MH SET Paper 2 Mock Test - 4 (History) - MAHA TET MCQ

The correct answer is Gangadhar Nehru.Key Points

• The introduction to Motilal Nehru's collected works states that “ Gangadhar Nehru held the position of kotwal of Delhi when the Uprising of 1857 erupted”.

Thus, Gangadhar Nehru was the Kotwal of Delhi before the Revolt of 1857.

Additional Information

• Mahavir Singh Rathore was an Indian revolutionary and independence fighter in the 1930s. Singh was a member of the Naujawan Bharat Sabha. He helped in the escape of Bhagat Singh, Batukeshwar Dutt, and Durgawati Devi from Mozang House in Lahore.
• Tantia Tope, also spelled Tatya Tope or Tantia Topi, original name Ramchandra Panduranga, (born c. 1813–19, Pune, India—died April 18, 1859, Shivpuri), a leader of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–58. Although he had no formal military training, he was probably the best and most effective of the rebels' generals.
• Jamna Das Thakur Das established an anti-non-cooperation movement assembly. The Non-Cooperation Movement was launched in August 1920 by Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi after the Jallianwala Bagh Massacre. It was the first nationwide mass movement that was launched to resist British rule in India through non-violent means.

Kumaragupta I issued a gold coin depicting a rhinoceros.

Key Points

• Die-struck gold coins, with material legends in Sanskrit, known as dinaras, were issued by the Guptas.

• These coins have mostly been found in north India.

• The reigning king is depicted in the obverse in various poses, usually martial.

• However, there are also instances of the kings being depicted in non-martial poses.

  • For example, the obverse in the coins of Samuddragupta and Kumaragupta I show them playing the vina.

• Religious symbols are depicted in the reverse of Gupta coins indicating the religious affiliations of the Gupta kings.

• Gupta gold coins underwent a decline in metallic purity during the later part of Skandagupta's reign.

• The Guptas also issued silver coins, however, copper coins issued by them are rarely found.

• The Rhinoceros-slayer type coins were introduced by Kumaragupta I.

• These were identified for the first time by A.S. Altekar in 1947.

• This type is both unique and artistic. coins of this type depict the king riding a horse and attacking a rhinoceros.

​Thus, we can conclude that Kumaragupta I is the correct answer.

Additional Information

• ​Kumaragupta I:

  • ​He was one of the last great emperors of the Gupta dynasty.

  • He is known as having laid the foundation of Nalanda University.

  • In the later part of his reign, he had to face repeated incursions by the Hunas.

The correct answer is Kanhoji Angre.

Key Points

• Kanhoji Angre
  • He was an admiral of the Maratha Navy.
  • He was famous for attacking and capturing European merchant ships and ransoming their crews.
  • He is considered the most skilled Indian Admiral in the maritime history of India.
  • There is an island named after him in Maharashtra " Kanhoji Angre Island".

Additional Information

• Marathas Empire
  • They were a Marathi-speaking warrior group in the western Deccan Plateau.
  • The empire was formally started from the coronation of Shivaji as the Chhatrapati and ended in 1818 with the defeat of Peshwa Bajirao II against the British East India Company.
  • Capitals: Raigad, Jinji, Satara, Pune
  • Their legislature was Ashtapradhan( council of ministers) which was headed by Pehwas ( Prime Minister).

Concept:

• Nam, dan and isnan actually meant right worship, the welfare of others and purity of conduct.
• These ideas gained popularity during the Bhakti movement in medieval times.

Explanation:

Guru Nanak

• ​He emphasized the importance of the worship of one God.
• He insisted that caste, creed, or gender is irrelevant to attaining liberation.
• He himself used the terms nam, dan and isnan for the essence of his teaching.
• His teachings are now remembered as nam-japna, kirt-karna and vand-chhakna, which also underline the importance of right belief and worship, honest living, and helping others.

Thus, Guru Nanak used the terms 'nam', 'dan' and 'isnan'.

Additional Information

Akbar:

• ​Many consider Jalaluddin Akbar (1556-1605) the greatest of all the Mughal emperors.
• He was interested in the religion and social customs of different people.
• Akbar abolished the tax on pilgrimage in 1563 and jizya in 1564 as the two were based on religious discrimination.
• Instructions were sent to officers of the empire to follow the precept of sulh-i kul in administration.

Guru Gobind:

• ​Guru Gobind was the tenth and last Guru of Sikhs.
• Guru Gobind organized the Sikhs into a disciplined, military order of Sikh saints called Khalsa (the pure).
• He established the five symbols of Sikhism: kangha (comb), kesh (long hair), kada (iron bracelet), kachcha (underwear) and kirpan (sword or dagger).

​Guru Arjun:

• ​Guru Arjun was the 9th sikh guru.
• The Mughal emperor Jahangir looked upon them as a potential threat and he ordered the execution of Guru Arjan in 1606.
• All of the compositions of his predecessors were compiled by Guru Arjan in 1604.

The correct answer is Somnath Lahiri.

Key Points

The origin and growth of the Indian Constitution have their roots in Indian history during the British period.

• From 1773 onwards, various Acts were passed by the British Government for the governance of India.
• None of them, however, satisfied Indian aspirations mainly because they were imposed by the alien rulers.
• The period of historical British Constitutional experiments in India can be divided into two phases:
  • Phase 1- Constitutional experiment during the rule of the East India Company (1773-1857)
  • Phase 2 – Constitutional experiments under the British Crown (1857-1947)

Key Points

• The role of the British government in the genesis of our constitution was openly opposed by Somnath Lahiri.
• Somnath Lahiri:
  • Born: 1st September 1909
  • He was an Indian legislator and author.
  • He was the head of the Communist Party of India.
  • He was a member of the Calcutta tramway workers Union.

Additional Information

• Jawaharlal Nehru:
  • Born: 14th November 1889, Prayagraj.
  • Father: Motilal Nehru
  • He was the first Prime Minister of India.
  • He presided over INC sessions in 1929 and 1937.
  • National Herald newspaper was started by Jawaharlal Nehru.
  • Slogans:
    • Who lives if India dies
    • Aaram haram hai
    • Purna Swaraj
• Mahatma Gandhi:
  • Born: 2 October 1869, Porbandar, Gujarat.
  • Father name: Karamchand Gandhi.
  • Mother name: Putlibai Gandhi.
  • Wife name: Kasturba Gandhi.
  • He is known as the father of the nation.
  • Famous book:
    • The story of my experiments with truth.
    • My early life.
    • Hind Swaraj
  • The newspaper started by Mahatma Gandhi:
    • Young India
    • Navjeevan
    • Harijan
  • Slogans:
    • Bharat Chhodo.
    • Karo Ya Maro (Do or Die)
• Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel:
  • He was the first Home Minister of India.
  • He was also the First Deputy Prime Minister of India.
  • He is known as Iron Man of India.

The correct answer is Aihole.

Key Points

• Aihole is the Chalukyas town in Karnataka that is known as the town of temples.
• Aihole is a town located in Karnataka.
• The place has many temples that were built by the Chalukyan kings.

​Additional Information

• Aihole
  • It is 35 kilometers from Badami and about 9.7 kilometers from Pattadakal, both of which are major centers of historically important Chalukya monuments.
  • Aihole, along with nearby Badami (Vatapi), emerged by the 6th century as the cradle of experimentation with temple architecture, stone artwork, and construction techniques.
  • This resulted in 16 types of free-standing temples and 4 types of rock-cut shrines.
  • The experimentation in architecture and arts that began in Aihole yielded the group of monuments at Pattadakal, a UNESCO world heritage site.
  • Over one hundred Aihole temples are Hindu, a few are Jain and one is Buddhist.
    • The Jain Basadi temples are dedicated to Mahavira, Parshvanatha, Neminatha, and other Jain Tirthankaras.
• Vengi
  • Vengi was the most prominent city in Ancient Andhra for nearly seven centuries.
  • Vengi served as the capital for many Andhra dynasties like Salankayanas, Vishnukundinas, and Eastern Chalukyas.
  • This region was part of Ashoka's Mauryan Empire in the mid-3rd century BCE.
• Manyakhet
  • ​Manyakhet, also known as Malkhed, is a town in Karnataka, India.
  • It is located on the banks of the Kagina River in Sedam Taluk of Gulbarga district, around 40 km from Kalaburagi.
  • Originally known as Manyakheta, it was the capital of the Rashtrakuta dynasty during the 9^th and 10^th centuries.
• Pattadakal
  • Pattadakal, also called Paṭṭadakallu or Raktapura, is a complex of 7th and 8th century CE Hindu and Jain temples in northern Karnataka.

The correct answer is Option 1, i.e It was a land-reform movement in West Bengal.

• Operation Barga was one of the most prominent land reform movements to emerge from the stables of the Left government, with the core ethos of the movement being the introduction of a paradigm shift to the tenancy norms in rural West Bengal and abetting in the pecuniary emancipation of the bargadars (cultivators).
• The project was extremely successful and achieved an increase in the fraction of registered sharecroppers from 23% to 65% (1978 – 1990), which in turn synchronized perfectly with the proverbial renaissance in agricultural practices witnessed by that period to enhance the state’s agricultural productivity immensely.
• These changes translated ultimately into improved human development indices for the population sample under consideration, with West Bengal bearing witness to a very minimal number of peasant starvation or suicide instances, quite unlike the other states of India.
• Operation Green Hunt was the name used by the Indian media to describe the "all-out offensive" by the government of India's paramilitary forces and the state's forces against the Naxalites.
  • ​The operation is believed to have begun in November 2009 along with five states in the "Red Corridor."

The correct answer is option 3,They point towards a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living.

Key Points

• The Harappan city plans support this: Grid-patterned streets: This facilitated efficient movement, waste management, and resource distribution, pointing to a high level of organization.

• Standardized brickwork: The uniformity suggests centralized planning and skilled construction, highlighting resource management and efficient urban development.

• Sophisticated drainage systems: These demonstrate an understanding of sanitation and hygiene, essential for thriving urban populations.
  Variations in building sizes and functions: This indicates social differentiation and specialization, reflecting a complex society beyond just basic survival needs.

• In conclusion, analyzing Harappan city plans through the lens of contemporary archaeological theories reveals a highly organized society with an emphasis on efficient resource management and urban living, making option 3 the most accurate answer.

The correct answer is option 3, Propose a multi-faceted model considering environmental, social, and political factors, offering a more holistic understanding.

Key Points

• The Indus Valley Civilization, or Harappan Civilization, was a Bronze Age Society that existed from around 3300 BCE to 1300 BCE. Despite its significant achievements, the civilization eventually declined, and various theories have been proposed to explain this fall. Here are a couple of prevailing theories along with their strengths and weaknesses:

1.Aryan Invasion Theory: This was once a popular idea suggesting that the decline of the Harappan Civilization was caused by an invasion by a group called the Aryans.

• Strength: This could explain the cultural shift around this time, with a transition to the Vedic culture.
• Weakness: There is little archaeological evidence of large-scale conflict or an invasion. This theory has declined in favor in recent decades.

2.Environmental and Climate Change Theory: The theory suggests shifts in monsoon patterns, overuse of the landscape leading to decreased agricultural yields, or a major natural disaster like an earthquake or flood led to the decline.

• Strength: There's geological evidence supporting shifts in climate and river courses around this time, which could have significantly affected a civilization primarily based on agriculture.
• Weakness: While climate change could have played a role, it might not be the sole reason for the decline as civilizations frequently adapt to shifting environmental conditions.

Proposing a combined, multi-faceted approach to this decline might offer a more holistic understanding. The Harappan Civilization, like any complex society, would have been influenced by a multitude of both internal and external factors. Here's how it could look:

A. Environmental Factors: Climate change and shifts in the course of rivers could have caused a significant strain on agricultural production, placing pressure on the societal structure and economy.

B. Sociopolitical Factors: Over time, the complex urban society could have experienced issues related to governance and control, possibly leading to internal social conflicts, economic instability, and the decentralization of political power. The lack of centrally coordinated response to environmental threats could have compounded these difficulties.

C. Cultural Interchange or Migration: Simultaneously, the arrival of new people (like the speculated Aryans) in the region could have led to cultural shifts and changes in societal organization, art, and religion over extended periods, adding an additional layer of complexity to the process of decline.

This multi-faceted approach considers that societal collapse often results from a combination of factors rather than a singular cause. It acknowledges that both internal dynamics (social, political) and external forces (environmental change, cultural contact) likely played significant roles in the decline of the Harappan Civilization. Such a holistic perspective helps avoid simplifications and is more in line with contemporary archaeological understandings of societal change and collapse.

The correct answer is option 1, Shereen Ratnagar

Key Points

• Shereen Ratnagar is an Indian archaeologist and historian known for her work on the Bronze Age city of Harappa, within the Indus Valley Civilization. Her understanding of Harappa, expressed through her research and publications, is multifaceted and nuanced.
• Ratnagar has written several books on the subject, including "Understanding Harappa: Civilization in the Greater Indus Valley," in which she explores several aspects of the Harappan civilization. Her work takes an interdisciplinary approach, employing archaeology, environmental studies, anthropology, and linguistics to provide insight into the complexity of Harappan society.
• Here are a few key points from Shereen Ratnagar's exploration of Harappa:
• Urban Planning & Societal Organization: Ratnagar emphasizes the meticulous city planning and advanced urban infrastructure of the Harappan civilization. The well-planned cities, with their grid-pattern layout, advanced drainage systems, and uniform architectural styles, reflect a society that favored order and regulation. She links this to a centralized authority that could maintain such uniformity.
• Economy: Ratnagar delves into the Harappan economy, discussing the existence of long-distance trade networks based on the distribution of Harappan goods in regions far from the main urban centers.
• Decline of Harappa: Ratnagar takes a multi-causal perspective on the decline of the Harappan civilization, considering several factors including environmental changes, economic decline, and potentially disruptive migrations.
• Harappan Society and its Links to Later Cultures: Ratnagar also explores possible continuities between the Harappan civilization and subsequent cultures in the region. While she identifies certain continuities, such as the tradition of bead-making, she also acknowledges the complex and often ambiguous nature of these links.

All the above mentioned materials formed the principal sources of act. Simon commission recommendations of the abolition of Dyarchy and the establishment of representative government in the provinces and that separate communal electorates provision, be retained were incorporated in the 1935 act.

The Government of India Act 1935 owes much to the Simon Commission report and little, if anything to the Nehru Report, as Nehru report represented nationalist’s demands.

Further two basic principles agreed after three round table conferences 1930-32 were accepted by British government that there be All India Federation, Provinces were to enjoy autonomy.

Kuru was one of the clans, which fought against Bharat clans during Rigvedic period is not a correct statement among the given statements.

Important Points

• The Vedic hymns divided the universe into the sky, earth and the antariksha.
• The Rig Veda asserts that there are 33 gods associated wih the sky, earth and the antariksha.

Hence, the statement 1 is correct.

• The Jabala Upanishad, also called Jabalopanisad, is a minor Upanishad of Hinduism.
• In Jabala Upanishad, there is a clear reference of four Ashrams i.e. Brahmacharya, Grihastha, Vanaprastha and Sanyasa.

Thus, the statement 2 is correct.

• The Puru and the Bharata are the two warring tribes mentioned in the Rig veda.
• Initially they were allies, but later they fought against each other.

Hence, the statement 3 is not correct.

• The first mention of the Varna system was found in Purusha Suktam verse in the 10^th Mandal of the ancient Sanskriti Rig Veda.
• The four varnas were - Brahmanas, Khastriyas, Vaishyas and Shudras.

The correct answer is Vidisha.

Key Points

• Kushana Dynasty (1st Century-375 AD)
  • The Kushanas originated from the Western part of China and entered India displacing Shakas.
  • They were partially successful against Shakas but they completely removed the Indo-Greeks from India.
  • In Madhya Pradesh, Kushana’s presence can be observed in terms of continuous struggle against Shakas (Ujjain) or Bhurshiv (Padmavati).
  • Coins of Kushana ruler, Vima Kadphises have been found from Vidisha district. Hence, Option 1 is correct.
  • Coins of Kanishka and Huvishka were discovered from Shahdol and Harda.
  • Kushana king Vasudeva’s coins were discovered from Tewar (Jabalpur).
  • During the Kushana rule of Vasishka, Madhukar built a large idol of Lord Buddha.
  • From Bhedaghat (Jabalpur), two inscriptions of Buddha were recovered contemporary to Kushanas.

Important Points

• Vima Kadphises
  • The inscription found at Rabatak in Afghanistan mentions that he was the son of Vima Taktu and the father of Kanishka.
  • They issued a large number of gold coins.
  • He was a Shiva devotee as is clear from coins issued by him.
  • A large number of Roman gold coins found from this era indicate the prosperity of India at that time and also the growing trade with the Romans.

Subhas Chandra Bose's strategy for achieving Indian independence distinctly differed from Mahatma Gandhi's through his pursuit of armed struggle and the formation of alliances with foreign powers such as Germany and Japan. While Gandhi emphasized non-violent resistance and civil disobedience, Bose believed that armed struggle was a necessary measure to secure India’s freedom.
Key Points

• Subhas Chandra Bose's strategy for Indian independence is notably distinguished by his pursuit of armed struggle and seeking foreign alliances, which starkly contrasts with Mahatma Gandhi's methods.

• Bose's pursuit of armed struggle and foreign alliances:
  Subhas Chandra Bose believed that India's independence could not be achieved without a direct military confrontation against British colonial forces. This belief led him to seek assistance from countries that were adversaries of the British during World War II. His strategy was grounded in the conviction that the enemy of his enemy could be his friend, at least in the context of the struggle for independence.

• Armed Struggle:
  Bose actively organized and led the Indian National Army (INA), a military force composed of Indian soldiers who had been captured by the Japanese in Southeast Asia and other Indian volunteers. The INA fought alongside the Axis powers against the British forces, most notably in Burma (Myanmar) and the northeast frontier of India. Bose's call for an armed rebellion was encapsulated in his famous slogan, "Give me blood, and I will give you freedom," which rallied many to his cause but was a stark departure from Gandhi's philosophy.

• Foreign Alliances:
  Bose's strategic alliances with Germany, Italy, and particularly Japan were aimed at leveraging their military might against the British in India. He met with leaders of these countries, seeking support for his cause. His collaboration with Imperial Japan was the most significant, resulting in the formation and military engagement of the INA on India's eastern front. Bose's willingness to align with these foreign powers reflects a pragmatic, albeit controversial, aspect of his strategy aimed at exploiting the global conflict (World War II) to India's advantage.

• Contrast with Gandhi's Approach:
  In contrast, Mahatma Gandhi's strategy was steeped in the principles of non-violence and civil disobedience. Gandhi led nationwide campaigns like the Non-Cooperation Movement, which advocated for Indians to withdraw their support for British rule through peaceful means, such as boycotting British goods, institutions, and services. Gandhi's approach sought to morally compel the British to acknowledge the justness of India's demand for independence and relied on mass mobilization of the Indian population to participate in acts of peaceful resistance.

• In summary, Bose's distinctive strategy focused on armed struggle and securing foreign alliances to directly confront British rule, as opposed to Gandhi's emphasis on non-violent resistance and self-reliance. While both leaders shared the ultimate goal of Indian independence, their methodologies reflected their differing ideologies and assessments of the most effective means to achieve that common objective.

Chenchu from the Nallamala hills in Andhra Pradesh revolted against British Forest Laws under the leadership of K. Hanumanthu. He organised ‘Palanadu’ which was a Forest Satyagraha against British forest laws.

During the Deccan famine in 1875 A.D, riots broke out in Ahmednagar and Pune districts of Bombay Presidency against the exploitation of Marwari moneylenders. The riots became armed rebellions under the leadership of Vasudev Balwant Phadke who is regarded as ‘father of the Indian armed rebellion’. He provided the inspiration for fellow freedom fighters.

Lord Edward Henry Stanley became the first Secretary of State for India. An agency named Indian Council created in London to monitor the functioning of Viceroy and his staff. This was to be headed by Secretary of State for India. The revolt by the Burchampore Regiment was the first to revolt against Robert Clive. This is also known as ‘White Mutiny’ as most of the Sepoys who revolted were English.

The correct answer is option 3 i.e.​Kapadapuram

• There were three Sangams (Gathering of Tamil poets) held in the Sangam age.
• The second Sangam was held at Kapadapuram in Tamil Nadu.
• The literature composed by poets in these seminars is called "Sangam literature".

Indian agriculture during the 18th century was technically backward and stagnant. The techniques of production had remained stationary for centuries. The peasants tried to make up for the technical backwardness by working very hard. He in fact performed miracles of productions; moreover, he did not usually suffer from shortage of land. But, unfortunately, he seldom reaped the fruits of his labour.

The role of arches in arcuate architecture was to carry the weight of the superstructure.

Important Points A stylistic development in the construction of 12th-century architecture was the use of Arches.

• The construction of buildings using arches is known as arcuate architecture.

• The weight of the superstructure above the doors and windows was carried by arches.

• The construction of buildings using beams and columns is known as trabeate architecture.

• This design was used in the construction of temples, mosques, tombs, and in buildings attached to large stepped-wells.

Additional Information

Between the eighth and the eighteenth centuries kings and their officers built two kinds of structures:

1. the first were forts, palaces, garden residences
2. structures meant for public activity including temples, mosques, tanks, wells, caravanserais, and bazaars

• Monuments provide an insight into the technologies used for construction.
• Between the seventh and tenth centuries, architects started adding more rooms, doors, and windows to buildings.
• Limestone cement was increasingly used in construction.

The earliest cultural phase comes from Mehrgarh.

Mehrgarh is an important Neolithic site, greatly helped in understanding the transition process from the food-collecting stage to the food-producing stage. Mehrgarh is located in Pakistan near the Bolan Pass and is considered to be a precursor to the Indus Valley Civilisation. The earliest evidence of crop production has been found at Mehragarh, which yielded evidence of cultivated barley and wheat.

Jugantar Patrika was a Bengali revolutionary newspaper founded in 1906 in Calcutta by Barindra Kumar Ghosh, Abhinash Bhattacharya and Bhupendranath Dutt. It was a political weekly. It was founded in March 1906 and served as the propaganda organ for the nascent revolutionary organisation, Anushilan Samiti, that was taking shape in Bengal at the time.

Anushilan Samiti was a Bengali Indian organisation that existed in the first quarter of the twentieth century. It propounded revolutionary violence as the means for ending British rule in India.

All the statements are correct. Under the act the grant of a large measure of autonomy to the provinces of British India (ending the system of dyarchy introduced by the Government of India Act, 1919. was made. The provincial administration was to be ordinarily carried on by a council of ministers appointed by Governor from among the elected members of the provincial Legislature.

There was provision for the establishment of a "Federation of India", to be made up of both British India and some or all of the "princely states"

Federal court was established in 1937. It functioned until 1950, when the Supreme Court of India was established. The Federal Court had exclusive original jurisdiction in any dispute between the Central Government and the Provinces.

The correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is: b, d, a, c

Key Points

• Akbar laid the foundation of an empire based on equal rights to all citizens, irrespective of their religious beliefs.
• After marrying Jodha Bai of Amber, he abolished jizya in 1564 CE and also the pilgrim tax in 1563 CE.
• The liberal principles of the empire were strengthened by bringing able Hindus into the nobility.
• For instance, Raja Todar Mal rose to the post of diwan and Birbal who was a constant companion of Akbar.
• Akbar was deeply interested in religion and philosophy.
• In 1575 CE, Akbar built a hall called Ibadat Khana or the Hall of Prayer at his new capital, Fatehpur Sikri wherein he invited learned scholars from all religions like Hinduism, Jainism, Christianity and Zoroastrianism and used to conduct religious discussions with them.
• In 1579 CE, Akbar also issued a declaration or mahzar which was called “Decree of Infallibility” by which he asserted his religious powers.
• He was entitled to choose any of the interpretations of the holy book, Quran, if there were a difference of opinion among the ulamas.

• In 1582 CE, he set up a new religion called Din-i-Ilahi/Tawhid-i-Ilahi (Divine Monotheism) which believes in one God and Sulh-i-Kul i.e, equal toleration and respect to all religious sects. It contained the good points of various religions.

Hence, we can conclude that the correct chronology of the given events that occurred during the reign of Akbar is:

The Vijayanagar army was well-organized and efficient. It consisted of the cavalry, infantry, artillery and elephants. High-breed horses were procured from foreign traders. The top-grade officers of the army were known as Nayaks or Poligars. They were granted land in lieu of their services. These lands were called “Amaram”. Soldiers were usually paid in cash.

Bahishkrit Bharat newspaper was founded by B. R. Ambedkar.

• This newspaper was published in 1927.
• It was the Marathi language newspaper.
• Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar was an Indian lawyer, economist, politician, and social reformer who influenced the Dalit Buddhist movement and campaigned against the Intouchables (Dalits) of social injustice.
• He was India's first elected law and justice minister.

Additional Information​

• In 1923, B.R Ambedkar set up the 'Bahishkrit Hitkarini Sabha' (Outcastes Welfare Association), which was devoted to spreading education and culture amongst the downtrodden, improving the economic status and raising matters concerning their problems in the proper forums to focus attention on them and finding solutions to the same.
  • The problems of the downtrodden were centuries old and difficult to overcome.
  • Their entry into temples was forbidden.
  • They could not draw water from public wells and ponds.
  • Their admission in schools was prohibited.
• In 1927, he led the Mahad March at the Chowdar Tank at Colaba, near Bombay, to give the untouchables the right to draw water from the public tank where he burnt copies of the 'Manusmriti' publicly.
• This marked the beginning of the anticaste and anti-priest movement.
• The temple entry movement launched by Dr. Ambedkar in 1930 at Kalaram temple, Nasik is another landmark in the struggle for human rights and social justice.

All of the above is the impact of the 'Renaissance' on History writings. Key Points

• The new interest in the man and the world in the place of medieval otherworldliness led to a revival and reorientation of historical studies in the West.
• The Renaissance orientation represented a return to the humanistic view of life based on that of the ancient Greeks and Romans.
• Historical thought once more came to be focused on the man. So, Statement 1 is correct.
• Closely related to the revival of interest in man and the world was a swing away from the medieval Christian tradition and a gradual secularization of life and thought reflected in the writing of history.
• Theological interpretations of history and the supernatural element in historiography disappeared as men ceased to believe in the operation of a providential plan in their affairs.
• History became mundane, monastic annals and chronicles, universal histories and world chronicles, and lives of saints and bishops, all went out of fashion with the emergence of the lay historian. Thus, Statement 2 is also correct.
• A particular effect of humanism on Renaissance historiography was a newly awakened interest in archaeological remains.
• But there was now a definite change of attitude, in the fourteenth-century historical writers had discovered the value of inscriptions, coins and medals as historical sources.
• In the fifteenth century was awakened a genuine sentiment for the surviving remnants of the past. There emerged a fervour for ‘antiquities’ which began to show itself in an eager search for ancient manuscripts.

• This contributed also to a critical method and historical interpretation. Hence, Statement 3 is also correct.

Therefore, we can conclude that all of the above is the impact of the 'Renaissance' on History writings.

Charles Cornwallis serving as Commander-in-Chief of British India and Governor of Presidency of Fort William believes in attitudes towards governance which gives idea of responsibility to the government by adopting the idea of Indian Civil Service to benefit overall population.

The correct answer is Mahatma Gandhi in 1920
Key Points

• In about 1920, a number of trade unions were formed. The Madras Textile Labour union was formed in 1918 by B.P. Wadia which led the formation of another 14 unions during 1918-19.
• The active association of Mahatma Gandhi with the Ahmedabad Textile Labour Association gave a new turn to the labour movement by applying the principle of non-violence.
• In 1890, M.N Lokhande established the Bombay Mill Hands Association. This was the first organized labour union in India.
• Tilak found the first home rule league at the Bombay provincial congress at Belgaum in April 1916 then after this Annie Besant founded the second league at Adyar Madras in September 1916.
• In subsequent years, a number of unions were formed such as:
  • (a)The Amalgamated Society of Railway Servants of India and Burma (for European and Anglo-Indian railway employees);
  • (b)The Printers’ Union of Calcutta, 1905;
  • (c)The Bombay Postal Union at Calcutta and Madras, 1907;
  • (d)The Kamgar Hitwardhak Sabha, 1909; and
  • (e)The Social Service League, 1910.

By the end of fourth century BC, there was a serious famine in the Ganges valley leading to a great exodus of many Jaina monks to the Deccan and South India (Sravana Belgola) along with Bhadrabahu and Chandragupta Maurya. They returned to the Gangetic valley after 12 years. The leader of the group, which stayed back at Magadha was Sthulabahu. The changes that took place in the code of conduct of the followers of Sthulabahu led to the division of the Jainas into Digambaras (sky-clad or naked) and Svetambaras (white-clad).

1. First Council:- was held at Pataliputra by Sthulabahu in the beginning of the third century BC and resulted in the compilation of 12 Angas to replace the lost 14 Purvas.

2. Second Council:- was held at Valabhi in the 5th century AD under the leadership of Devaradhi Kshamasr-amana and resulted in final compilation of 12 Angas and 12 Upangas.