums of money and food and helped arrange employment for the affected. Fund collection was organized. Hence, statement 2 is correct.

Additional Information

Indian National Army (INA)

• In 1939, Subash Chandra Bose resigned from the congress and organized Forward Bloc for a more vigorous national struggle.
• The government first imprisoned him, and thereafter kept him confined to his house under close watch. In 1941, Subash Chandra Bose escaped from India to the Soviet Union for help.
• Later the Soviet Union joined hands with its allies. This made Bose escape to Germany. In 1943 he reached Japan and organize an armed struggle against British rule with Japanese help.
• In 1942 Capitan Mohan Singh formed INA comprising the captured Indian soldiers along with the Indian Independence league of Rash Bihari Bose.
• This first INA collapsed and was disbanded in December that year after differences between the INA leadership (Mohan Singh) and the Japanese military over its role in Japan’s war in Asia.
• It was revived under the leadership of Subhash Chandra Bose after his arrival in Southeast Asia in 1943.
• In July, at a meeting in Singapore, Rash Behari Bose handed over control of the organization to Subhas Chandra Bose.
• In 1944 the INA tried to invade India through Imphal and Kohima but the campaign failed. The INA members were imprisoned and tried. People across the country, from all walks of life, participated in the movement against the INA trials.

Chenchu from the Nallamala hills in Andhra Pradesh revolted against British Forest Laws under the leadership of K. Hanumanthu. He organised ‘Palanadu’ which was a Forest Satyagraha against British forest laws.

During the Deccan famine in 1875 A.D, riots broke out in Ahmednagar and Pune districts of Bombay Presidency against the exploitation of Marwari moneylenders. The riots became armed rebellions under the leadership of Vasudev Balwant Phadke who is regarded as ‘father of the Indian armed rebellion’. He provided the inspiration for fellow freedom fighters.

Lord Edward Henry Stanley became the first Secretary of State for India. An agency named Indian Council created in London to monitor the functioning of Viceroy and his staff. This was to be headed by Secretary of State for India. The revolt by the Burchampore Regiment was the first to revolt against Robert Clive. This is also known as ‘White Mutiny’ as most of the Sepoys who revolted were English.

The correct answer is Member of Constituent Assembly and First Home Minister in cabinet of free India.

Key Points

Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

• (1888-1958): original name — Abul Kalam Mohiyuddin Ahmed;
• Scholar of Islam;
• freedom fighter and Congress leader;
• A proponent of Hindu Muslim unity; opposed to Partition;
• Member of Constituent Assembly;
• Education Minister in the first cabinet of free India

Additional Information

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

• Known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan was one of the major reasons behind the Britishers leaving India.
• He pioneered the famous Khudai Khidmatgar (“Servants of God”) movement in 1929 and it successfully guided it to its Destiny.
• After independence, he opposed the partition of India but failed. He moved to Pakistan and started a movement for a separate Baloch province. He was jailed many times for the same cause.
• He died in 1988. During that period, a war was going on between the Afghani rebels and soviet forces. However, both sides halted their proceedings to lend a tribute to this legend.

Mohammad Abdur Rahiman

• Born in the Thrissur district of Kerala in the year 1898, Mohammad Abdur Rahiman was known for his heroics in restoring peace in the riot affected areas of 1921. He was jailed for two years for the same.
• He practised Salt Satyagraha and was again sentenced for rigorous imprisonment for 7 months.
• He mobilised the Muslim masses against the two nation theory of Muslim league Party.
• Soon after addressing a public meeting at Kodiyathur on 23 November 1945, he breathed his last.

Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan

• Sayyid also spelled Syad, Syed, Ahmad also spelled Ahmed, (born Oct. 17, 1817, Delhi—died March 27, 1898, Alīgarh, India), Muslim educator, jurist, and author, founder of the Anglo-Mohammedan Oriental College at Alīgarh, Uttar Pradesh, India.
• He was the principal motivating force behind the revival of Indian Islām in the late 19th century. His works, in Urdu, include Essays on the Life of Mohammed (1870) and commentaries on the Bible and on the Qurʾān.
• In 1888 he was made a Knight Commander of the Star of India.

Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. It was a political weekly. It was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation, Anushilan Samiti, that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.

Anushilan Samiti was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India.

All the statements are correct. Under the act the grant of a large measure of autonomy to the provinces of British India (ending the system of dyarchy introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919. was made. The provincial administration was to be ordinarily carried on by a council of ministers appointed by Governor from among the elected members of the provincial Legislature.

There was provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India", to be made up of both British India and some or all of the "princely states"

Federal court was established in 1937. It functioned until 1950, when the Supreme Court of India was established. The Federal Court had exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Central Government and the Provinces.

The correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is: b, d, a, c

Key Points

• Akbar laid the foundation of an empire based on equal rights to all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs.
• After marrying Jodha Bai of Amber, he abolished jizya in 1564 CE and also the pilgrim tax in 1563 CE.
• The liberal principles of the empire were strengthened by bringing able Hindus into the nobility.
• For instance, Raja Todar Mal rose to the post of diwan and Birbal who was a constant companion of Akbar.
• Akbar was deeply interested in religion and philosophy.
• In 1575 CE, Akbar built a hall called Ibadat Khana or the Hall of Prayer at his new capital, Fatehpur Sikri wherein he invited learned scholars from all religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism and used to conduct religious discussions with them.
• In 1579 CE, Akbar also issued a declaration or mahzar which was called “Decree of Infallibility” by which he asserted his religious powers.
• He was entitled to choose any of the interpretations of the holy book, Quran, if there were a difference of opinion among the ulamas.

• In 1582 CE, he set up a new religion called Din-i-Ilahi/Tawhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism) which believes in one God and Sulh-i-Kul i.e, equal toleration and respect to all religious sects. It contained the good points of various religions.

Hence, we can conclude that the correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is:

Muhammad bin Tughluq was the Sultan of Delhi from 1325 to 1351.

Important Points

Muhammad Tughluq:

• The Sultanate was attacked in the early years of Muhammad Tughluq’s reign.
  • The Mongol army was defeated.
  • Muhammad Tughluq was confident about the strength of his army and his resources to plan an attack on Transoxiana.
  • He, therefore, raised a large standing army.
• Rather than constructing a new garrison town, the oldest of the four cities of Delhi (Dehli-i Kuhna) was emptied of its residents and the soldiers garrisoned there.
  • The residents of the old city were sent to the new capital of Daulatabad in the south.
• Produce from the same area was collected as tax to feed the army.
  • But to meet the need of the large feed number of soldiers the Sultan levied additional taxes.
  • This coincided with famine in the area.
• Muhammad Tughluq also paid his soldiers cash paid salaries.
  • But instead of controlling prices, he used a “token” currency, somewhat like present-day paper currency, but made out of cheap metals, not gold and silver.
  • People in the fourteenth century did not trust these coins.
  • They were very smart: they saved their gold and silver coins and paid all their taxes to the state with this token currency.
  • This cheap currency could also be counterfeited easily.
• Muhammad Tughluq’s administrative measures were a failure.
  • His campaign into Kashmir was a disaster.
  • He then gave up his plans to invade Transoxiana and disbanded his large army.
  • Meanwhile, his administrative measures created complications.
  • The shifting of people to Daulatabad was resented.
  • The raising of taxes and famine in the Ganga-Yamuna belt led to widespread rebellion.
  • And finally, the “token” currency had to be recalled.

Thus, we can conclude that statements A, C and D are correct.

Option 1 is not correctly matched.

Key Points

Tantiya Bhll-

• ​Tantya Bhil is supposed to have been born about 1840 in Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh.
• Tantya Bhil was a dacoit (bandit) active in British India between 1878 and 1889.
• He was also known as Tandra. He was a famous fighter whose bravery earned him the moniker "Indian Robin Hood" by the British.
• Tatya Tope is reported to have mastered the 'guerrilla battle' after being influenced by Tantia Bhil, the hero of the country's independence and the hero of the tribals.
• He was a Bhil warrior who robbed the British and put an end to the poor's hunger. Tantya was a rebel who spoke out against the British policy of exploitation of the poor. That is why he became the poor tribals' Messiah.
• Tantya was first arrested around 1874 for "bad livelihood" and after a year's sentence turned to more serious crimes of theft and kidnapping.
• He was arrested for the second time in 1878 by Haji Nasrullah Khan Yousufzai and jailed in Khandwa, escaping after only three days, and from there took up his life as a dacoit. Hence, statement (1) is incorrect.

Bhima Nayak

• Bhima Nayak or Bheema Nayak (death 29 December 1876) was an Indian revolutionary. He fought against the British in the Indian Rebellion of 1857. When Bhima was convicted by the British government, he was kept in Port Blair and Nicobar. Hence, statement (2) is correct.​
• Nayak was hanged in Port Blair on December 29, 1876. He was also known as Nimad's Robin Hood.

Saadat Khan

• ​Saadat Ali Khan was the Subahdar Nawab of Awadh and the son of Muhammad Nasir.
• At the age of 25, he accompanied his father Muhammad Nasir and joined the final campaign of the Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb against the Maratha in the Deccan, where the Mughal Emperor honourably awarded him the title Khan Bahadur for his steadfast services.

• The first shot at the residency was fired by Holkar army man Saadat Khan, nephew of Hafizbhai, the former Bakshi or Commandant of the Risala Cavalry, using a cannon named Fatah Mansoor, which can be seen in Indore Museum today. Hence, statement (3) is correct.

Avanti Bai

• ​Avantibai Lodhi was an Indian freedom fighter and the queen of Ramgarh (present-day Dindori) in Madhya Pradesh. Hence, statement (4) is correct.
• An opponent of the British East India Company during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, information concerning her is sparse and mostly comes from folklore.
• In the 21st century, she has been used as an icon in Lodhi politics, she comes from the Lodhi Rajput Community

The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi in 1920
Key Points

• In about 1920, a number of trade unions were formed. The Madras Textile Labour union was formed in 1918 by B.P. Wadia which led the formation of another 14 unions during 1918-19.
• The active association of Mahatma Gandhi with the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association gave a new turn to the labour movement by applying the principle of non-violence.
• In 1890, M.N Lokhande established the Bombay Mill Hands Association. This was the first organized labour union in India.
• Tilak found the first home rule league at the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum in April 1916 then after this Annie Besant founded the second league at Adyar Madras in September 1916.
• In subsequent years, a number of unions were formed such as:
  • (a)The Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants of India and Burma (for European and Anglo-Indian railway employees);
  • (b)The Printers’ Union of Calcutta, 1905;
  • (c)The Bombay Postal Union at Calcutta and Madras, 1907;
  • (d)The Kamgar Hitwardhak Sabha, 1909; and
  • (e)The Social Service League, 1910.

'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Key Points

• Ranajit Guha, the most influential figure in postcolonial and subaltern studies, is also the founding editor of Subaltern Studies.
• Guha’s works have deeply influenced not only the writing of sub-continental history but also historical investigations such as cultural studies, literary theories, and social analyses across the world.
• In his 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' he argued that when a peasant rose in revolt at any time or place under the Raj, he did so necessarily and explicitly in violation of a series of codes which defined his very existence as a member of that colonial, and still largely semi-feudal society.

• A rural uprising turns into a site for two rival cognitions to meet and define each other negativity.

​Hence, we can conclude that 'Prose of Counter Insurgency' which is regarded as a classic statement of the Subaltern school was written by Ranajit Guha.

Additional Information

• David Arnold
  • ​David Arnold was one of the founding members of the subaltern studies group in the 1970s, remembered by Ranajit Guha in 1993 as "an assortment of marginalised academics".
  • Arnold contributed seven articles in total to the publication and co-edited the eighth volume with David Hardiman in 1994.
  • He is also an early contributor to the field of colonial medicine, most influentially Colonizing the Body.
• ​Gayatri Chakrabarty Spivak
  • ​Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak is a University Professor and a founding member of the Institute for Comparative Literature and Society.
  • In 1976 Spivak published Of Grammatology, an English translation of French deconstructionist philosopher Jacques Derrida’s De la grammatologie (1967).
• Dipesh Chakrabarty
  • ​Dipesh Chakrabarty is a founding member of the editorial collective of Subaltern Studies, a consulting editor of Critical Inquiry,
  • He also a founding editor of Postcolonial Studies and has served on the editorial boards of the American Historical Review and Public Culture.
  • In his book Provincializing Europe, he addresses the mythical figure of Europe that is often taken to be the original site of modernity in many histories of capitalist transition in non-Western countries.

Aurobindo Ghosh was the founder of extremist thought. His pamphlet ‘New Lamps for the Old’ is regarded as the ‘Bible of Extremism’.

Vishnu Shastri Chiplunkar wrote Nibandhamala, a collection of poems with extrimist thought.

Within the Congress, Bal Gangadhar Tilak, the Lokmanya was the foremost extremist. He wrote Gita Rahasya.

Lala Lajpat Rai was known as ‘Punjab Kesari’ and he wrote ‘Unhappy India’.

The Theosophical Society was founded by Madame Blavatsky and Col. Olcottin 1875 in New York. It was only in 1879, that this ideology gained its roots in the Indian culture and Society. The Theosophists respected all religions. They were opposed to conversions and believed in the transmigration of the soul and occult mysticism. The movement was popularized by Annie Besant in India. Theosophy was based on the three following principles :

1) Universal brotherhood.

2) The study of comparative religion and philosophy.

3) Investigations into the natural laws which seek to understand the unexplained mystic laws.

When East India Company came to India, it controlled Bengal through a post named "Governor of Bengal" (first Governor of Bengal: Robert Clive).

• By Charter Act of 1833, the post name of Governor-General of Bengal again converted into "Governor-General of India" (first Governor-General of India was William Bentinck.
• After the revolt of 1857, the company rule was abolished and India came under the direct control of the British crown.
• Government of India Act 1858 passed which changed the name of post-Governor General of India by Viceroy of India.

Important Points

List of the Governor Generals of India in ascending order:

Thus, we can say that option 3 is the correct option.

The foundations of the Indian National Movement were laid by Suredranath Banerjee with the formation of Indian Association at Calcutta in 1876. The aim of the association was to represent the views of the educated middle class and inspire the Indian community to understand the value of taking united actions.

Kumaragupta I issued a gold coin depicting a rhinoceros.

Key Points

• Die-struck gold coins, with material legends in Sanskrit, known as dinaras, were issued by the Guptas.

• These coins have mostly been found in north India.

• The reigning king is depicted in the obverse in various poses, usually martial.

• However, there are also instances of the kings being depicted in non-martial poses.

  • For example, the obverse in the coins of Samuddragupta and Kumaragupta I show them playing the vina.

• Religious symbols are depicted in the reverse of Gupta coins indicating the religious affiliations of the Gupta kings.

• Gupta gold coins underwent a decline in metallic purity during the later part of Skandagupta's reign.

• The Guptas also issued silver coins, however, copper coins issued by them are rarely found.

• The Rhinoceros-slayer type coins were introduced by Kumaragupta I.

• These were identified for the first time by A.S. Altekar in 1947.

• This type is both unique and artistic. coins of this type depict the king riding a horse and attacking a rhinoceros.

​Thus, we can conclude that Kumaragupta I is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• ​Kumaragupta I:

  • ​He was one of the last great emperors of the Gupta dynasty.

  • He is known as having laid the foundation of Nalanda University.

  • In the later part of his reign, he had to face repeated incursions by the Hunas.

The Deoband Movement was established in Deoband in Saharanpur district (United Provinces) in 1866 by Mohammad Qasim Nanotavi (1832-80) and Rashid Ahmed Gangohi (1828- 1905) to train religious leaders for the Muslim community. In contrast to the Aligarh Movement, which aimed at the welfare of Muslims through western education and support of the British Government, the aim of the Deoband Movement was moral and religious regeneration of the Muslim community. The instruction imparted at Deoband was in the original Islamic religion.

Deoband movement was started against the liberal movement by the orthodox Muslim Ulema to teach the real essence of Islam on the basis of Quran and Hadis, and also to preach the concept of Jihad against foreign rule.